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Libraries 


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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 


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17 = 


Standard Graded Dictionaries 


WEBSTER’S 

NEW STANDARD 
DICTIONARY 


The above design, duly patented and fully protected, will be used on 
this series of Webster’s New Standard Dictionaries, exclusively. 

Webster’s New Standard Dictionary 

Intermediate School Edition. Just issued. Plates used 
exclusively for this edition. 30,000 words. 5,000 Synonyms, 
Proper Nouns indicated by capital initials, degrees of Adject¬ 
ives, irregular forms of Verbs. Hundreds of new words. Key 
foot of each page. Special departments, English Word-Build¬ 
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THE ORIGINAL BOOK OF FACTS 

THE NEW 

CON KLIN’S 

HANDY MANUAL 

OF USEFUL INFORMATION 

AND 

WORLD’S ATLAS 


FILLS EVERY POSSIBLE WANT 

Panama Canal—Monroe Doctrine War with Spain—National 
Parks—Irrigation Zone—Presidents-Presidential Elections— 
Popular and Electoral Votes—P oulation of Cities, States 
and Foreign Countries—Colonial Possessions of the 
Nations—Naval Supremacy—American and European 
Wages and Hours of Labor Cotton and Grain 
Statistics — Hall of Fame — Nobel Prizes — Chris¬ 
tian Science —Elements of Algebra—Merchant 
Navies of the World — Russo-Japanese War 
— Radium and Radio-activity — Specific 
Gravity — Homestead Law — Marriage and 
Divorce Laws — The Tariff — Mining 
Information — and Innumerable Other ; 

Facts of General Interest , > > 

52 MAPS, 43 IN COLORS 


Compiled and Revised by James A. Beaton, M. A. 

Author of "Practical Conipend of Electricity" 


Copyright, 1907, by WILLIAM H. LEE 


CHICAGO 

LAIRD & LEE, Publishers 







/jJL. A3. 'f 07 

/t <f H- <>- 1 


When Does a Century Begin? 

O 


ZERO 

FIRST CENTURY BECANATZfRO 
FIRST CENTURY ENDLDAT&jBSXOEUl.lOO) 
SECOND CENTURY ENDED DEC. 31.200 
THIRD CENTURY ENDED DEC 3> 300 
TOURTH CENTURY ENDED DU 31. 4 OO 
FiTTH CENTURY ENOED DEC 31,500 
SIXTH CENTURY ENDED DEC Ji.fcOO 
SEVENTH CENTURY ENDED 
EIGHTH CENTURY ENDED 
NiinTH CENTURY ENDED 
TENTH CENTURA ENDED 
eleventh century 
twelfth century 


DEC 31 . 700 
DEC 31.800 
DEC 31. 900 
DEC 31.1000 
ENDED DEC 3i 1100. 
ENDE D DEC 31, 1200. 


THIRTEENTH CENTURY ENDED DEC 3* . liOO 

fourteenth century ended dec 31. moo 
fifteenth century EnDLD DEC 3 i isoo 

SIXTEENTH CENTURY ENDED DEC 3i. ibOO 
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENOID DEC Jl.iJOO 
EIGHT Of NTH CLNTURYfftDf D DEC 31,1900 

XIX. Century ended December 31,1900 
.TWENTIETH CENTURY BEGAN 


590 ! 


LO 


JJL 

15 


V M. 


* * \ Tlie above diagram shows a complete cycle of 100 years, 
„ &&& the date of the end of each century in the Christian 
era. The line across the circle between the figures 100 
and 1 is marked zero, because it marks the start. If wo 
move to the right till we come to the first line from zero, 
and call the space between these two lines one year, and 
keep on moving around the circle in the same direction 
then we will have passed through 100 such spaces or 
years, before we reach the zero line again. A second 
journey around we would start in the year 1 again. The 
last day of December of the year 100 was, the last day of 
the first century, and the first day of January 101 was the 
first day of the second century. The twentieth century 
began when the last second of December 31, 1900 had 
passed. 











INDEX 


Acre—Dimensions of one. 

Age, How to Tell any Person's. 

Alaska, Value of. 

Alcohol; who Drinks it?. 

Algebra, The Elements of. 

Alloys . 

Alps, The . 

American and European Wages and Hours of 

Labor . 

Animals, Ages of. 

Antidotes for Poisons. 

Apothecary’s Weight . 

Archimedean Screw. 

Architects and Builders, Useful Information for. 

Armies of the Principal Nations.141, 

Armories of the United States. 

Army Law of 1901, The. 

Artesian Wells. 

Asphalt . 

Australian Ballot System. 

Automobile, 15 Rules for Running an.., . 

Average Velocities of Various Bodies, The.... 


Page. 

26 

5 

238 

99 

190 

161 

124 

306 

124 

82 

285 

156 
30 

142 
309 

143 

157 
5 

271 

209 

154 


Bankruptcy, Law of, 1898. 

Bark Measurement at Sight. 

Battles—Greatest, Ancient and Modern... 

Bell—Largest in the World. 

Bible, Curiosities of the. 

Bibles of the World, The. 

Biggest Things, The. 

Blacking, A Waterproof. 

Board and Plank, Measurement at Sight of 

Books Published . 

Brevities, Legal . 

Bricklayers’ Work . 

Bricks; Quantities Required. 

Bridges, Notable . 

Builders’ Estimating Tables.,,.. 

Building Materials; Estimates. 

Bushel, Number of Pounds to the. 

Business Rules, Safe . 


265 

250 

165 

185 

157 

3 

74 

242 

248 

71 
277 

25 

31 

88 

23 

29 

72 
276 







































II. 


Pag0 # 

Calendar up to 1927.-.. 76 

Canals, Two Great. 159 

Canals—Length and Cost. 73 

Capitals, Use of. 275 

Carpenters’ Work . 25 

Castings, Shrinkage of. 99 

Cast Iron, Weight of Square or Round. 257 

Cavern, Biggest in the World.. 75 

Center of Population in the U. S. 99 

Century of Growth, Our. 130 

Cheeks 175 

Child’s Prophecies. 278 

Christian Science . 213 

Church Statistics. 110 

Cisterns, Capacity of... 313 

Cities, Relative Rank of our Largest (1880- 

1900) . 214 

Civil Service, United States. 299 

Civil War, Important Events of the.39-62 

Coinage at the U. S. Mints. 208 

Coins, First American.’.. 235 

Colleges, Founding of Noted. 129 

Colonies and Possessions, the Nations’. 314 

Colors. Symbolic Meaning of. 223 

Common Carriers. 177 

Common Schools of the United States, The.... 232 

Confederate Money . 305 

Congress, Reapportionment of U. S. (1901).... 203 

Contagious and Eruptive Diseases. 87 

Co-partnerships . 163 

Coppers, Capacities, Size, and Weight of. 256 

Copyright Law, the New. 215 

Cordwood, Weights of . 252 

Corn—How Deep to Plant it. 69 

Corn—IIow to Measure it in the Crib. 69 

Correspondence, The Correct Thing in. 208 

Cost of Articles by the piece, from 1 to 1 dozen 226 

Cotton Statistics . 15 

Countries of the World, Principal. 194 

Crops, Principal, of the IT. S., by years. 14 

Cuban Independence. Recognition of. '' > 6-> 

Currency Circulation, United States. 102 


Debts of Nation, States and Counties (18S0- 


1890) .. . 150 

Debts of the World. 151 

Deposit, Certificates of. 174 

Depth of the Ocean, Greatest..... 244 

Desert, Largest in the World. 75 













































III. 


Diamonds, Value of. 31 

Diana, Temple of. 125 

Difference from Washington Time. 4 

Digestion; Time Required for Various Foods... SO 
Distances at which Objects are Visible at Sea 

Level . 260 

Distances from Washington, D. C. 109 

Divorce Laws in the United States. 108 

Drafts . 175 

Due Bills . 174 


Education, Higher, for Men and Women. 186 

Eggs, How to Preserve. 167 

Egypt and the Nile . 126 

Emancipation, Cost of. 68 

Engineering Ancient and Modern. 125 

Engineers and Machinists, Tables for. 252 

Equestrians, Law Ruling. 182 

Estimates of Materials. 29 


Facts Worth Knowing. 

Farm Animals in the U. S. 

Farm Crops in 1900, Value of. 

Farm Deed—What it Includes. 

First Occurrences, Dates of. 

First Steamer Crossing the Atlantic. 

Floor, Wall and Roof Measures. 

Food, Analysis of Articles of. 

Foods for Stock, Relative Value of. 

Foreign Trade of the United States (1874-1900). . 

Foreign Coins, Value of. 

Fort, the Oldest American. 

Fortress; Largest in the World. 

Frames. How to Build Strong. 

Fraternal Organizations .... 1. 

Freight by Water and Rail, Comparative Cosr of. 
Fruit-Growing, Tropical and Semi-tropical.... 


167 

73 

296 

70 


90 

136 

29 

111 

153 

140 

227 

296 

74 

27 

13 

•><>4 

156 


Generals and Lieut.-Generals of the Army.... 308 

Genius of Youth. 249 

Gestation, Period of. 123 

Girders and Joints, Sizes of. 82 

Glue, Marine . 311 

Gold and Silver Production in 500 years. 208 

Gold and Silver Produced in the United States. . 229 

Grain—How it will Shrink.•. 69 

Grand Army of the Republic. . .. 129 







































IV. 


Page. 

Grease Spots, How to Kill Them Before Painting 26 

Great Libraries of the World.. 38 

Grindstones. Weight of. 160 

Growth of the United States.18, 130 


Hall of Fame, the. 307 

Hawaii . 204 

Hay Cost of Small Quantities of. 153 

Hay—How to Measure in a Mow..'. 69 

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, the. 81 

Historical Events, 365 Principal. 112 

Homestead Law in the United States, The. 70 

Horse, Durability of a. 224 

Horse-Power . 65 

Horse-Power in Engine, How to Calculate. 164 

Hotel des Invalides . 29 

"Human Body, Facts About the. 133 


Ice—Its Strength at Various Thicknesses. 241 

Illnesses, Symptoms of Various. 88 

Immigration into the United States. 212 

Imports and Exports. 140 

Income, Rate of Annual. 269 

Indian, Lo, the Poor. 186 

Inns and Innkeepers . 176 

Insular Possession of the U. S., Smaller. 207 

Interest Laws . 189 

Interest Tables (5 to 8 per cent.).19-22 

Iron; Different Colors Caused by Heat. 162 

Iron. Dot Shot . 311 

Iron. Testing Quality of. 311 

Irrigation in the United States. 8 


Joists and Girders, Sizes of. 32 


Know-Nothings. 155 


Lakes, Seas and Oceans, Size of. 164 

Landlord and Tenant. 183 

Land Measure in the United States. 70 

Law, Points of. 172 

Lead Pipe, Weight of. 253 

Liberty Bell. . .. 2 







































Page. 

Libraries, Great .38, 75 

Lick Observatory . 233 

Lightning Conductors . 297 

Liquid Air, Explosive Power of. 172 

Logs Reduced to Running Board Measure. 246 

Longevity, Human .134, 155 

Looking Glasses, How Made. 131 

Lumber and Log Measurement at Sight.231-247 


Machine Labor, The Effect of upon Wages. 295 

Manufacturing Increase (1889-1901). 202 

Marriage Laws in the United States. 105 

Marriageable Age, The. 294 

Mason and Dixon Line. 109 

Mason Week. 28 

Maxims, Some Good. 166 

Mayflower's Passenger’s, The. 132 

Measures of Length, Sundry. 104 

Measures, Weights and. 284 

Merchant Marine of the U. S. 137 

Merchant Navies of the World. 137 

Merchant Shipping, Progress of. 97 

Metals, Melting Point of. 160 

Military Academy at West Point, U. S. 292 

Miles of Various Nations. 121 

Mining Information. 78 

Mississippi River, Length of Navigation of the. 305 

Molds, Blacking for. 311 

Molder’s Table . 255 

Monroe Doctrine. The. 100 

Moon, Our . 261 

Mormon War. The. 154 

Mountains, Highest. 65 


Nails and Tacks—Number in Pound. 30 

Nails—Number Required in Carpcnt r Work... 28 

National Banks . 197 

Nation's Dead, The . 145 

National Debt, the U. S. 82 

National Home for Disabled Volant r Soldiers. . 310 

National Parks in the U. S... 211 

Naturalization Laws of the United States. 302 

Naval Academy at Annapolis V. S. 293 

Naval Powers. Strength of. 2~9 

Naval Supremacy. 168 

Navy of the United States. 187 











































▼L 


Negotiable Instruments . 

Negro Population in the United States, 1900. . . . 

News, The Word.i. 

Newspapers Sheets, Sizes of. 

Nobel Prizes, The. 

North Pole, the Search for.. 

Number, A Remarkable. 

Number of Shrubs or Plants for an Acre. 

Number of Pupils in American Schools. 


Page. 

172 

35 

310 

197 

213 

279 

210 

68 

129 


Ocean Travel, Important Items Concerning. . .. 192 

Oil in Seeds, Amount of. 153 

One Dollar Loaned 100 Years at Compound In¬ 
terest . 276 

Ostler .Toe . 219 

Oval, to Draw Out an. 195 


Paint, Amount Required for a Given Surface. . 

Painters’ Work. Cost of. 

Panama Canal, The. 

Paper, Flat—Sizes. 

Parliamentary Rules . 

Parting Sand . 

Patternmaker's Table . 

Pedestrians’ Rights . 

Pension Statistics, United States. 

Philippine Islands, The .. 

Phonograph, The . 

Plasterer’s Work . 

Playing Cards . 

Poisons, Antidotes and Treatment. 

Political Information . 

Popular and Electoral Vote for President (1904) 
Popular and Electoral Votes for Presidents. . . . 
Population of Cities in the United States (1900) 
Population of Every State and Territory in the 
United States (Census of 1890 and 1900).... 
Population of the United States (Census of 

1870, 1880, 1890, 1900).. 

Porto Rico . 

Postage, Rates of. 

Popular Presidential Votes (1824-1900). 

Presidents of the United States. 

Presidents—IIow They Died.. 

Promissory Notes . 


26 

29 

159 

197 

9 

311 

255 

183 

146 

205 

63 

25 

269 

82 

287 

17 

16 

199 


286 

170 

207 

281 

297 

138 

139 
173 



































VII. 


Public Debt of the United States.239, 304 

Pyramid, The Largest Egyptian.125 


Radium and Radio-Activity. 127 

Railroad Car, Cost of a... 224 

Railroad Facts. ~98 

Railroad—Highest in the United States...!.! 239 

Railroad Mileage of the World. 95 

Railroads—Records of Speed. 96 

Railroad Statistics of the United States. 98 

Railway Bridge at Niagara. 150 

Railway Signals . 152 

Rainfall in the United States, Average. 67 

Ready Reckoner Table. 253 

Recruiting Requirements and Depots.309, 310 

Resist Torsion, Relative Strength of Bodies to.. 256 

Rivers 1000 Miles Long and Over. 6 

Road, Law of the. 180 

Roof Elevations . 26 

Royalty in England, Annual Cost of. 274 

Rubicon To Cross the. 15 

Russo-Japanese War, The. 263 

Rust—How to Remove it from Steel. 311 


Salaries of United States Officers. 198 

Savings Bank Compound Interest Tables. 276 

Sayings of Renowned Persons. . .. 93 

Scarlet Fever, Sure Cure for. 161 

Screw Threads, Standard. 162 

Seasoning and Preserving Timber..., . 18 

Ship, Provisioning a. 172 

Shipping, American . 278 

Shingles Required in a Roof. 28 

Silver Question, The. 122 

Sleeping Cars . 179 

Small Pox, Sure Cure for. 161 

Soldier’s Homes . 310 

Solar System, The. 261 

Spanish-American War . 530 

Specific Gravity of Various Substances. 86 

Speed of Train—How to Tell the. 18 

Spelling, Rules for. 274 

Sphinx, The . 15 

State Flowers ... 90 

State Militia of the United States... 62 

Status of Porto Rico and the Philippines. 81 












































VIII. 


* Page. 

Statutes of Limitation . 1^1 

Steel—Cut a Hole in Hard. §§ 

Steel, Flat, Weight per Foot. 255 

Steel, Notes on Working of. 312 

Steel and Brass Plates. 152 

Steel Square, Use of. 34 

Steel—Tempering Process . .. 100 

Stock Brokers’ Technicalities .. 247 

Strength, Human . 135 

Subterranean Heat . 123 


Table showing the number of days from any day 
in one month to the same day in another. . . . 

Tariff for Cuba . 

Tariff Law, U. S. 

Tariff, The Philippines. 

Telegraph Statistics of the World. 

Telegraph—Western Union Statistics. 

Telephone, The . . 

Telephone Statistics . 

Telescopes. Large . 

Temperature at which various substances freeze, 

melt or boil . 

Temperature in the United States, Average. .. . 

Temple of Solomon. 

Ten-Ton Freight Cars; Carrying Capacity of... 

Tests of Death .•. 

Theater—Largest in the World. 

Thermometers . 

Timber Measurement Table . 

Time in Which Money Doubles at Interest. 

Tin Roofing. Cost of. 

Tints, How to Mix Paints for. 

Torsion, Strength of Bodies to Resist. 

Trees of California, Mammoth. 

Tunnel. Largest in the World.75, 

Type, Various Sizes of. 


525 

443 

SI 

100 

101 
04 S 
GO 
30 

283 

GO 

125 
1G4 
236 

74 
260 
243 
277 

36 

282 

256 

75 
260 

126 


Uncle Sam’s Soldiers, What it Costs to Clothe.. 205 

“Uncle Sam’’—Origin of the Term. 154 

United States. Area and Early Settlement of the 04 

U. S. Finances, 1003-04. 158 

U. S. Government, Receipts and Expenditures. . 103 

United States. 45 Present, 13 Original. 280 

University Boat Racing. 270 





































IX. 


JTCVgtS. 

Valuable Suggestions to Clerks and Workingmen.. 222 
Venezuela and Anglo-Venezuelan Award. . . .441, 442 

Vitality of Seeds. 282 


Wages and Hours of Labor, American and Eu¬ 
ropean . 306 

Wages, Effect of Machine Work on. 295 

Wages Tables, per Hour, Day and Month. 24 

Warehousemen and Warehouse Receipts. ... 175, 179 

Wars of the United States.148, 530 

Wash, Black . 311 

Waterfalls, Remarkable . 145 

Wealth of the Nations . 121 

Wealth of the United States. 144 

Weather, Rules for Foretelling the. 260 

Wedding Anniversaries . 251 

Weight of Various Materials per Cubic Foot. . 104 

Weight of Various Metals per Cubic Inch. 104 

Weight Needed to Tear Asunder Bars of Various 

Materials . 245 

Weights and Measures, Tables of. 284 

Weights, Sundry Commercial. 104 

Welding Steel, "Mixture for. 311 

Wheat Crops of the World... 144 

Winds Velocity and Force of. 211 

Wire, Barbed—Amount Required for Fences. ... 68 

Wire. Yards per Bundle. 67 

Wireless Telegraphy, Transatlantic. 80 

Wonders in America, The Eleven Great. 132 

Wonders of Science . 127 

Wood Measurement at Sight. 250 

Wood Screws, Formulas for. 160 

Woods. Relative Hardness of. 123 

Workshop Rules and Recipes. 311 

World’s Fairs, The.•. 110 

World's Fair at St. Louis. 92 

Wounds Made by Fire-Arms. 142 

Wrought Iron, Weight of, per foot. 254 
































X 


INDEX TO ATLAS MAPS. 


Page. 


Page. 

Alabama . 

361 

Missouri . 

. 407 

Alaska . 

359 

Montana . 

. 409 

America . 


Nebraska. 

. 411 

Arizona. 


Nevada ..tfi 

. 413 

Arkansas . 

363 

New Hampshire .. 

. 347 

California. 

367 

New Jersey . 

. 415 

Central America . . 

337 

New Mexico ...... 

. 417 

Colorado . 

371 

New York. 

. 419 

Connecticut . 

369 

North Carolina . . . 

. 353 

Delaware . 

375 

North Dakota . . . . 

. 373 

Florida ... 

377 

Ohio . 

. 421 

Georgia . 

379 

Ontario .. 

. 343 

Guiana . 

440 

Oregon . 

. 423 

Idaho . 

381 

Pennsylvania . 

. 425 

Illinois . 

383 

Quebec . 

. 345 

Indiana . 


Rhode Island. 

. 427 

Indian Territory . . . 

387 

South Carolina .... 

. 353 

Iowa . 

389 

South Dakota .... 

. 373 

Kansas . 

391 

Tennessee . 

. 350 

Kentucky . 

350 

Texas . 

. 429 

Louisiana . 

393 

Utah . 

. 431 

Maine . 


Vermont .. 


Manitoba . 

341 

Virginia .. 

. 357 

Maryland . 

397 

Washington . 

. 433 

Massachusetts . 

399 

West Indies. 

. 337 

Mexico . 

335 

West Virginia .... 

. 357 

Michigan . 

401 

Wisconsin . 

. 435 

Minnesota . 

403 

Wyoming ..' 

. 437 

Mississippi . 

4 Oo 



INDEX to atla 

S DESCRIPTIVE MATTER. 

Page. 


Page. 

Abyssinia . 


Bokhara . 

322 

Afghanistan . 

322 

Bolivia . 

. 339 

Africa .. . 

323 

Brazil . 

. 339 

Alabama. 

360 

British Columbia . 

. 342 

Alaska . 


British East 


Algeria . 

325 

Africa .. 

. 327 

Antilles,The Greater 

336 

California . 

. 366 

Antilles, The Lesser 

336 

Canada, The Domin 


Arabia . 

goo 

ion of ... 

342 

Argentine Republic.. 

340 

Cape Colony. 

. 327 

Arizona . 

364 

Central Africa . . . 

. 323 

Arkansas . 

362 

Central America... 

. 336 

*Asia . 

318 

Ceylon . 


Bahama Islands ... 

336 

Chile . 

. 340 

Barbary States, The 

325 

Chinese Empire, 


Beloochistan . 

322 

The, . 

320 






































































XI. 


Page. 

Colorado . 376 

Colombia . 33b 

■Congo Free State, 

The . 327 

Connecticut .368 

Corea . 320 

Cuba.336-525 

Delaware . 374 

District of Columbia 438 

Ecuador . 339 

Eritrea . 327 

Europe . 317 

Farther India. 321 

Florida . 376 

French West Africa. 327 

Georgia . 378 

German East Africa 327 

Guiana . 340 

Hawaii . 204 

Hayti . 336 

Illinois . 382 

Idaho . 380 

India . 321 

Indiana .384 

Indian Territory . . 386 

Iowa . 388 

Jamaica . 336 

Japanese Empire. 

The . 320 

Kansas . 390 

Kentucky . 349 

Liberian Republic... 328 

Louisiana . 392 

Madagascar . 327 

Maine . 394 

Manitoba . 342 

Maryland . 396 

Massachusetts . 398 

Mexico . 334 

Michigan .400 

Minnesota . 402 

Mississippi .404 

Missouri .406 

Montana.408 

Morocco . 325 

Nebraska .410 

Nevada . 412 

New Brunswick .... 344 
Newfoundland ..... 344 
New Hampshire ... 346 
New Jersey ....... 414 


Page. 


New Mexico . 

. 416 

New York . 

. 418 

Nile Country—The. 

. 326 

North America . . . 

. 328 

North Carolina . . . 

. 352 

North Dakota . . . 

. 372 

Nova Scotia. 

. 344 

Ohio . 

. 420 

Oklahoma . 

. 421) 

Ontario . 


Oregon . 

. 422 

Palestine . 

. 323 

Paraguay . 

. 340 

Patagonia . 

. 340 

Pennsylvania .... 

. 424 

Persia . 

. 322 

Peru . 

. 339 

Philippine Islands. 

. 205 

Porto Rico . ..206 

, 336 

Portugese East Af- 


rica . 

. 327 

Prince Edward Is- 


la nd . 

. 344 

Quebec . 

. 344 

Rhode Island. 

. 426 

Russian Turkestan 

. 320 

Siberia . 


South America . 

. 338 

South Africa . 


South Carolina . . . 

. 354 

South Dakota .... 

. 372 

Tennessee . 

. 351 

Texas . 

. 428 

Transcaucasia .... 


Tripoli . 

. 326 

Tunis . 

. 326 

Turkey in Asia . . . 

. 322 

United States. The. 

. 332 

Uruguay . 


Utah . 

. 430 

Venezuela . *. .. 


Vermont . 


Virginia . 


Washington. D. C. 

. 438 

Washington ...... 

. 432 

West Indies. 


West Virginia .... 


Wisconsin .. 



Wyoming ai® aaaa&aa 456 













































































THE LIBERTY BELL. 

The order for the bell was given in 1751. The State 
House of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, work on which 
had been suspended for a number of years, was then 
approaching completion. The lower floors were already 
occupied by the Supreme Court in the chamber, while 
in the other assembled the Freemen of the Province of 
Pennsylvania, then consisting of one body. A com¬ 
mittee was appointed by the Freemen, with Peter Norris 
as chairman, and empowered to have a new bell cast 
for the building. The commission for the bell was in 
the same year awarded to Robert Charles, of London, 
the specification being that the bell should weigh about 
2,000 pounds and cost ,£100 sterling. It was to be 
made by the best workmen, to be examined carefully 
before being shipped, and to contain, in well-shaped 
letters around it, the inscription “By order of the Prov¬ 
ince of Pennsylvania, for the State House in the City 
of Philadelphia, 1752,” and underneath this the pro¬ 
phetic words from Leviticus xxv. 10: “Proclaim liberty 
throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof.” 

The full text is as follows: “And ye shall hallow the 
fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land 
and to all the inhabitants thereof.” In selecting the 
text the good Quakers had in memory the arrival of 
William Penn and their forefathers, more than half a 
centui-y before. 

In August, 1752, the bell arrived, but though in 
apparent good order, it was cracked by a stroke of the 
clapper while being tested. Two skillful men under¬ 
took to recast the bell, but to change the pitch they 
added too much copper. The men recast the bell a 
second time, successfully, and it was put in place in 
June, 1753. 

On Monday, the 8th of July (not the 4th), at noon, 
true to its motto, it rang out the memorable message of 
“Liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants 
thereof.” For fifty years it continued to be rung on 
every festival and anniversary, until it cracked. 

2 


USEFUL INFORMATION 


THE BIBEES OF THE WORLD. 

The chief sacred books of the world are the Scriptures 
of the Christians, the Tripitake of the Southern Bud¬ 
dhists, the Five Kings of the Chinese, the three Vedas of 
the Hindoos, the Koran of the Mohammedans, and the 
Zendavesta of the Parsees. 

The Koran is the most recent, having been written in 
the seventh century after Christ. It contains many ex¬ 
cerpts from the Old and New Testaments and the Tal¬ 
mud. 

The Tripitake contains sublime morals and pure aspi¬ 
rations. The author lived and died in the sixth cen¬ 
tury before Christ. 

The Five Kings contain wise sayings on the duties of 
life. The word “king” in the Chinese language means 
web of cloth. From this it is presumed that they were 
originally written on five rolls of cloth. They were writ¬ 
ten by a number of wise men some time not earlier than 
the eleventh century before Christ. 

The Vedas cannot be proven to antedate the twelfth 
century before the Christian era. 

The Zendavesta is regarded among scholars as being 
the greatest and most learned of ail sacred writings, ex¬ 
cepting the Christian Bible. It was written by Zoroaster 
in the twelfth century before Christ. 

Moses wrote the Pentateuch at least 1,500 years befor® 
Christ; therefore, that portion of the Christian Bible is at 
least 3 00 years older than any other sacred writings. 

The Edda, a semi-sacred work of the Scandinavians, 
was first given to the world in the 14th century. . 

There ai’e estimated to be about 42 0,000,000 people 
living under Christian laws; 340,000,000 Buddhists; 
210,000,00 Mohammedans; 15,000,000 ruled by the 
Zendavesta; 150,000,000 under, the Five Kings; 17 5,- 
000,000 under the Vedas of the Hindoos. 




1 


Table Showing Difference of Time in Various Parts of the World 
When It Is Noon at Washington, D. C. 

Alaska. 7 :23 a.m. 

Albany.12:13 p.m. 

Amsterdam, Holland.. 2:58 p.m. 

Angra, India. 3:19 p.m. 

Atchison. Kas.10:47 a.m. 

Athens, Greece.... 6:43 p.m. 

Atlania, Ga. 11:40 a.m. 

Augusta, Me..12:29 p.m. 

Baltimore.12:02 p.m. 

Bath, Me.*12:29 p.m. 

Berlin,Germany. 6.-02 p.m. 

Bombay,India.10:00 p.m. 

Boston.12:24 p.m. 

Brussels, Belgium.... 5:25 p.m. 

Buffalo, N. Y.11:52 a.m. 

Cape Town, Africa.... 6:22 p.m. 

Cairo, Egypt. 7:13 p.m. 

Calcutta, India..11 -.01 p.m. 

Canton? China.12:41 a m- 

Cambridge, Mass.12:29 p m. 

Charleston, S. C. 11:43 a.m. 

Chicago...,..11:17 a.m. 

Cincinnati.11:30 a.m. 

Cleveland, O..11:41 a.m. 

Columbia, S.C.11:44 a m. 

Constantinople. -.. 7 :04 p.m. 

Danville, Va....11:50 a.m. 

Denver, Colo.10.08 a.m. 

DesMoines,Iowa......10:53 a.m. 

Detroit, Mich...11:36 a.m. 

Dubuque, Iowa.11:05 a.m. 

Dublin, Ireland. 4 :43 p.m. 

Edinburgh, Scotland.. 4:55 p.m. 

Galveston, Texas.10:49 h.m. 

Halifax, N. -S.12:54 p.m. 

Hamilton, Ont.11:49 a m. 

Hannibal, Mo.11:07 a.m. 

Hartford, Conn..12;17 p.m. 

Havana, Cuba.11:38 a m. 

Houston, Texas.10:44 a.m. 

Indianapolis.11:24 a.m. 

Jacksonville, Ill. 11:07 a.m. 

Jefferson City, Mo.. ..10:59 a.m- 

Kalama, Wash. 8:58 a.m. 

Kansas City, Mo.10:49 a.m. 

Key West, Fla.11:41 a.m. 

Knoxville, Tenn.El :32 a.m. 

Laramie, Wyo.10:12 a m. 

Leavenworth, Kas ...10:49 a.m. 

Lisbon, Portugal. 4:31 p.m. 

Lincoln, Neb.10:41 am. 

Little Rock, Ark.10:59 a.m. 

London, England. ... 5 08 p in. 


Louisville, Ky.11 

Macon, Ga.11 

Melbourne, Aus. 2 

Memphis, Tenn.11 

Meridian, Miss.ill 

Mexico.,.10 

Milwaukee....,.11 

Minneapolis, Minn..., 10 

Mobile, Ala.11 

Monoton, N. £.12 

Montreal. Canada.12 

Moscow, Russia. 7 

Nashville, Tenn.11 

New Orleans.11 

New York..12 

Omaha, Neb.10 

Ottawa, Canada...... 12 

Panama, C. A.11 

Paris, France. 5 

Pensacola, Fla. 11 

Philadelphia.12 

Pittsburg, Pa.11 

Port Huron, Mich.11 

Portland* Me.12 

Portland, Ore. 8 

Portsmouth, Va. 12 

Providence. R. 1.12 

Quebec, Canada.12 

Quincy, Ill.11 

Raleigh, N. C.11 

Richmond, Va.11 

Rio Janeiro, Brazil... 2 

Rome, Italy.5 

Rome, Ga.11 

San Francisco.8 

Salt Lake City. 9 

Savannah, Ga.11 

Selma,. Ala.11 

Sioux City, Iowa..10 

St. John, N. B.12 

St. Johns'/N. F. i 

St, Joseph, Mo... ....10 

St. Louis....11 

St. Paul, *Iinn.10 

Terre Haute, Ind.11 

Toronto, Canada.11 

Vera Cruz, Mex.10 

Vicksburg, Miss.11 

Virginia City, Nev.... 9 

Wheeling, W. Va.11 

Wilmington, N. C.11 

Yankton. 8- D..10 


:26 a 
:37 a 
:48 a 
:08 a 
:14 a 
:32 a 
:16 a 
:55 a 
:16 a 
:48p 
:14 P 
-.38 p 
:21 a 
:08 a 
:12 p 

:44 a 
05 p 
:50 a 
• 17 p 
:19 a 
:07 p 
:48 a 
:34 a 
:27 p 
:56 a 
:03p 

:22 P 

:23 p 
:07 a 
-.50 a 
:58 a 
:15 p 
.58 p 
:32 a 
:58 a 
:40 a 
:44 a 
:20 a 
:42 a 
:44 p 
:37 p 
:50 a 
:C7 a 
:56 a 
:18 a 
51 a 
:43 a 
:05 a 
:40 a 
:45 a 
:58 a 
;38a 


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8 

IRRIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 

When the provisions of the National Irrigation Law 
are carried into effect, nearly 60,000,000 acres will be 
reclaimed and placed under cultivation. It has been es¬ 
timated that there are 550,000,000 acres of arid land 
in the 'United States, only a little over one-tenth of which 
can be irrigated. This leaves 49 0,000,000 acres that 
must always remain arid unless new supplies of subter¬ 
ranean water are discovered. 

The following sixteen States and Territories will be 
directly benefited by this new law:—Arizona, California, 
Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada. 
New Mexico, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, 
Utah, Washington, Wyoming. In many of these States 
irrigation has been utilized for years. In certain cases 
at the expense of individual farmers and private corpora¬ 
tions; some of these immense plants have been main- 
taind by the township, county or state in which they are 
located. The reservoir systems in Utah and Colorado are 
under the co-operative care of the farmers who use them. 
States and Territories generally have supervision of all 
irrigation. Wyoming has four irrigation divisions, Ne¬ 
braska two and Colorado six, each of which is in charge 
of a superintendent. The Government expects to utilize 
the rivers and water courses, but more particularly the 
subterranean water basins by sinking artesian wells. It 
is believed that the sections to be irrigated where now the 
prairie dog is the only living creature to be found, will 
eventually support a population of 5 0,000,000 people, 
nearly 2-3 as many as the present population. The law 
passed June 17, 1 902, provides that all money received 
from sale of public lands in the States and Territories to 
be benefited, except such lands previously set aside for 
other public purposes, shall be used for the reclamation 
fund, any deficit to be paid front the National Treasury. 
No water right for more than 160 acres shall be sold to 
any one owner, who must be a bona fide resident. Main¬ 
tenance of the systems constructed shall be at the ex- 


pense of the parties using the 
States and Territories. 

water. 

States and 

Territories. 

Acres under 

Irrigation 

Acres under 

Irrigation 

June 1, 

1900. 

June 1, 

1900. 

Alabama - 

89 

New Jersey.., 

73 

Arizona . 

... 185,396 

New Mexico. 

... 203,893 

California ... 

...1,446,114 

New York. 

63 

Colorado .. 

...1,611,271 

Nevada . 

... 501,168 

Connecticut .. 

471 

N. Carolina... 

3,283 

Florida .. 

1,538 

N. Dakota. 

4,872 

Georgia . 

7,856 

Oklahoma .... 

2.759 

Hawaiian Isl. 

... 724,609 

Oregon —.,, 

... 388,111 

Idaho . 

... 608,718 

Pennsylvania 

134 

Kansas .. 

23,620 

Rhode Island. 

4 0 

Louisiana .... 

... 201,685 

S. Carolina_ 

29,690 

Maine . 

1 7 

S. Dakota_ 

4 3,67 6 

Massachusetts 

134 

Texas . 

49,652 

Mississippi ... 

40 

Utah .. 

... 629,293 

Montana ..... 

... 951,054 

Washington ., 

... 135,470 

Nebraska . 

... 148,538 

Wyoming . 




























9 


PARLIAMENTARY RULES AND USAGES. 

The £°] lowin § are the complete rules, In a plain and 
compact form, for conducting a public meeting: 

Quorum. —A quorum is a sufficient number of the 
members of an association to legally transact business, 
unless a quorum is present no business is in order ex- 
cent to adjourn. A majority of the members constitutes a 
natural quorum, but the by-laws of the association may 
provide a smaller number. 

Tlie Chairman. —It is the duty of the chairman to open 
the meeting at the time fixed upon, by taking the chair, 
calling the house to order, to announce the business be¬ 
fore the house in the order in which it is to be acted 
upon; to receive and submit all motions; to put to vote 
all questions. which are regularly moved, or which neces¬ 
sarily arise in the course of proceedings, and to announce 
the result; to restrain every one, when engaged in debate, 
within the rules of order; to enforce the observance of 
order and decorum; to appoint committes; to authenticate 
by his signature, ■when necessary, all the acts and pro¬ 
ceedings of the house, and generally to declare its will. 

He may speak to points of order in preference to oth¬ 
ers; shall decide all questions oi order, and if the house 
is evenly divided he may give the casting vote, in doing 
which he may, if he pleases, give his reasons. 

The Clerk.—It is the duty of the clerk or secretary 
to keep correct minutes of the proceedings of the house; 
to read all papers when ordered, and for this purpose he 
should always rise; to call the roll, and state the answer 
when a vote is taken by yeas and nays; to have the cus¬ 
tody of all papers and documents, and to authenticate the 
acts and proceedings of the house by his signature. 

Committees. —Standing committees sit permanently; ■ 
special committees perform only some particular duty, 
when they are discharged. The person first-named is us¬ 
ually regarded as chairman, but this is only a matter of 
courtesy; every committee has a right to select its own 
chairman. Custom, however, has practically taken away 
this right, and it is considered bad form to elect any 
other person than the first-named as chairman. The 
mover of a motion to commit, should be placed on the 
committee and first-named, except where the matter com¬ 
mitted concerns him personally. In the appointment of 
the committee no person directly opposed to the measure 
committed should be named, and when any person who is 
thus opposed to same, hears himself named of its com¬ 
mittee he should ask to be excused. 

The chair appoints all committees. Committees do not 
adjourn, but, when they have concluded their delibera¬ 
tions, should rise and report. The report should be pre¬ 
sented by the chairman. When the report is received the 
committee is dissolved and cannot act further without 
new pow-er. 

Any committee required or entitled to report upon a sub¬ 
ject referred to them may make a majority and minority 
report, while any member of such committee dissenting in 


10 


tvhole or in part, from either the conclusion or the reason¬ 
ing of both the majority and minority, may also present 
a statement of his reasons for such dissent, which should 
be received in connection with the reports. 

The committee of the whole is an expedient to simplify 
the business of legislative bodies. No record is made of 
Its proceedings. The presiding officer puts the question, 
and, if same is carried, appoints some person as chairman 
and then vacates the chair. 

Motions. —Propositions made to a deliberative assembly 
are called motions; when the proposition, is put to vote it 
Is called the question. A motion cannot be entertained or 
the question put, until the same has been seconded. After 
this it becomes the property of the house, and cannot be 
withdrawn except by leave. It must be in writing when¬ 
ever the house or presiding officer require it, and must 
be read when any person demands it for information. 

An exception to the rule requiring a second to a motion 
is made in cases when the proposition is to proceed with 
or to execute an order of the house; as where it is moved 
to proceed with an order of the day, or where a call is 
made for the enforcement of some order relating to the 
observance of decorum. 

No motion can be made while a speaker has the floor, 
nor while another motion is pending, except it be a ques¬ 
tion of privilege. 

Amendment*. —A motion may be amended by inserting 
or adding words, or by striking out words, or by striking 
out and inserting words. An amendment takes precedence 
of the original question and must be first decided. So, too, 
an amendment to an amendment must be decided before 
the amendment. A motion may be made to amend, after 
which a motion will be to amend the amendment, but this 
Is the full limit of the rule by which one motion may be 
put upon another. A motion to amend the second amend¬ 
ment is not in order. 

Questions of privilege cannot be amended, except that 
a motion to postpone can be amended as to time. 

Tlie Question.—The question is first to be put on the 
affirmative and then cn the negative side, the vote in most 
cases being by oral response. If there are doubts as to 
the voice of the majority, any one may call for a division. 
In all cases where the house is equally divided the ques¬ 
tion is lost, unless the presiding officer affirms it by a 
casting vote. 

When a division is had, those in the affirmative on the 
question should first rise and be counted, or, if there still 
be a doubt, or a count be called for. the chairman should 
appoint two tellers, one frrm each side, to make the count 
and report the same to the chairman, who should then 
declare the same to the house. 

In small matters of routine business or trifling impor¬ 
tance, such as receiving reports, withdrawing motions, 
etc., the presiding officer may suppose the consent of the 
house where no objection is expressed, and need not give 
them the trouble of putting the question formally. 

A question should be stated b ,r the chair before it is put, 
after which it is open to debate. Questions mnv be stated by 
the chair while sitting, but he shou’d rise to put a question, 


II 


and should use substantially this form: " As mai.y as are of im 
Opinion that (as the question may be) will say aye;’’and, after 
the affirmative voice is expressed, “As many as are of a contrary 
opinion, will say no.” 

After a question has been put it is not debatable, but after the 
affirmative is put any person who has not spoken before to the 
questionmay rise and speak before the negative is put. 

Division of Question.— Any person may call for the division 
of a question if it comprehend propositions, in substance so dis¬ 
tinct, that, one being taken away, a substantive proposition shall 
remain for decision. 

When a question is divided, after the question on the first part, 
the second is open to debate and amendment. 

Privileged Questions. — When A question is under debate, 
no motion shall b«< received, except to adjourn; to lay'on the 
table; for the previous question; to postpone to a day certain; tc 
commit; to amend: to postpone indefinite 1 " These motions 
have precedence in the order iu vdbich they' stand arranged, and 
are called privileged questions. 

A motion to adjourn is always in ordev and. takes precedence of 
all other motions, and an order of tne aay fakes the pk.ce of all 
questions except adjournment. 

When a matter has been laid on the table it may he taken up at 
any tine afterward and considered, but not at the same meeting 
or session at which it was tabled. Frequently this motio.i is 
made to fi-ally dispose of the matter, and it always has this 
effect when no motion is afterward made to take it up. The 
Proper motion for proceeding with a matter that has beer, ordered 
co be on the table, is, that the house do now proceed to consider 
that matter, although it would be proper to move that the matter 
be taken up for consideration 

There are several questions /hich, being incidental lu eveiy 
one. will take the place of ev>. y one, prr’Teged or not; as, » 
question of order arising out of any other question mus t be de¬ 
cided before that question. 

A motior. for indefinite postponement is generally resorted to 
in order to suppress a question or prevent its coming to vote. 

Previous Question.— When any question is before the house 
any member may move that the question (called the main ques 
tion) be now put, or, as it is usually termed, may' move the pre¬ 
vious question. If it pass in the affirmative, then the main ques¬ 
tion is to be put immediately, and no further debate is per¬ 
mitted. 

The previous question being moved and seconded, the question 
from the chair should be, “ Shall the main question be now put ? ** 
If the nays prevail the main question remains as the question 
before the house in the same stage of proceedings as before 
the previous question was moved. 

Jlquivalent Questions.—Where questions are pert*~yiy equiv¬ 
alent, so that the negative of the one amounts to the affirmative of 
the other, and leaves no other alternative, the decision of the on# 
aecessarilv concludes the other. Thus the negative of striking out 


12 


diotmts to the affirmative of agreeing ; and, therefore, to p*#t <3 
question on agreeing after that of striking out, would be to put ds«i 
same question in effect twice over. 

Questions of Order.— It is the duty of the chairman to decide 
all questions of order whenever raised. Upon such questions nc 
debate or discussion is in order, but if the decision is not satisfac¬ 
tory any one may object to it and appeal to the house. On appeal 
being taken, the question should be: “Shall the decision of the 
chair stand as the judgment of the house?” Whereupon the 
question may be debated and discussed the same as any other 
question. 

Commitment.— Any measure maybe referred to a committee, 
t»n motion. This motion stands in the same degree with the pre¬ 
vious question and postponement, and, if first made, takes p-e- 
cedence of them. A motion to commit may be amended by the 
substitution of one kind of committee for another, or by enlarging 
or diminishing the number of the members of the committee, as 
originally proposed, or by instructions to the committee. 

After a measure has been committed and reported, it should 
aot, in an ordinary course, be recommitted, but in cases of 
Anportance, and for special reasons, it is sometimes recommitted, 
\nd usually to the same committee. 

Reconsideration.—When a motion or question shall have 
leen determined, either in the affirmative or negative, it is always 
in order for any one who voted with the majority, or in case the 
vote was equally divided, for one who voted in the negative, to 
move for a reconsideration thereof. Such motion must be made 
at the same meeting at which the former vote was taken * 
fciotion to reconsider, being put and lost, cannot be renewed. 

Undebataoie Motions.—A motion to adjourn; to lay on 
the table, and a call for the previous question, must be decided 
without debate. And all incidental questions of order, ari.-ing 
after a motion is made for either of the foregoing questions, must 
be decided, whether on appeal or otherwise, without debate. 

Order in Debate.—When a person means to speak, he is c, 
stand up in his place, uncovered, and address himself to the chair, 
who calls him by name, that all may take notice who it is that 
speaks. A person who is indisposed may be indulged to speak 
sitting. 

When a person rises to speak, no question is to be put, but he n 
to be heard undisturbed, unless overruled. 

If two or more rise to speak nearly together, the chair deter¬ 
mines who was first up and calls him by name, whereupon he pro¬ 
ceeds, unless he voluntarily sits down and yields the floor to the 
Other. 

No one may speak more than twice to the same question with¬ 
out the consent of the house, except merely to explain himself in 
6ome material part of his speech, or to the manner of the words in 
question keeping himself to that only and not going the merits 
of it. 

. If the chairmans rises to speak, the person standing must 
i* down, that the chair may be first heard 


13 


No one is to speak impertinently, or beside the question, 
or to use indecent language against the proceedings of the 
house. Nor should a person in speaking, mention another 
then present by his name but should describe by his seat, 
or as “the gentleman who spoke last,” or, “on the other 
side of the question,” etc. 

Any one when called to order by another or by the 
Chair, must sit down, and not proceed without leave until 
the question of order shall have been decided by the chair. 

While the presiding officer is addressing the house or 
putting a question, no one should cross the floor or leave 
the room; nor while another is speaking, walk between 
him and the chair. 

Adjournment. —A motion to adjourn is not suscepti¬ 
ble of amendment. If it is desirable to adjourn to any 
particular place or time, this may be accomplished by a 
previous resolution to that effect. 


FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS. 


Odd Fellows.... 
Freemasons .... 
M. W. of A — 
K. of Pythias.. 

A. O. U. W. 

K. of Maccabees 
I. O. of Redmen. 
Royal Arcanum. 
For. of Amer... 
Ind. O. of For. 
Woodmen of the 

World . 

B. P. O. Elks.. 
A. O. of Hiber. 
Order of Eagles 
Ladies of the 

Maccabees .. 
Jr. Order N. A. 

Mechanics ... 
K. of the Mod. 

Maccabees .. 
K. of Columbus 
Ladies Catholic 
Ben. Assn— 
T. of Ben Hur. 
K. and L. of 

Honor . 

Court of Honor. 
Knights of the 


1,341,375 

Golden Eagle 

69,385 

1,011,655 

National Union 

69,000 

700,359 

Imp. Order of 


594,883 

Heptasophs . 

62,860 

423,01 5 

Catholic Mutual 


375,000 

Ben. Assn— 

58,035 

3 55,6 62 

Protected Home 


303,597 

Circle . 

56,000 

229,081 

K. of Honor... 

52,600 

224,000 

Bro. of Amer. 


Yeomen .... 

47,025 

217,1 28 

Brith Abraham 


2 00,00 0 

Order . 

46,234 

193,832 

O. of Gleaners. 

46,000 

165,000 

U. O. of Amer. 



Mechanics .. 

42,691 

1 4 9*i 0 6 0 

New Eng. Order 

39,098 

130.977 

Protection ... 

A. O. of Forest 

38,898 

127,000 

Sons of Temp.. 

34,789 

Ind. O. B’nai 


1 22,645 

B’rith . 

31,500 

87,400 

Cath. Ben. Leg. 

28,000 

K. of Malta... 

28,000 

85,267 

Other organiza- 

333,738 


tions . 

76,761 
70,4 28 

8,278,779 

Total . 












PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES BY YEARS. 


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15 

COTTON STATISTICS. 

Crop, 1903-4, in bales of 48 5 pounds: United States, 
11,000,000; E. India, 2.810,000; Egypt, 1,200,000; 
Brazil, etc., 325.000. Total, 1 5,335,000. 

Consumption, 1902-3. in bales; Europe, 8,290,000; 
United States, 4,015,000; E. Indies. 1,400,000; Japan, 
439,000; Canada, 17,614; Mexico. 59,215; Other coun¬ 
tries, 25,000. Total, 14,25 1,829. 

United States crop, 1902-3: 1 0.727.559 bales, valued 
at $4S2,481,778; exported, 6.7 0 0.37 8 bales, valued at 
$310,035,370. 

Acres planted. 27,114,103: yield, 188 pounds per 
acre. Lowest price for year. $7.50; highest, $13.75. 

YIELD BY STATES. 1902-3 (in thousands of bales): 
N. Car., 575; S. Car., 950; Ga„ 1,470; Fla., 55; Ala., 
1,0 50; Miss., 1,4 04; La., 88 4; Tex. and Ind. Ter., 
2,831; Ark., 1.000; Tenn., 509. 

Skilled cotton pickers can turn out about 17 5 pounds 
per day. Wages paid 3 8 to 4 5 cents per hundred, ac¬ 
cording to locality and ability of the employee. 


THE SPHINX. 

In ancient mythology the sphinx was a monster having 
the head and breast of a woman, the body of a dog, the 
tail of a serpent, the wings of an eagle, the paws of a 
lion, and a human voice. She lived in the country near 
Thebes, and proposed to every passer-by the following 
enigma: “What animal is that which walks on four legs 
in the morning, two at noon and three in the evening?” 
Oedipus solved the riddle thus: “Man is the animal, for 
when he is an infant he crawls on his hands and feet; in 
the noontide of life he walks erect, and as the evening of 
his existence sets in. he supports himself with a stick.” 
When the Sphinx found her riddle solved she destroyed 
herself. Her image is found often represented in ancient 
Egyptian architecture, 


TO CROSS THE RUBICON. 

To take a decisive step as did Caesar when he crossed 
the small stream that separated Gaul from Italy. No 
Roman general was allowed to come so near the capital 
eity with his army. 




16 

POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTES FOR 
PRESIDENTS. 




Popular Elec’I 

Year Candidates 

Party 

Vote 

Vote 

1810 Martin Van Buren. 

.. Democrat . 

....1,128.702 

48 

1840 W. H. Harrison. 

.. Whig . 

....1,275,017 

234 

1844 James K. Polk. 

.. Democrat . 

....1,128.702 

48 

1844 Henry Clay. 

.. Whig . 

....1,299,068 

105 

1848 Zachary Taylor. 

.. Whig . 

....1,360.101 

1C 3 

1818 Lewis Cass. 

..Democrat . 

_1,220,544 

127 

1848 Martin Van Buren. 

.. Free Soil. 


. • • 

1852 Franklin Pierce. 

.. Democrat . 

....1,601,474 

254 

1852 Winfield Scott. 

..Whig ..-. 

....1,386,578 

42 

1852 Johai P. Hale. 

..Free Soil. 

.... 156.149 

* 

1856 James Buchanan. 

.. Democrat . 

....1.838 1(9 

i74 

1856 John C. Fremont. 

.. Republican . 

....1,341,262 

114 

1856 Millard Fillmore. 

..American . 

.... 874.5J4 

8 

1860 Abraham Lincoln. 

.. Republican . 

_1,860, 52 

180 

1860 Stephen A. Douglas.... 

., Democrat . 

.... 1.375,J57 

12 

1860 John C. Breckenridge.. 

.. Democrat . 


72 

1860 John Bell. 

Union . 


39 

1864 Abraham Lincoln. 

.. Republican . 

....2,216, 7 

212 

1864 George B. McClellan... 

.Democrat . 


21 

1868 V. 8. Grant. 

.. Republican . 

....3,015. -1 

214 

18; 3 Horatio Seymour. 

.. Democrat . 

_2,709. A 

80 

1812 V. S. Grant. 

. .Republican . 

....3,597.: ) 

286 

1872 Horace Greeley. 

1872 James Black. 

..Liberal & Dem_ 

.. Prohibition . 

....2,834,079 
_ 5.508 

1876 Ii. B. Hayes. 

,. Republican ... 

....4.033.950 

185 

1S76 Samuel I. Tilden. 

..Democrat .. 

....4,284,885 

184 

1876 Peter Cooper. 

..Greenback . 

.... 81.740 


1876 G. ('. Smith... 

. Prohibition . 

9.522 

• - • 

1880 James A. Garfield. 

.. Republican . 

....4,449.353 

214 

1880 Winfield S. Hancock... 

.. I iemoerat . 

_4,442,045 

155 

1880 .Tames B. Weaver. 

..Greenback . 


... 

1884 Grover Cleveland. 

..Democrat . 

....4,911.•‘17 

219 

1881 James G. Blaine. 

..Republican . 

....4,848,334 

182 

1884 Benj. F. Butler. 

..Greenback . 


. _ \ 

1884 Join:; P. St. John. 

.. Prohibition . 

.... 151,8 Vj 


1888 Benjamin Harrison. 

..Republican . 

....5,441,902 

233 

1888 Grover Cleveland. 

.. 1 >emocrat . 


168 

1888 Fisk. 

.. Prohibition . 

.... 249.937 

. _ 

1888 Labor Vote. 



- - f 

1892 Grover Cleveland. 

..Democrat . 


277 

1892 Benjamin Ha»»nison. 

..Republican . 

....5.186.931 

145 

1892 James B. Weaver. 

..People’s . 


22 

1892 John Bidwell. 

.., Prohibition . 



1896 William McKinley. 

.. Republican . 


271 

1896 William J. Bryan.. 

...Democrat . 

....6,502,925 

176 

1896 Palmer. 

Tjpvpring.. •. t .._. 

.. Gold Democrat- 

Prohibition . 

.... 133,424 
132 007 

... 

18% Matchett.. 

..Social Democrat... 



1900 William McKinley. 

..Republican . 

....7,220,193 

292 

1900 William .T. Bryan.. 

..Democrat . 

....6,337,431 

155 

1904 Roosevelt. 

,.. Republican . 

....7,620,785 

336 

1904 Parker. 

.. Democrat . 


140 






































































































17 

Popular and Electoral Vote for President (1904). 


POPULAR VOTE. _j Elec to- 


State. 

Roosevl’t 

Rep. 

Parker 

Deni. 

Rep. Plu 
ralifies.- 

9pp. Plu-1] 
ralitiea. j 

■alV 

R’lt. 

ote. 

Pkr. 

Alabama. 

22.474 

79.857 


57,383 


11 

Arkansas. 

46.860 

64,434 


17,574 


9 

California. 

205.226 

89,404 

115.822 

10 


Colorado. 

134,687 

100,105 

{34,582 


5 . 


Connecticut. 

111,089 

72,909 

38,180 


7 


Delaware. 

23.705 

19.347 

4,358 


3 


Florida. 

8.314 

27.046 


18.732 


5 

Georgia. 

24,003 

S3,472 


59.469 


13 

Idaho . 

47.789 

18,480 

29.309 


3 


Illinois. 

632,645 

327,006 

305.039 


27 


Indiana. 

368,289 

274.345 

93.944 


15 


Iowa. 

307.907 

149,141 

258.766 


13 


Kansas. 

210,893 

84.800 

126.093 


10 


Ken l ucky. 

205.277 

217 170 


11 893 


i3 

Louisiana. 

5,205 

47 JOS 


42.503 


9 

Maine. 

64,438 

27,638 

36.800 


6 


Maryland. 

109,497 

109 446 

51 


1 

7 

Massachusetts.. 

257,822 

165.746 

92 076 


16 


Michigan. 

361,866 

134 151 

227.715 


14 


Minnesota . 

216.615 

55.442 

161,173 


1 I 


Mississippi . 

3 168 

53,280 

50,112 


10 


321.449 

296.312 

25.137 

18 


Montana . 

34.932 

21.773 

13,159 


3 


Nebraska, . 

138 558 

51.876 

86.682 


8 


Nevada . 

6 867 

3.982 

2.885 


3 


New Hampshire 

54,180 

33.995 

20.185 


4 


New Jersey . 

245 138 

164 550 

80.588 


12 


New York." . 

859.444 

683 822 

175,622 


39 


North Carolina. 

82,442 

124.121 


41,679 


12 

North Dakota.. 

52.658 

14.296 

38.362 


4 


Ohm. 

600 095 

354.674 

255,421 


23 


Oregon . 

60,455 

17.521 

42.934 

. 

4 

... 

Pennsylvania. .. 

840.949 

337,998 

502,951 


34 


Rhode 1 sland .. 

41.605 

24.839 

16,766 


4 


South Carolina. 

2.554 

52.563 


50.009 


9 

South Dakota.. 

72.083 

21.969 

50,114 

. 

4 


<p<vp-ppsKee. 

105.369 

131.653 


26,284 


12 

TVva.s . 

51.242 

167,200 


115,958 


18 

Utah . * . 

62i444 

33.413 

29,031 

3 


IT’privimit .... 

40 459 

9 777 

30,682 


4 


Virginia. 

46.450 

80.638 

U, 34.188 


12 

Washington... - 

100.698 

28.015 

72,683 


5 


West Virginia.. 

132.608 

100.850 

31,758 


7 


XAT i Qr'ort si n 

279 870 

124,036 

155.834. 


13 


Wyoming. 

20,467 

8^904 

11,563 

. 

3 


Total. . 4 . 

7,620.785 

5,080,304 

3.166.265 

525.784 

336 

140 

Majority. 

1.742,640 

i 








































































































18 


HOW TO TEEL THE SPEED OF A TRAIN. 

Here is a way to tell how fast you are traveling- in a 
railway car. Every time a car passes over a. rail-joint 
there is a distinct click. Count the number of these clicks 
in twenty seconds and you have the number of miles the 
train is going per hour. This is a simple matter of arith¬ 
metic, as the length of the rail is uniform. 

SEASONING AND PRESERVING TIMBER. 

For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be piled 
under shelter, where it may be kept dry, but not exposed 
to a strong current of air. At the same time there should 
be a free circulation of air about the timber, with which 
view slats or blocks of wood should be placed between 
the pieces that lie over each other, near enough to pre¬ 
vent the timber from bending. 

In the sheds, the pieces of timber should be piled in this 
way, or in square piles, and classed according to age and 
kind. Each pile should be distinctly marked with the 
number and kind of pieces, and the age, or the date of 
receiving them. 

The piles should be taken down and made over again 
at intervals, varying with the length of time the timber 
has been cut. 

The seasoning of timber requires from two to four 
years, according to its size. 

Gradual drying and seasoning in this manner is consid¬ 
ered the most favorable to the durability and strength of 
timber, but various methods have been prepared for has¬ 
tening the process. For this purpose, steaming and boiling 
timber has been applied with success; kiln-drying is ser¬ 
viceable only for boards and pieces of small dimensions, 
and is apt to cause cracks, and to impair the strength of 
wood, unless performed very slowly. 

Timber of large dimension is improved by immersion in 
water for some weeks, according to its size, after which 
it is less subject to warp and crack in steaming. 

Oak timber loses about one-fifth of its weight in season¬ 
ing, and about one-third of its weight in becoming dry. 

GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The country began the 19th century with 5,308,483 
people. In the year 1810 the population was 7,239,881, 
an increase of 3 0.28 per cent; in 1820 it was 9,633,- 
822, an increase of 33.60 per cent; in 1830 it was 
12,860,020, an increase of 32.51 per cent; in 1840 it 
was 17,069,453, an increase of 32.52 per cent; in 185(i 
it was 23,191,870, an increase of 35.83 per cent; In 
18 60 it was 31,443,321, an increase of 3 5.11 percent; 
in 1870 it was 38,558,371, an increase of 22.65 pec 
cent; in 188 0 it was 50,155,783, an increase of 30.0# 
per cent; in 189 0 it was 02,622,250, an increase of 
about 2S per cent. In 190 0 it was 7 6,304,799, an in¬ 
crease cf very nearly 21 per cent. 

The original territory covered an area of 8 2 7,844 
miles; Louisiana (1 803) added 1,18 2,752 sq.m.; Florida 
(1819), 59,208; Texas (1S45), 371,063, and (1S50), 
96,707; Mexican purchase (1848), 522,568; Gadsden 
purchase (1853), 45,535; Alaska (1867), 590.884; Ha¬ 
waii (1898), 6,449; Porto Rico (1899), 3,600; Philip¬ 
pine Islands (.1 S99), 114,000: Guam (1899), 2 00; 

Tutuila group, Samoa (19 00), 7 0. 


FIVE PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


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co 

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c— 


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t— 

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CM 

CM 

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rH 

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r—< CO in co: 

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coinooocomooocoioooo 
Hc4cOinCDt-S$CHC'l«lf5 
. • • • • 
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cot-»ncoc<iocoi'-inrooio 


f oocot-HiAcrcoNoo 

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SHINOW 





SIX PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


20 


o 

© 

© 

rH 

L*X©t*rCOt>J0Ct-OCCI>OO©O 

HXO^XCnXOX'in^rnO^iOO 

rH(HrHrHrH^CC^©»0©0 

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• 

5 00 

10.00 

15 00 

20.00 

25.00 

:^*;00 

as.tjio 

40 00 

45 00 

50 00 

55 00 

1 00.(to 

© 

© 

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ffr 

Xt'-‘OX^OX^'CXOhXO«>00 
H^CC^OO©tHXOJ©©*Ot><M(> 

© ©> ©* O © w' © W W 

ic©kO©o©*o©»c ©•.*:© 
c4 *di>© ci *o © <m to t- © 

hhhhc^c^C'i :ix 

© 

© 

CCt>©COt>©COl>©CO©t>CO©©©© 

h^h^^^cc?:o*OXOhhh 

pH r-1 04 CO 

!©©©©©©©©©©c© 

1 ©.©©©©©©©©©©© 

, rHco ^ »o© t> x© © ^ -i 

© 

© 

pH 

<N X iO t> X © (N CO U0 O ic X M © HO 40 O 
hhHhh^^^OIQCO 

rH rH 

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*0©0©U3©U3©»©©©© 
r-i rH Oi CM X X ^ ^‘O lO © 

$90 

0450»0;0»©rH{NH*4CCO©X*0©*0© 

HHhhCJCCX^O^^ 

r-i 

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CC^©^L^HHXHiCXCv 

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»0 © O © >Q © W0 © uo © 1C © 
M in L- © C* *0 t> © CM ic t> © 

rf-i rHrHC4CM 04C4 CO 

© 

HH^WX^‘OlO*OI>©WI>OW^W 

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04*’3<©X©<M^X>X©C'JTt< 

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IS 

rH»HC» C* 30 33 Tf* ^ lb kC x © CO lO Ol 

HHHHCCTjt 

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©©©©©©©©©.©©© 

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© 

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& 

^©HHHHHHCiWWW^OtDH*^) 

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S'ICVEX PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


21 

g C’SO^COCOt'-t— CD CO 'ft ^ M CT o *')H>-nCC 

CO 00 CD CO 00 Cl —' 


o 

e* 

e/> 


rHrHrHrHrHdCOTKiOtDoicd 


OC5CT>OiC^COOOOOOOt>-COr^cO^—« Cl *t< 
, r-4 »-« d CO rf< uO CD f- CO O «+• 0> O M - -> 

r—< t-h C l Cl CO cd Ci 


O rt< CO M tC J) ^5 t- r-nf» CJ «) OO t-t-O ifj M 

t “~• —<*—<ddeococo*oi>-^>»- H iM’to 

H pH CJ CO 


ee- 


Nrf *sDWOC'lrt<oOOC5Cf>^CncO’f?0*H 
r-iHrirHiHHOlCO^lOOWCO 


NrHtftNOlHMr^^oOCDlft^MOOOCO 


N^lftWOOOr-1 d CD CO r-» C7> t— d CO »P3 


£? Hrt^inNOOOHX^ON’tHincS 
HHHHMNCOrf rHWM 


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€/> 


<~5 C O T-H rH 

rH 

€/> 


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GO- 


€/> 


h - oo co td ro >-h 3 
*..••••..••♦ 
lftHt^^g>iftOoC'lC0rf«O 


d '.Ot-M^C'lcoinSOOO 
CT) minrf vjMHOO 

C*4hf> 00 »-< Oc*l'<pO>C'l IA 

rH rHH <M dddJO CO 

HfOlft^COOH cOlft^O COO 
HCQO^^H'*OOCT)C>rHC'ltH 


OO i — io^ 99 t-»o co c-j C 5 
lO rH t— ^ 0)i0O^,MC0»tO 

r-( H M (M CO H* UO ‘O CD L— 


co io oo ^ ?o »o 30 '•**- ro »o so o 
io o m — 4 co • o m t- m t- :o 

H H M (M C^ CO tt If) in CO 


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• • • • .. 

H H M (M CO CO ^ Ift »fl 


^M^^3'o'-?t-C0 0D05O 
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,•••• . • • • « 

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t— co < oi ro —cc »o ci o 

H r jf-*x , xn eo l— 


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GO- ^rHHDlCJ:'j D CT> 


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rH 1 — 1 ,-H C'l X - H 


r-.r-tr-.01 CO lO 


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GO r—i r-H rH d CO 


H H H Cl M "M fO lO CD t> ^ C. 


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H * r-l H M M oifOCO M H 


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C^iOOC’-H—-t'-crcOC.OCOC'UO 

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M r}< t-CT>^ CO 00 -* eo »r> co 
• ••••.* • 
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COlCCOoOOJOcOOCOiOC^O 

HCOiA^CCaNH'Ot-OH 

HHHHHHN 

CM CO »r> s ,XO(NM‘Ot > 0CO 


a (M CO rrs O) in H l> H. OG H O 
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M H to . , D H OI H D oo D H 

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22 


SIGHT PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


Time. 

$1 

$2 

l 

$3 

$4 

$5 

$6 

?7 

$8 

$9 

0 

M 

$100 

$1000 

t 

Day.... . 

O 

O 

O 

O 

0 

0 

O 

O 

O 

0 

2 

22 

4 

i 

a 

U 

t » • e • 

St 

c c • 

o 

o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

X 

O 

O 

I 

O 

I 

I 

O 

I 

I 

0 

I 

I 

4 

7 

9 

44 

67 

89 

4 

5 

5 

if 

o • * • • 

o 

o 

O 

O 

1 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

11 

1.11 

V 

» • • c • 

<4 

o 

o 

o 

o 

O 

O 

I 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

2 

13 

16 

I *33 

1.56 

l 

<• 

o 

o 

I 

I 

1 

1 

I 

I 

2 

2 

18 

1.78 

9 

to 

M 

o 

o 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

2 

2 

2 

20 

2.00 

« 

« o e • • 

o 

o 

I 

t 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

22 

2.22 

U 1 

213 

*3 

X 4 

S# 

• • r • * 

4 * 

O € C • • 

4 # 

i 6 » i » 

o 

o 

o 

o 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

2 

3 

3 

24 

27 

29 

2.44 

2.67 

2.89 

{* 

.■ a o » 

o 

l 

I 

I 

2 

• 2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

31 

3- 11 

s 5 

V 

D 

1 

I 

f 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

33 

3-33 

• fl ». v • J 

« 

o 

1 

I 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

3 6 

3-56 

*8 

a 

o 

l 

I 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3 8 

3-78 

« 

o • « • • 

o 

1 

I 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

40' 

4.00 

tfG 

« 

o 

I 

r 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

42 

4.22 

20 

« 

o 

I 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

44 

4-44 

21 

£2 

n 

2 4 

45 

$6 

« 

o 

I 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

47 

4,67 

* 

o 

I 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

V 

4 

5 

49 

4 89 

c * • * • 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5i 

5 -n 

a 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

53 

5-33 

a 

X 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

56 

5-5<5 

a 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

58 

5.78 

*7 

?8 

41 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

60 

6.00 

44 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

62 

6.22 

*9 

r 

a 

I 

I 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

s 

6 

6 

64 

6.44 

Mon. 

I 

I 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

7 

67 

6.67 


44 

» * • f • 

I 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

9 

11 

12 

13 

i-33 

i>33 

3 

4 

a 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

T 4 

x6 

l8 

20 

2.00 

20.00 

44 

3 

5 

8 

II 

13 

l6 

19 

21 

24 

27 

2.67 

26.67 

5 

a 

• • • • 

3 

7 

IO 

J 3 

17 

20 

23 

27 

3° 

33 

3*33 

33-33 

6 

41 

4 

8 

12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

3 6 

40 

4.00 

40.00 

7 

44 

5 

9 

14 

19 

23 

28 

33 

3? 

42 

47 

4.167 

46.67 

B 

44 

• • • • • 

5 

ii 

l6 

21 

27 

32 

37 

43 

48 

53 

5*33 

53-33 

0 

<4 

• • • • • 

6 

12 

18 

24 

3 ° 

3 6 

42 

48 

54 

60 

6.00 

OO.OO 

iO 

> 

f • • ♦ • 

7 

13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

6.67 

66.67 

37 

<4 

7 

15 

22 

29 

37 

44 

51 

59 

66 

73 

7.33 

73-33 

* 

V® AR »•*»«> 

8 

l6 

24 

32 

IP 

48 

56 

64 

72 

1 Bo 

8 00 

80, GO 





























































23 


BUILDERS’ ESTIMATING TABLES. 


Table showing quantity of material in every four Jlineal feet of 
exterior wall in a balloon frame building, height of wall being given: 


Length of 
Studs 

Size of Sills 

Size of Studs, Braces, 
etc. 

Quantity of 

Rough Lumber 

Quantity of 

Inch Boarding 

Siding in 

sup.feet 

Tar Paper in 
sup. feet 

8 

6 x 6 

2 x 4 studs 

42 

36 

40 

74 

IO 

6 x 8 

4 x 4 braces 

52 

44 

5° 

80 

12 

6 x 10 

4 x 4 plates 

62 

53 

60 

96 

14 

6 x 10 

1 x 6 ribbons 

69 

62 

70 

112 

16 

8 x 10 


82 

7i 

80 

128 

j8 

8 x 10 

studs 

87 

80 

90 

144 

20 

8 x 12 

16 inches from 

98 

88 

IOO 

160 

22 

9 x 12 

centers 

109 

97 

I IO 

176 

24 

10 X 12 


119 

106 

420 

192 

18 

IOXIO 

2 x 6 studs 

122 

80 

90 

144 

20 

10X12 

6 x 6 braces 

137 

88 

IOO 

160 

22 

10 X 12 

4 x 6 plates 

i45 

97 

IIO 

176 

24 

12 X 12 

1 x 6 ribbons 

162 

106 

120 

IQO 

26 

10 X 14 


169 

lr 4 

130 

208 

28 

IOXI4 

studs 16 inch centers 

176 

123 

140 

224 

30 

12 X 14 


198 

132 

* 5 ° 

240 


Table showing amount of lumber in rafters, collar-piece and 
boarding, and number of shingles to four lineal feet of roof, meas¬ 
ured from eave to eave over ridge. Rafters, 16 -inch centers: 


Width 

of 

House. 

Feet 

Size of 
Rafters 

Size of 
Collar- 
piece 

Quantity of Lumber 
in Rafter and 
Collar-piece 

Quant’y 

of 

Board’g 

Feet 

No of 
Shingl’s 

14 

2 x 4 

2X4 

39 

9 1 

560 

16 

2 x 4 

2X4 

45 

70 

640 

18 

2 x 4 

2 x 4 

50 

79 

720 

20 

2 x 4 

2 x 4 

56 

88 

800 

22 

2 x 4 

2 x 4 

62 

97 

880 

24 

2X4 

2 x 4 

67 

106 

960 

20 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

84 

88 

800 

22 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

92 

97 

880 

24 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

IOI • 

106 

960 

26 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

169 

115 

1040 

28 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

117 

I 124 

1120 

30 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

126 

1 i33 

1200 



































WAGES TABLES — Value op Time — For Day3, at Stated Rates Per Month. 


24 


m 

VO N 00 VO m N^CMONOO •<*- 0 vO N 00 m M N ^ CMO NOO • 

ON Os 00 CO 00 N t^vO VO NO 10 iO lO «t CO fO fO « 04 m m m Q v 3 

M N fOt VDVO t ^.00 0\0 H N nt VO VO CnOO O 0 W 04 CO V M> 

MMMMMMHMMMC4 04 04 0ttt4S 

Cl 

N ^ NO\ N -t-VO CO H n ir>00 0 04 VO 0^ ON 04 -$*VO CO H n 1OC0 O 

O' 00 0>VO VO 10 t nrOIN M 0 0 Os 00 t>«VO VO lO rf CO M W « 0 © 

h N nsj* 10 VO C^oo OvO H fj (M rot mvO C^00 Os 0 M 04 ro "t* 

MMHMMMHMMMMC4C40ie4<Jl 

cn 

a 

&± 

00 m 04 m Os 00 VO m CO 04 0 00 h>tO^04 w ON GO vO ir< ^ Cl O 

00 t^vo 10 t m H O Os 00 t'N.'O lOfON H 0 Os 00 vO m f fO Cl m 0 

m w co ^ mvo t>.oo os 0 M 04 m t »o mvo t^oo os o M w co 

MMM Ml1HMMMMM0l04 04e« 

c* 

04 

V* 

m OS 00 moo N N 0)VO H m Q m O' -tO0 COOO Cl NNVO M l 0 

00 vo m co ct 0 Os t^vo t nn o oo so m m 04 0 O' r^so t 0 

m w co t »o mvo c^oo os o h «h oj co xt-mvo vo t^oo os o « w 

MMWMMMMMMMMM04C1C4 

M 

04 

h ci N n t VO 1-0 VO r^OO COOsOwNCintm VOVO c^oo 00 Os o 
co vo *<*■ cs o oo vo ^ ci ooovo m co m osmocom osmocoh o 

H N CO t t mvo t^oo 00 M ci Cl m t IT)KQ VO t^OO Os 6 ■* 

hmhmmmmhhmmmcIM 

0 

04 

V* 

N t HCO lO WOO vo 04 OSVO cog N t WOO VO 04 00 VO 04 O'VO CO 0 
ts. lO CO 0 CO VO COM OSVO ^04 0 MOfOOOOVO COM OsvO rf W 5 

H Cl COCO t vovo vo C^oo OsO 0 h ci ro ro t m'O vo t^oo OsQ 

On 

M 

CO vo Os 04 VOCO 04 VO00 H t NO COSO O' 04 VO00 04 VO00 M Q 

M OSVO CO >- 00 m CO 0 N us W 0"0 -f M oo vo co C 00 vo 04 Q 

H N Cl ro t US VOVO t^co wa»OOwciC^COt VOVO so r^OO O' 

MMMMMMMMMMftMM 

00 

M 

** 

ON CO 00 t^vo lOVO^COCN <N m Q OsCO 00 C^O m m rp CO 04 04 M O 

vo CO0 N t woo US Cl OSVO COOVO COO N t woo m 04 Os'O CO 0 

w C4 C4 fO t t lO'O VO t^oo Os ON 0 m i* ^4 co co m mvc r^oo 

M 

VO M vo <N 0^ Cl 0O COOO tO'U'O VOMVO Cl C^ 04 oo co oo ^ Os m 0 

vo CO OsvO 04 Os m Cl CO m ^ OO m ►- 00 "ip m N t 0 N ^ Q VO CO0 

m m 04 CO co t in vovo C' t"»o 0 Os Os 0 m m oi co co ^ in msO N 

VO 

M 

04 CO VOVO CO ON h 04 Tt- VO 0*00 0 04 CO mO 00 OS M 04 Tf VO t>«00 O 

vo 0400 t 0 vo cn Osm m n> cn 0 C cv oo t o vo roCMn w ts ro 0 

m « 04 co co f '•f mvo vo r^oo oo cn O' o - m ci 04 co tp rt- mvo 

IT) 

M 

&r 

00 in CO H 03 vo t C4 O', f*. m Cl 0 00 m m m CO vO ^ 04 Os m 04 0 

— o* mao o vo - n m O' m o o <n co m os m h vo ei co -t* © 

h h ci C4 cot tm mvo so c^co oo os os o o 04 04 coco t>n 

MMMMMMMMM 

!• 

| 

-t-oc 04 n O' co n moo 04 vo g 't-oo 04 vnoicnsw moo ci vo 0 
m 0 vC m vo ci t'' cooo mos t 0 m 0 vo mvo oj moo t^os to 

HHCINCOC3tt mvo c^ t>.00 OOOsOsOOHMdpjrot 

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4-» 

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PS 

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0 m ci cot mvo tv co Os © m ci co 't* mvo r^oo Os 0 m ot 'O -w- 

^ MMMMMMM«^-04rN0l! ' « \» 



















































six 

Days* 

Wages. 

One 

Day. 

Eight 

Hours. 

Six 

Hours. 

Five 

Hours. 

Four 

Hours. 

Two 

Hours 

One 

Hour. 


33 % 

26% 

20 

16% 

13% 

6% 

3 % 

3 

50 

40 

30 

25 

20 

10 

5 

4 

66% 

53 % 

40 

33 % 

26% 

13% 

636 

5 

* 8 3 ^ 

66% 

50 

4 i% 

33 % 

16% 

8% 

o 

$1 oo 

80 

60 

50 

40 

20 

10 

7 

i 16% 

93 % 

70 

58 %. 

46% 

23% 

1136 

8 

i 33 %^ 

$1 06% 

80 

66% 

53 % 

26% 

13 % 

9 

* 50 

1 20 

9° 

75 

60 

3 ° 

15 

so 

i 66% 

1 33 % 

00 

83% 

66% 

33 % 

16 % 

SI 

m 

00 

M 

1 46% 

I IO 

a. 9I ^ 

73 % 

36% 

18 % 

s* 

2 OO 

1 60 

1 20 

$1 OO 

80 

40 

20 


2 16% 

1 73 % 

1 30 

I 08% 

86% 

43 % 

2136 

*4 

2 33%1 

1 86% 

I 40 

i i6%l 

a. 93 % 

46% 

23 % 

H 

2 50 

2 00 

1 50 

1 25 

00 

5 ° 

25 

e6 

2 66% 

2 13% 

1 60 

1 33 % 

1 06% 

53 % 

26 % 

x 7 

00 

W 

2 26% 

I 70 

1 4 i% 

1 13% 

56 % 

28 % 

si 

3 00 

2 4c 

s 80 

1 50 

1 20 

60 

30 

>9 

3 

2 53 % 

1 90 

1 58 % 

1 26% 

63% 

3136 

90 

3 33 % 

2 66% 

St oo 

i 66% 

1 33 % 

66% 

33 % 


Carpenters*, Plasterers’ and Brick¬ 
layers’ Work. 

To find how many square yards in a floor or wall: multiply the 
length by the width or height, and divide the product by 9. 


How many square yards in a floor 18 ft 
long and 14 ft. wide; and how many yards 
of carpet % yd. wide, will it take? 

To divide by a fraction, multiply the 
number by the denominator , and divide the 
the product by the numerator. 

To multiply by a fraction, multiply by 
the numerator and divide by the denom¬ 
inator. 

Find how many square yards in 
the four walls and ceiling of a 
room 18 by 20, 11 ft. high; and 
the cost of plastering the same at 
15 ets. per sq. yd. 

The length of the four walls is 
(twice 20 and twice 18) 70 feet. 


14X18=252 sq. ft. 
9)252(28 sq. yds. 

28 
4 

3)112(37% yds. carpet. 

5 Ans 28 SC h J' ds - 

. ( A s 37}£ yds. carpet. 
76X11=836 sq. ft. in four walls. 
18X20=360 “ “ “ ceiling. 

9)1196(133 sq. yds. nearly. 
.15 


Ans. $19.95 for plastering, 
which multiplied by the height gives the.sq. ft. in the walls. The. 


length multiplied by the width gives the sq. ft. in the ceiling* 
















26 


To measure square timbers: multiply the length, width 
and thickness together, and divide the product by 12. 

How many square feet in a joist 2 by S, 18 ft. long? 

2X8X18=288-7-12=24 ft. Ans. 

Sill 8 by S, 2 2 ft. long? 

8+8X22=1408-7-12=117 1-3 ft. Ans. 

AMOUNT OF PAINT REQUIRED FOR A GIVEN 

SURFACE. 

It is impossible to give a rule that will apply in all 
cases, as the amount varies with the kind and thickness 
of the paint, the kind of wood or other material to which 
it is applied, the age of the surface, etc. The following 
is an approximate rule: Divide the number of square feet 
of surface by 2 0 0. The result will be the number of gal¬ 
lons of liquid paint required to give two coats; or, divide 
by 18 and the result will be the number of pounds of 
pure ground white lead required to give three coats. 

HOW TO KILE GREASE SPOTS BEFORE PAINTING. 

Wash over smoky or greasy parts with saltpetre, or 
very thin lime white-wash. If soap-suds are used, they 
must be washed off thoroughly, as they prevent the paint 
from drying hard. 

DIMENSIONS OF ONE ACRE. 

A square, whose sides are 12,64 9 rods, or 69.57 yards 
or 208.71 feet long, contains one, acre. Table of dimen¬ 
sions of rectangle containing one acre: 


RODS. 


1 xl60 

1 ¥xl06% 

2 x 80 

2 %x 64 

3 x 53 % 

2 %x 45 5-7 

4 x 40 

4%x 35 5-9 

5 x 22 

5**x 29 1-11 

6 x 26% 

6%x 24 8-13 

7 x 22 6-7 

7 %x 21 % 

8 x 20 

8%x 18 14-17 

9 x 17 7-9 

9%x 16 16-19 

10 x 16 

10V 2 X 15 5-21 

It x 14 6-11 

11 %x 13 21-33 

12 x 12 % 

12l^x 12 4-5 

12 13-20x 12 13-20 


ROOF ELEVATIONS. 

By the “pitch” of a roof is meant the relation which 
the height of the ridge above the level of the roof-plates 
bears to the span, or the distance between the studs on 
which the roof rests. 

The length of rafters for the most common pitches can 
be found as follows from any given span: 


If 14 pitch, multiply span 

by .5 59. 

or 

7-12 

nearly, 

t i 

If y s “ 

“ .6 

or 

3-5 

If % “ 

“ .62 5, 

or 

% 

tt 

If % “ 

“ .71 

or 

7-10 

it 

If % “ 

“ .8 

cr 

4-5 

i t 

If full “ 

“ 1.12, 

or 

114 

it 










27 

To lengths thus obtained must be added amount of projection of 
rafters at the eaves. 

As rafters must be purchased of even lengths, a few inches more- 
or less on their lengths will make a difference to the pitch so slight 
that it cannot be detected by the eye. 

Example. —To determine the length of rafters for a roof con 
structed one-half pitch, with a span of 24 feet— 24 X. 71 = 17 . 04 ; o«. 
practically, just 17 feet. A projection of one foot for eaves mak*;» 
the length to be purchased 18 feet. 

How To Build Strong Frames. 

Sheathing put on diagonally acts as a brace over the whole sur 
face, and requires no more lumber than if put on horizontally, i» 
it well to run the sheathing from each side up parallel ‘with tht- 
xafters, if at the gable ends, and at similar angles at tne sides 
Roofing boards can be put on in the same manner. Studs can b* 
allowed to project above the plates and the rafters spiked to the 
tides of studs. Partitions should be braced with waste stuff, and 
in such ways a building can be strengthened that it can be rolled 
over and over without coming to pieces, and the extra cost will 
simply consist in a few hours extra labor. 

In some parts of the West, and especially In Nebraska, a framed 
•sill is in use, which combines qualities that will make it of service 
to builders in many localities. A piece of 2 x 6 or 2 x 8 is laid upoa 
the wall, and flush with one side of this a 2 -inch piece of the same 
width as ttie joists is placed on edge and securely spiked on, thus 
making cne bottom and one side of a trough. These can be fast¬ 
ened before being put in place. The joists are < placed with theii 
ends upon the bed of the sill and against the side, and spiked to 
"both. The studs are halved down, in this case 8 inches, and 
nailed to side of sill and joists. The sides of the sill, running 
parallel with the joists, are formed by two of the joists them¬ 
selves, either set flush with the face of the wall and the studs let 
down back, or set back two inches and the studs let down in 
front. 

When the frame is finished, and before the floor is laid, the wall 
is built up behind and over the sill; thus holding all in place, 

G uarding against wind, as the wall must be torn up before the 
uilding will go; and also, incidentally, against rats and other 
vermin. It will be found fully as strong and much cheaper than 
timber. 

If posts are used for the foundation a modification of this arrange¬ 
ment will prove equally serviceable. The principal on which it 
depends is explained at length farther on. It is well known that a 
thin piece of timber put on edge, as in joists, etc., will support a 
much greater weight than if laid on its side. The strength of a 
piece is in direct proportion to the square of its depth and nearly 
inversely as its length. Thus it will be found that simply the 2 x 12 , 

8 feet long, without considering the support afforded to it by the 
walls, would have a strength equal to four 2 x 4 s 16 feet long, it might 
be objected that the joists would not rest on the 2 x 12 ,but on the 
*jc 6 This is partly true, but the joists are spiked to the 2 x 12 . and 


2 8 

are nailed to the studs, which rest on the sill, thus bind¬ 
ing the whole together. Particular care must be taken to 
spike the 2x12 side of the sill to the 2x4 or 2x(> base at 
short intervals. All the parts must be well nailed to¬ 
gether, and especially the studs to the joists, and the sills 
to the pests. This form will have abundant strength and 
stiffness, if the posts are net over 8 feet apart. A sill con¬ 
structed in this way, of these dimensions, contains the 
same number of feet afe a 6x6 sill, but will sustain a 
weight a third greater than the latter, if the weights are 
placed at the centers, but as the studs are fastened to¬ 
gether by the sheathing, the weight will be partly trans¬ 
ferred from the sills to the posts. It can also be made 
of any lengths that will reach from jx>st to post, and he 
cost can thus be made less. 

SHINGLES REQUIRED IN A ROOF. 

To the sauare foot it takes 0 if exposed four inches; 8 
if exposed 4V 2 inches, and 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches to 
the weather. 

Find the number of shingles required to cover a roof 3 8 
ft. long, and the rafters on each side 14 ft. Shingles ex¬ 
posed 4Va inches. 

28X38=1064 Csq. ft.) X8=8 512 shingles. Ans. 

To find the length of rafters, giving the roof one-third 
pitch; take three-fifths of the width of the building. If 
the building is 30 feet wide, they must be 1 8 feet long, 
exclusive of projection. 

The following very useful and practical calculations will 
be found exceedingly handy, as guides to the builder, in 
making up his figures when he is called upon to estimate 
for all portions of a job, many of which are not entirely 
in his own particular line: , 

MASON WORK—BRICK. 

1% barrels lime and % yard sand wall lay 1,000 brick. 

One man with 1% tenders will lay 1,800 to 2,000 brick 
per day. 

RUBBLE. 

114 barrels lime and 1 yard of sand will lay 100 feet 
of stone. 

One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one 
tender. 

CEMENT. 

barrels cement and % yard sand will lay 100 feet 
rubble stone. Same time as to mason and tender as rubble. 
NUMBER OF NAILS REQUIRED IN CARPENTER 

WORK. 

To case and hang one door, 1 lb. 

To case and hang one window, % lb. 

Base, 100 lineal feet, 1 lb. 

To put on rafters, joists, etc., 3 lbs. to 1,000 feet. 

To put up studding, same. 

To lay a 6-inch pine floor, 15 lbs. to 1,000 feet. 


f 

29 

LABOR. 

To place joists, etc., on wall, $4 per 1 000. 

Put up jambs and case a door, $1 ,f>0. 

Hanging door and locking, 50c. to 75c. 

Fitting sash, 50c. to 75c. 

Casing window, stool and apron, $1.00 
Hang outside blinds, 50c. 

Hang inside blinds, 75c.; if boxed. $1.00. 

Lay pine floor, 6 in., 30c. per square. 

Lay pine floor, 4 in., 40c. per square. 

Lay walnut floor, 3 in., $1 per square. 

Roof and sheathing, 25c. per square. 

To lay shingles, per 1,000, 75c. per square. 

COST OF PAINTERS’ WOR&. 

1 coat shellac, 50c. per square. 

1 coat lead and oil, 75c per square. 

2 coats lead and oil, $1.50 per square. 

3 coats lead and oil, $2.50 per square. 

Sanding, 1 coat, 75c. per square. 

Grain oak, 2 coats, $2.50 per square. 

Grain walnut, 2 coats, $3 per square. 

To set glass, ] 0 per cent, of cost. 

Calcimining, HOc. to 75c. per square. 

1 coat varnish, 50c. per square. 

Floor, Wali and Roof Measure. 

To And the number of square yards in a floor or wall: Ritle 
M ultiply the length by the width or height (in feet) and divide the 
product by 9 ; the result will be square yards. 

ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS. 

barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, two coats- 

2 “ “ “ “ 100 “ “ “ one coat. 

ly 2 bushels of hair “ 100 “ “ “ 

1% yards good sand “ 100 “ “ “ 

1 % barrel of [plaster (stucco) will hard-finish 100 square yards 
plastering. 

1 barrel lime will lay 1,000 bricks. (It takes good lime to 

do it.) 

Sr 2 barrels of lime will lay 1 cord rubble stone. 

. y barrel of lime will lay 1 perch rubble stone. (Estimating 
cord to perch.) 

To every barrel of lime estimate about % yard of good sand for 
plastering and brick work. 


Hotel des lBVf»li<Ies.—Veterans’ home at Paris; built by 
Louis XIV.; contain? the remains of Napoleon I. 



30 

LARGE TELESCOPES. 


The largest refracting telescope in the world was given 
to the University of Chicago by Yerkes in 18 93. It has 
a lens 4 0 inches in diameter; the tube is of steel, 64 feet 
long, and weighs 6 tons. The lens of the telescope at 
Lick Observatory is 3 6 inches in diameter. The largest 
reflector is that of Lord Ross, in England, which has an 
anerture of 7 2 inches. 


NUMBER OF NAILS AND TACKS PER POUND. 



NAILS. 

Size. 

No. 
per lb. 


TACKS. 

Length. 

No. 
per I'd. 

6 

penny, fence 

«< n 

2 in. 

80 nails 

1 oz... 

...1-3 inch 

....16,000 

8 

2V Z “ 

50 


VA “ .. 

....3-16 

....10,666 

3 

fine 

1 1-3 “ 

760 


2 “ .. 

...% 

.... 8,000 

10 

i* t( 

3 

34 

<( 

214 “ .. 

....5-16 

.... 6,400 

12 

< t a 

3 l /4 “ 

39 

i t 

_ 3 “ .. 

...% 

.... 5,333 

3 

4 t 

114 “ 

480 

4 4 

4 “ .. 

...7-16 

.... 4,000 

4 

4 4 

m “ 

300 

4 « 

6 “ .. 

....9-16 

.... 2,666 

5 

4 4 

i% “ 

200 

< « 

8 “ .. 

....% 

.... 2,000 

6 

4 4 

2 “ 

160 

4 4 

10 “ .. 

...11-16 

.... 1,600 

7 

4 4 

m “ 

128 

4 4 

12 “ .. 

...% 

.... 1.333 

8 

4 4 

2 y 2 “ 

92 

4 4 

14 “ .. 

...13-16 

.... 1,143 

9 


23/ 4 “ 

72 


16 ” .. 


.... 1,000 

10 

* 4 

3 “ 

60 

44 

18 “ .. 

...15-16 

.... 888 

12 


3% “ 

44 

4 4 

20 “ .. 

....1 

.... 800 

16 


314 “ 

32 

4 4 

22 

...11-16 

.... 727 

20 

30 

40 

50 

(t 

4 4 

44 

4 “ 
4% “ 

5 “ 
5% “ 

24 

18 

14 

12 

44 

44 

(€ 

t( 

24 “ 

.... IVs “ 

.... 666 


1,0 00 shingles, laid 4 Inches to the weather, will cover 
100 square feet of surface, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails 
will fasten them on. 

One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the 
number of square feet of surface to be covered, because 
of the lap in the siding and matching. 

1.00 0 laths will cover 7 0 yards of surface, and 11 lbs. 
of lath nails will nail them on; 8 bushels of good lime, 
16 bushels of sand, and 1 bushel of hair, will make 
enough good mortar to plaster 100 square yards. 

A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard 
of sand will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. 

Five courses of brick will lay 1 foot in height on a 
chimney; 16 bricks in a course will rhake a flue 4 ins. 
wide and 12 ins. long, and 8 bricks in a course will 
make a flue 8 ins. wide and 16 ins. long. 

Cement 1 bush, and sand 2 bush, will cover 3% sq. yds. 
1 inch thick. 4% sq. yds. % inch thick, and 6% sq. yds. 
% inch thick;l bush, cement and 1 of sand will cover 2 l A 
sq. yds. 1 inch thick, 3 sq. yds. % inch thick, and 414 
sq. yards inch thick. 































Quantity of Bricks Required to Con- 
struct a Building. 


Superficial 


Number of Bricks to Thickness of 


Wall 

4 inch. 

8 inch. 

12 inch 

16 inch 

20 inch 

24 inch 

!••••«••••• •» •* 

7 

15 

22 

29 

37 

4 S 

8 >>«••••«•••••■ 

15 

3 ° 

45 

60 

75 

9 ® 

3 

23 

45 

68 

90 

”3 

*33 

4 * >♦•••••••••#•» 

3 ° 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

5 ..»••«•••• ••• 

38 

75 

XI 3 

150 

188 

225 

.>•••••••»«••• 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

y 

53 

105 

*58 

210 

263 

3*5 

0 >••••••*••* 

60 

120 

180 

24O 

300 

360 

^ **••••••••#• 

68 

135 

203 

2/0 

338 

405 

tc ■<«•••••»•••• 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

45 ° 

wo .>*•••••••••<• 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

900 

•JO 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1,125 

1,350 

40 -«•••••••••••* 

30c 

600 

900 

1,200 

1.500 

1,80c 

50 -»•••••••■ • *• • 

375 

75 ° 

1,125 

1,500 

1,875 

2,250 

60 . *••••«•*••• • . 

45 ° 

9CO 

1,350 

1,800 

2,250 

2,700 

yo ■••••<••«>•* 

525 

1,050 

1,575 

2 , IOO 

2,625 

3,150 


600 

1,200 

1,800 

2,400 

3 ,°°^ 

3.600 

90* ••••••• • • •»••• 

^75 

1.350 

2,025 

2,700 

3,375 

4,050 

200.••••••••••••»• 

750 

1,500 

2,250 

3,000 

3,750 

4,500 

800 . ••••••••••»••■ 

1,500 

3,000 

4,5oo 

6,000 

7,500 

9,000 

^00••••«•»•••••••• 

2,250 

4,5oo 

6,750 

9,000 

11,250 

13,500 

400 

3,000 

6,000 

9,000 

12,000 

15,000 

18.000 


VALUE OF DIAMONDS. 

Diamonds averaging one-half carat each, $60 per carat 

Diamonds averaging three-quarters carat each, $80 per carat 

Diamonds averaging one carat each, $100 per carat. 

Diamonds averaging one and one-quarter carats each, |no per 
Carat. 

Diamonds averaging one and one-half carats each, $120 pei 
carat. 

Diamonds averaging one and three-quarters carats each, $145 
per carat. 

Diamonds averaging two carats each, $175 per carat 

In other words, the value of the gem increases in the geometrical 
f*tio of its weight. Four diamonds weighing together two carats 
axe worth $ 120 ; but one diamond weighing just as much is worth 
$ 350 . Stones weighing over two carats .are about the same price 
per carat as two-carat stones * they should be dearer, but they are 
not, simply because the demand for them is limited. If the demand 
lor diamonds were as imperative as the demand for dour or beef, 
the geometrical ratio would again come into play, and Ave-carat 
comes would be valued in the thou san ds, 
































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34 

The Use of the Steel Square, 

Tiie standard steel square has a blade 24 inches lon£ and 2 inches 
^de, and a tongue from 14 to 18 inches long and inches wide. 
The blade is exactly at right angles with *he tongue, and the angle 
formed by them an exact right angle, or square corner. A. proper 
square should have the ordinary divisions of inches, half inches, 
quarters and eighths, and often sixteenths and thirty-seconds. 
Another portion of the square is divided into twelfths of an inch 1 
this portion is simply a scale of 12 feet to an inch, used for any pur* 
pose, as measuring scale drawings, etc The diagonal scale on the 
tongue near the blade, often found on squares, is thus termed from 
its diagonal lines However, the proper term is centesimal scale,, 
for the reason that by it a unit may be divided into 100 equal parts, 
and therefore any number to the 100th part 01 a unit maybe 
expressed In this scale A B is one inch; then, if it be required to 
take off 73-100 inches, set one foot of the compasses in the third 
parallel under 1 at E, extend the other foot to the seventh diagonal 
M drat parallel at G, and the distance between E G is that required. 
Sir E F is one inch and F G 73 parts of an inch. 

Up on one side of the blade of the square, running parallel with 
the length, will be found nine lines, divided at intervals of one inch 
tnto sections or spaces by cross lines This is the piank, board and 
scantling measure. On each side of the cross lines referred to are 
figures, sometimes on one side of the cross line and often spread 
over the line, thus, 1 | 4—9 | — We will suppose we have a board 
12 feet long and 6 inches wide. Looking on the outer edge of the 
blade we find 12; between the fifth and sixth lines, under 12, wT 
be found 12 again; this is the length of the board. Now follow th+ 
space along toward the tongue till we come to the cross line under 
6 jon the edge of the blade), this being the width of the board; in 
this space will be lound the figure 6 again, which is the answer in 
board measure, viz., six feet 

On some squares will be found on one side of the blade 9 lines 
iiitd crossing these lines diagonally to the right are rows of figures, 

« seven is, seven 2s, seven 3s, etc. This is another style of board 
.measure and gives the feet in a board according to its length and- 
width. 

In the center of the tongue will generally be found two parallel- 
lines, half an inch apart, with figures between them; this is termed 
-cht; Brace Rule. Near the extreme end of the tongue will be found 
2**24 and to the Vight of these 33.95. The 24-24 indicate the wo 
sides of a right-angle-triangle, while the length of the brace is mdi 
gated by 33.95. This will explain the use of any of the figures in 
the brace rule. On the opposite side of the tongue from the brae* 
rule will generally be found the octagon scale, situated between 
two central parallel lines This space is divided into intervals and 
Cumbered thus; 10, 20, 30, 40. 50, 60. Suppose it becomes neces¬ 
sary to describe an octagon ten inches square; draw a square tea 
torches each way and bisect the square with a horizontal and per* 
goeadicular center line. To find the length of the octagon lines 
place one point of the compasses on ar.y of the main divis> s of the 
scale and the other leg or point on the tenth subdivisu This- 


35 


length being measured off on each side of center lines, 
touching the line of the octagon, will give the points from 
which to draw the octagonal lines. The size of the octa¬ 
gon must equal the number of spaces taken off from the 
tongue by the compasses. 


THE NEGRO POPULATION IN THE UNITED 
STATES, 1900. 


Alabama . 

. 8 2 7,30 7 

Montana ' . 

1.523 

Alaska . 

1 0 8 

Nebraska . 

6,269 

Arizona . 

1.848 

Nevada . 

134 

Arkansas . 

. 3 6 0,866 

New Hamp. .. 

6 62 

California . 

11,045 

New Jersey. 

69,844 

Colorado . 

8,5 70 

New Mexico.... 

1,610 

Connecticut ... 

15,22 6 

New York. 

99.232 

Delaware . 

30,697 

N. Carolina. 

624,469 

Dist. of Col — 

8 6.7 02 

N. Dakota. 

286 

TTMnrida 

23 0,730 

Ohio . 

9 6.9 01 

Georgia . 

.1,034,81 3 

Oklahoma . 

18,831 

Tdahn . . 

2 9 3 

Oregon . 

1.10 5 

Illinois . 

8 5,0 7 8 

Pennsylvania .. 

156.845 

Indiana . 

5 7,5 05 

Rhode Island... 

9,09 2 

Ind. Territory. 

3 6,853 

S. Carolina. 

782,3 2 1 

Iowa . 

12,69 3 

&. Dakota. 

4 65 

Kansas . 

5 2,003 

Tennessee . 

4 8 0,24 3 

Kentucky . 

. 28 4.70 6 

Texas . 

620,722 

Louisiana . 

. 650,804 

Utah . 

672 

Maine . 

1.319 

Vermont . 

826 

Maryland . 

. 2 35,064 

Virginia . 

660,7 22 

Massachusetts 

3 1 9 7 4 

Washington .... 

2,514 

Michigan . 

15.8 16 

W. Virginia.... 

4 3.499 

Minnesota. 

4.959 

Wisconsin . 

2,542 

Mississippi 

. 9 07.6 30 

Wyoming . 

940 

Missouri . 

. 161,234 

Hawaii . 

233 


TO CUT A HOLE IN HARD STEEL.—An authority 
says: Sometimes I have had to make holes in steel that 
was too hard to cut or file easily. Then I make a chem¬ 
ical mixture that will cut a hole. I mix one ounce of 
sulphate of copper, a quarter of an ounce of alum, half a 
teaspocnful of powdered salt, a gill of vinegar and twenty 
drcps of nitric acid. This will cut a hole in any steel, or 
if washed off quickly, it will give a beautiful frosted ap¬ 
pearance to the metal. 














































it) 

Cost of Tin Roofing per Square and per* 
Square Foot* 

The following table shows the cost per square and per square 
.foot of tin roofing, laid with 14x20 tin, with tin at any price from 
$4 to $10 per box. The first column contains the price per box of 
dn; the second column shows the cost of tin per square (100 square 
feet) of surface, and the third column shows the cost of tin per 
square foot of surface: 

FLAT SEAM ROOFING- COST WITH 14x20 TIN. 


Price of 

Cost per 
square of 



Price of 

Cost per 
square of 



Tin per 

flat roof 

Cost per 

Tin per 

flat roof 

Cost per 

box. 

14x20 'I'in. 

sq. 

foot. 

box. 

14x20 1 in. 

sq. 

foot 

^4-25- 

....$2.21.. . 


.022.V 

$8.25.. 

. $4.29- 

.... 

.0420 

450.. . 

-2.34. 


.0234 

8.50.... 



-0442 

4.75 .. 

-2 47. 

. 

.0247 

8 75 -... 

. 4 - 55 -•• 

. . . 

0455 

5 00.... 

.... 2.60. 

• • 

.0260 

9 00. .. 

. 4.68... 


0468 

5.25 .. 

.. . 2 73- 


.0273 

925... 

. . 481... 

.. . 

.0481 

5.50.... 

... 2 86. 


0286 

9 50 ... 

4.94. . 


.0494 

5 75 - •• 

-2.99- 

.. 

.0299 

9 - 75 . • • 

.. 5.07 .. 


0507 

b 00 

-3-12. 

• • 

.0312 

10.00 . 

.. 5.20.. 


0520 

*.25 ... 

-3-25.... 

• • • 

•032 s 

IO 25. . . 

• 5-33 • 


•°533 

6 50 

• • •• 3 38. 

• . 

•0338 

10.50... 

.. . 5.46 .. 


.0546 

b- 75 - •• 

3 51 . 



10 75... 

.. 5 - 59 -•- 


0559 

7.00 .. 

• 3-64 . 


.0364 

II.OO. . 

.. 5.72... 


057a 

7.25 ... 

•• ■ 3 77 . 

. 

.0377 

i* 25... 

... 5.85.. 


."585 

7 5 ° • • 

.. 3.00 ... 


.0390 

n.50 

5.98.. 

.... 

0598 

7 75 

• • • 403 . 


.0403 

n 75. . 

. . 6 ll .. 


.0611 

8,00 _ 

.. . 4 16. 


.04 > 6 

12 OO . 

6.24. . - 

. .. 

.0624 


■STANDING SEAM ROOFING- COST WTTH 14x20 TIN 


Price of 
Tin per 

Cost per 
Square of 
stand’g seam 
roof with 

Cost per 

Price of 
Tin per 

Cost per 
square ot 
stand’g seam 
roof with 

Cost per 

box. 

14x20 Tin. 

sq. foot 

box. 

14x20 Tin. 

sq. foot. 

§4 25 • • 

■ •-$2.37. 

... .0237 

$ 7 25 

..4403 

. .0403 

> O 

• 2.5T. 

... .0251 

7-50 . 

4-17 - 

... 0417 

4 •• 

• 2.65. 

... .0265 

■> 75 .. 

... *31 .. 

■ 04 15 

S.oo-... 

. • 2 79. ... 

. . * 027 Q 

8 00 

• - 4 45 • 

0445 

5 25 . 

• • • 2.93. 

• • -0293 

8 25 . 

- 4 '9 •• 

■ 0459 

5 - 5 c - •• 

. . 3.06... 

... .0306 

8 50... 

4 71 -- 

u 473 

S -75 • •• 

. . 3.20. ... 

.. C 320 

8.75... 

4 87 .. 

... 0487 

6.00 

••• 3-34 . 

... C334 

9 00 . 

... 5 01 - 

.. .050s 

6.25 . . . 

. .. 3.48 .. 

. . .0348 

9 25 • 

.. 5 * 5 - •• 


6.50. . . 


... .0362 

9.50 . 

5 29. . 

. 0529 

& 7 S--. 

. 1 3.76- .. 

. .0370 

0 75. 

• • • 5 43 • 

■ -0543 

?.oc . 

• ■ 3-90 . 

.0390 

IO OO. ,. 

5 57 ■ . 

• ° 55 f 


















































37 

Cost of Tin Roofing pen Square—con 

tinued. 


FLAT SEAM ROOFING—COST WITH 20x28 TIN. 



Cost per 




Cost per 


9 rice of 

square of 



Price of 

square of 


Fin per 

flat roof 

Cost per 

Tin per 

flat roof 

Cost pei 

box. 

20x28 Tin 

sq 

foot. 

box. 

20x28 Tin. 

sq. foot 

58.00... 

.$2.01_ 

. . . 

.0201 

$16.00.. 

w 

0 

¥f 

... .0401 

8.50... 

. . . 2.13'. ... 


.0213 

16.50.. 

. 4-13- •• 

. . .0413 

9.00... 

.... 2.26 ... 

. . . 

.0226 

17.00.. 

.4.26_ 

... .0426 

9-50... 

- 2.3b ... 


.0238 

17.50-• 

.4-38— 

... .0438 

XO-OO. .. 

2.51- 


.0251 

18.0c.. 

.451 — 

... .0455 

SO-SO... 

-2.63- 

• . . 

.0263 

18.50.. 

. 4 63— 

• . .0463 

11 .00... 

.... 2.76 ... 


.0276 

19.00.. 

. 4.76— 

... .0476 

51 50... 

.... 2.88.... 

... 

.0288 

19.50.. 

.. . 4 88.... 

... .0488 

12 OO .. 

.... 3.00.. r . 


.0300 

20.00.. 

. 5 01.... 

.. .0501 

£2-50 .. 

- 3.13.... 

• . . 

.0313 

20 50.. 

. 5 -I 3 ---- 

... .0513 

13.00... 

- 3 25.... 


.0325 

21.00.. 

. 5.26- 

... .0526 

13 50 •• 

.... 3.38.... 


•0338 

21 50.. 

. 5-38 ... 

... .0538 

54 . 00 . . . 

... 350 .... 

• . . 

O35O 

22 00. 

. 5 5 i • 

• • -0551 

54 . 50 ... 


... 

C363 

22 50.. 

. 5 63.... 

... .0563 

15.00... 

••• 3 - 75 -.•• 

. . • 

•0375 

23.00.. 

.. . 5.76.... 

.. *0576 

*5 50 . 

.... 3.88.... 


.0388 




STANDING SEAM 

ROOFING—COST WITH 20x28 TIN. 


Cost per 




Cost per 



square of 




square of 


Price of 

standi’g seam 


Price of 

standi’g seam 

Tin per 

roof with 

Cost per 

Tin per 

roof with 

Cost pei 

box. 

20x28 Tin. 

sq. 

foot 

box. 

20x28 Tin. 

sq. foot 

$8.00... 



.0215 

$16.50 . 

.. ..$4.42- 

... .0442 

8 50... 



.0228 

17 00 . 

. ... 4 56- 

.. .0456 

9.00. , 

. 2.41.... 

. • 

0241 

17.50-- 

.. .. 4.69... 

... .0469 

9.50 .. 

. 2-55 - 

. . 

.0255 

18 00.. 

. .. 4 82.... 

... .0482 

10 00... 

. 2.68.... 


.0268 

18.50.. 

.... 4.96 ... 

... .0496 

*0 50,.. 

00 

to 


0282 

19.00 . 

. 5 -° 9 .••• 

... .0509 

55.00 . 

. 2-95 - 


.0295 

-9 50.. 

- 523... . 

... .0523 

51 .50... 

. 309 *.. 


.0309 

20 00. . 

.... 5.36.... 

... .0536 

52 OO. . 


. . 

.0321 

20 50.. 

. - • 5 49 --•• 

... .0549 

52 50... 

- 3.35 - 

. * 

°335 

21.00. 

... 5.63 ... 

.. .0563 

53 00... 


v - 

.0348 

21 5° 

5 76.... 

... .0576 

53 50-.. 


• 

.0362 

22.00 . 

. ,. 5 90.... 

... .0590 

24.00. .. 


. . 

•0375 

22 50 . 

. . 6 03 .... 

. .0603 

* 4 - 50 ... 

. 3 89 ••• 

. . 

.0389 

23.OO.. 


... .0617 

*5.00..' 

«.... 4.02. ■.. 

. • 

.0402 

23.5O.. 


... .0630 

* 5 - 5 °-• - 



0415 

24.OO 

- 6 43 

... 0643 

26.00... 


•• 

.0429 
































































38 

GREAT LIBRARIES OF THE WORLD 


No. of 
Volumes. 


No. o\ 
Volumes 


National. Paris. 2 , 500,000 

B: nish Mus’m, London. 1 , 600,000 
l:n:. 4 rial, St. Peters¬ 
burg.1,000,000 

Munich. 1 , 000.000 

Berlin. 800,000 

Library of Congress, 

Washington*. 680.000 

Public, Boston*... 560,000 

Darmstadt. 550,000 

Leipsic. 550,000 

Strasburg. 515.000 

Royal, Copenhagen_ 500,000 


Imperial, Vienna. 450,000 

Bodleian, Oxford. 450,000 

Public, St. Petersburg... 440.000 

Stuttgart. 430,000 

Gottingen. 425,000 

National, Florence. 425,000 

Madrid. 410,000 

Buda-Pest. 400,000 

University of Chicago *. 380,000 
Harvard University *... 300.000 

Heidelberg. 300.000 

Astor, New York*. 240,000 

Vatican, Rome. 225,000 


* Exclusive of pamphlets. The Harvard University Library has 
278 . 000 , and the Library of Congress 210,000 pamphlets. 


NOTABLE BRIDGES OF TIIE WORLD. 

Sulpician Bridge at Rome, oldest tvocden bridge; 7th 
century. Twice rebuilt, but ruins only remain. 

The bridge at Burton, over the Trent; once the longest 
bridge in England; 1,545 feet. 

The old London Bridge was the first stone bridge; 
commenced in 1176, completed in 1209. 

The Niagara Suspension Bridge was built by Roebling 
in 1852-5 5. Cost $400,0 00; 2 45 feet above water; 

1,2 68 feet long; estimated 1,2 00 tons. 

The Brooklyn Bridge was commenced under the direc¬ 
tion of J. Robling in 1870, and completed in about thir¬ 
teen years; 3.4 75 feet long, 13 5 high. Cost $15,000,000. 

The Canti-Lever Bridge, 1884. over the Niagara, 
steel. Length, 910 feet; Cost $222,000. 

Rush-street Bridge, Chicago, 1 8S4, the largest gener¬ 
al traffic draw-bridge in the world. Will accommodate 
four teams abreast, and its foot passages are 7 feet 
wide in the clear. Cost $1 32,000. 

Cincinnati, over the Ohio River, (suspension) 2,2 20 
feet long. 

PTighbridge. Harlem (stone). 1,460 feet long. 

Victoria Bridge at Montreal over the St. Lawrence 
River /tubular): 9,144 feet long 

Louisville, over the Ohio river (truss), 5,218 feet long. 

St. Louis, over the Mississippi River (steel), 2,04 5 feet 
long. Cost over $6,000,000. 

The Bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence, Italy, built 
in 15 69, of marble; 32 2 feet long. 

The Williamsburg Bridge (East River N. Y.) mea¬ 
sures 7,2 7 5 feet between terminals. Main span, 1,600 
feet. Cost $1 1,000,000. 



















39 


IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. 

Casualties, etc. 


1861. 

April 12th—The first shot of the Rebellion was fired 
at Port Sumter, by order of General Beauregard (Pierre 
Gustave Toutant) at 4:30 a. m. 

April 15th—President Lincoln issues a proclamation 
calling for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion, 
and orders all rebels to return to loyalty in twenty days. 

May 3d—President Lincoln calls for 42.000 Hire© 
years’ volunteers, 22,000 troops for regular army service, 
to serve during the war, and 18.000 men for the navy 

June 4th—Harper’s Perry is evacuated by the Confed¬ 
erates. 

June 20th—General McClellan is appointed Commander 
of the army in western Virginia. 

July 1st—United States asks for a war loan of $250 000- 
000 . 

July 21st—Battle of Bull’s Run. 

July 22d—General McClellan takes command of th© 
Army of the Potomac. 

November 1st—McClellan becomes Commander-in- 
Chief of the armies of the United States. 

November 18th—The Confederate Congress meets at 
Richmond. 

November 30th—Jefferson Davis is elected President of 
the Confederate States for a term of six years. 

1862. 

February 16th—General Grant captures Port Donelson. 

February 22d— Jefferson Davis is inaugurated Presi¬ 
dent of the Confederate States, at Richmond, with A. H„ 
Stephens as Vice-President. 

February 23d—NashVllle, Tenn. is captured by General 
Grant. 

April 6th—Battle at Pittsburg landing; General Grant 
is driveu from his position. 

April 7Lb— General Grant regains his position. The 
valiant General Johnstone was killed in this battle. 

April 24th—New Orleans was taken by a double force. 
The naval force under Commodore Farragut, aided by as. 
land force under General Butler. 

May 1st—General Butler enters New Orleans and pro¬ 
claims martial law. 

July 1st—President Liucoln calls for 300,000 volua- 

{£0 rS 

August 8 th—The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended. 





40 


1862. 

fc-eptember 1st—Battle of Chantilly is fought in a 
tkuuuer-storm. General Kearney is killed. 

September 5th—General Lee crosses the Potomac and 
marches to Frederic. 

September 22d—President Lincoln issues his famous 
Proclamation of Emancipation. 

1863. 

January 1st—Emancip tu--n Proclamation takes effect. 
3,120.000 slaves are mane iree. 

March 12th—The Conscription Act is passed, giving the 
President about 4,000,000 of men on wuorn hemayc .il 
lor service. 

April 1st—Admiral Farragut makes his heroic march 
past the Gulf batteries. 

April 6th—1 he market prices of Richmond of this dare, 
mono the value of common commodities: Apples. $50 
per bbl.; butter, $3 per lb ; round of bacon, $1.40; ham. 
#1.-45; brandy and whiskey. $22 to $30 per gal.; corn, 
#7.50 per bu.; caudles, $3 pel* lb.; coffee, $4.50 per lb.; 
flour, $32 to $36 per bbl.; sugar. $1.30 per lb. 

May 2d—Battle of Chance iiorville. 

May 10th—‘'Stonewall” Jackson dies. 

July 1st—The awful battle of Gettysburg, the most 
stubbornly fought o‘ the war begins. This was the turn¬ 
ing point >f the great conflict 

July 4th—The battle of Gettysburg ends. Vicksburg 
surrenders. 

November 24t h—Battle of Lookout Mountain. 

1864. 

March ^th—General Grant becomes Lieutenant-General 
in command of all the armies. 

June 16th—3'he “Alabama” attacked by the “Kear- 
sarge” and sinks off Cherbourg. France. 

September 1.9th -Battle of Winchester. Sheridan cap¬ 
tures 5.000 prisoners and all the guns. 

November 8th—Abraham Lincoln is re-elected Presi¬ 
dent with the electoral vote of twenty-two states. 213 
votes in all. 

November—General Sherman commences his grand 
march from Atlanta to the sea. 

1865. 

February 7th—General Lee assumes supreme control 
of all the Confederate forces. 

March 25th—Battle of Five Forks begins. 

April 8t.h—Lee surrenders to General Grant at the 
Appomattox Court House. 

April 12th—The Union F-ag waves once more above 
Fort Sumter. 


tj r u . s » 


M 

H 

< 

O 


APRIL, 1861 . 


£2 

15 

19 


Bombardment of Fort Sum¬ 
ter. No casualties. 

Evacuation of Ft. Sumter, S-C. 
Riots in Baltimore, Md. 


MAY. 


2 

5 

10 

10 

11 
17 

29 

3i 


1 

3 

10 

11 
U 

17 

17 

17 

18 
23 


26 

27 

89 


2 

5 

5 

5 


6 

7 

8 
10 

XI 


N. Y. 69th Regment arrived in 

Washington. 

Gen. Butler took possession 

of Relay House. 

Camp Jackson, Mo. 

Riots in St. Louis, Mo. 

Charleston blockade establs’d 
C. S. Cong, authorized issue of 
$50,000,000 8% 20-year bonds 
Pres’t Davis reached Richrn d 
Cavalry skirmish at Fairfax 

C. H. Va. 

JUNE. 

Fairfax Court House, Va. 

Phillippi, West Virginia. 

Big Bethel, Va. 

♦Romney, West Virginia. 

confederates evacuate and 
burn Harper’s Ferry, Va.. .. 

Vienna, Virginia. 

♦Boonville, Mo. 

Edward’s Ferry. Md. 

Camp Cole, Mo.'... 

48 B. & O. R. R. locomotives, 
valued at $400,000, destroyed 

by the Confederates. 

Patterson Creek, Va. 

Matthias’ Point, Va. 

General council of war held at 

Washington. 

JULY. 

Falling Waters, Md. 

♦Carthage, or Dry Forks, Mo. 

Newport News. 

President Lincoln called for 
400,000 men and $400,000,000 
to put down the rebellion... 
Middle Creek Fork, W. Va... 

Great Falls, Va. 

Laurel Hill, W. Va. 

Monroe Station, Mo. 

♦ Rich Mt., Va. (Camp lost and 


CASUALTIES 


UNION. 

CONKED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

K. 

' 

w 

9 

1 



CL 



a.- 

T 

3 



■ 

■ 

4 

20 


9 









4 



27 



I 

4 


I 

*4 



2 



16 


16 

34 


1 

7 



1 


2 

1 


5 

6 


6 



2 

i9 


15 

20 


I 

4 


15 



<5 

52 


4 

20 


1 



7 

2 

« 

1 

4 





8 

I S 


3i 

50 


13 

3 1 


40 

125 

43 


6 



6 

1 

1 

6 


7 

l 

1 

2 



12 



2 

6 





3 



r 

20 

71 


























































42 


» 

(1 

< 

a 

JULY, 1861. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

a 

1 

0* 

K. 

W. 

a 

L 


150 prisoners taken.)... 

11 

35 


60 

140 

IOC 

IX 

Barboursville, or Red House, 








Va.. 

1 



10 



XX 

Beverly, W. Va.. 






60c 

£ 4 

Carrick’s Ford, W. Va........ 

13 

40 


20 

10 

50 

16 

Millsville, or Wentzville, Mo. 

7 

1 


7 



*7 

Fulton, Mo.. 

1 

15 





*7 

Scarryitown, W. Va........... 

9 

38 





*7 

Martinsburg, Mo....... 

1 

1 





X 7 

Bunker Hill, Va...... .. 




4 



18 

Blackburn’s Ford, Va.,,..... 

19 

38 


15 

53 


£ 9 

Harrisonville and Parkers* 








ville, Mo. 

1 



14 



31 

tBull Run, or Manassas, Va... 

481 

IOII 

1460 

269 

1483 


34 

Forsyth, Mo.... 


3 


5 

10 


34 

Blue Mills, Mo. 

X 

12 





36 

Lane’s Prairie, near Rolla, Mo. 


3 


1 

3 


37 

Ft. Fillmore, New Mexico.... 



420 





AUGUST. 







3 

Dug Springs, Mo.. 

4 

37 


40 

44 


3 

Messifla, New Mexico........ 

3 

6 


12 



5 

Athens, Mo.. 

3 

8 


£ 4 

14 


5 

Point of Rocks, Md... 




3 

2 


7 

Hampton, Va.. 




3 

6 


8 

♦Lovettsville, Va. 




r 

5 


xo 

♦Wilson’s Creek, Mo. (Gen. 








Lyon killed.).. 

223 

721 

291 

2<~ <5 

800 

xa 

XI 

Potosi, Mo. .. 

1 


2 

3 


S 4 

Martial law declared at St. 







Louis, Mo... 






17 

Brunswick, Mo.. .. 

1 

7 




19 

Charleston, or Bird’s Pt., Mo. 

X 

6 


40 



30 

♦Hawk’s Nest, W. Va... ... . 


3 


1 

3 


36 

Cross Lanes, or Somerville, 








W. Va. 


dO 

200 




37 

Ball’s Cross Roads, Va....... 

J 

1 

2 




38-9 

♦Ft. Hatteras, N. C... : . = , 

1 

2 


5 

51 

715 

49 

Lexington, Mo.. 




8 



31 

Munson’s Hill, Va.. 

- 

2 






SEPTEMBER. 







X 

Bennett’s Mills, Mo.. 

1 

9 





X 

Boone Court House, W. Va .. 


6 


30 



3 

Dallas, Mo... .. _ 1 

4 






3 

Dry Wood, or Ft. Scott, Mo.. 
Beher’s Mills, Mo..... 

4 

1 


4 

< 


V 

Paducah, Ky., occupied by 





J 


> 5 l 

<Jnion forces.. 






























































43 


CASUALTIES. 


CONFED. 


«» 

0 

SEPTEMBER, 1861 

K. ■ 

W. j 

2 

1 

a. 

K. 

W. 

* 

lO 

Carnifex Ferry. 

16 

I02I 





II 

Lewinsville, Va. 

6 

8 





13 

Black River, near Ironton, Mo. 




5 



13 

Cheat Mountain, W. Va. 

9 




80 


13 

Booneviilej Mo. 

1 

4 


12 

30 


14 

Confed. privateer Judah de- 








stroyed near Pensacola, Fla. 

Q 

15 





x$ 

Pritchard’s Mills, Va. 

1 



8 

75 


12- 

20. tLexington, Mo. 

42 

108 

1624 

25 

75 


VJ 

Morristown, Mo. 

2 

6 


7 



*7 

Blue Hills, Mo. 

n 

39 


10 

60 


18 

Banks of New Orleans sus- 








pend specie payment. 







18 

Barbourville, W. Va. 

1 

1 


7 



si 

tBall’s Bluff, Va. <Col. Baker 








killed.)... 

220 

266 

500 

36 

264 

9 

C2 

Poppinsville, or Osceola, Mo. 

17 






22 

Elliott’s Mills, Mo. 

1 

5 





*3 

*Romney, or Hanging Rock, 








W. Va. 

3 

50 


35 



*5 

Chapmansville, W. Va. 

4 

9 


20 

50 


26 

Lucas Bend, Ky. 




4 



*9 

Munson's Hill . 

9 

25 






OCTOBER. 







s 

Grienbrier, W. Va . 

8 

32 


100 

75 


4 

Ft. Craig, New Mexico. 




11 

30 


4 

Buffalo Hill, Ky. 

20 



50 



8 

Hillsboro, Ky. 

3 

2 


II 

29 


9 

Santa Rosa, Fla. 

14 

29 



350 


12 

^amcron, Mo. 

1 

4 


8 



12 

Upton Hill, Ky. 




5 

3 


12 

Bayles Crossroads, La. 


4 





13 

Beckwith Farm, Mo. 

2 

5 


1 

2 


13 

West Glaze, Mo. 




62 



15 

Big River Br’ge, nr. Potosi, Mo. 

1 

6 

33 

5 

4 


15 

Lime Creek, Mo. 




63 

4 Q 


16 

Bolivar Heights, Mo. 

4 

7 





16 

Warsaw, Mo. 




3 



17- 

21. Fr’d ckst’nand I’nton, Mo. 

6 

60 



200 


19 

Big Hurricane Creek, Mo. 

2 

14 


14 



21 

Beil’s Bluff; called Edwards 







> 

Ferry, or Har’sn’s Ln’dg,Va. 

223 

226 

445 

36 

264 


22 

Buffalo Mills, Mo. 




17 



23 

West Liberty, Ky. 


2 


10 

5 , 

23 

Hodgeville, Ky. 


3 


3 

5 


25 

Zagonyi’s ch'ge, Spr’gfield,Mo. 

l8 

37 


100 


I 

26 

Romney, or Mill Creek, W. Va. 

2 

15 


20 

15 

1 50 




























































to M N H » r- H H ^ H 

VO C> OS-P* Co O VO oc^i to 


44 


26 

27 

27 

29 


10 

10 

11 


cj 

*3 


OCTOBER, 1861. 


Saratoga, Ky. 

Plattsburg, Mo..... 

Spring Hill, Mo.. 

Woodburv and Morgant’n, Ky. 
NOVEMBER. 

Winfield Scott, Com. U. S. 
army, retired, and Maj.-Gen. 
Geo. B. McClellan app’nted.. 

Renick, Randolph Co., Mo_ 

Little Santa Fe, Mo. 

♦Belmont, Mo. 

Gah'eston Harbor, Tex. 

♦Port Royal, S. C... 

♦Piketown, or Fry Mtn., Ky. (7c. 
wagons, stores, and eq’p’gs.) 

Guyandotte, W. Va. 

Gauley Bridge, W. Va. 

Little Blue, Mo. 

Occoguan Creek, Va. 

Cypress Bridge, Ky. 

Palmyra, Mo. 

Wirt Court House, W. Va. 

Eng. packet Trent boarded by 
Capt. Wilkes, and Mason 
and Slidell captured. On the 
24th inst. they were placed in 
Ft. Warren, Boston Harbor; 
released Jan. i, 1862, on a de¬ 
mand of the British govt.... 
Ft. Pickens, Pensacola, Fla... 

Lancaster, Mo. 

Little Blue, Mo. 

Drainesville, Va. 

Black Walnut Creek, Mo. 

DECEMBER. 

Salem, Mo. 

Vienna, Va. 

Anandafle, Va.. 

Dunksburg, Mo.; citizens re- 

jpulse raiders .. 

Congress passed bill authoriz g 
exchange of prisoners. 


by Union gunboats. 

Bertrand, Mo. 

Camp Allegheny, or Buffalo 
Mt.. W Va ... . 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

C' 

iNFED 

K. 

W. 

2 

l 

X 

K. 

W. 

s 

J 

X 


4 


8 

17 





8 




5 






1 






14 





2 

6 





90 

173 

235 

261 

427 

378 

1 

8 



3 


8 

23 


11 

39 


4 

26 


18 

45 

20c 

7 

20 


3 

10 


2 

l6 





7 

9 





3 

1 





10 

15 








3 

5 





1 

5 


5 

7 


5 

23 


1 

2 


13 


1 

1 







2 



15 


17 


6 

10 


16 

20 j 




1 



1 



17 






7 

10 


20 

107 


20 

»* 


















































45 


H 

H 

< 

a 


DECEMBER, 1861 . 


«7 

18 

so 

SI 

82 

28 

s8 

§o 


x 

4 

4 

4 

7 

l 

8 
8 

9 

to 

19 “ 

22 

89 


Rowlett’s Station, Ky. 

♦Milford, Blackwater, Mo. 

Drainsville, Va. 

Hudson, Mo. 

Wadesburg, Mo. 

Sacramento, Ky. 

Mt. Zion, Mo. 

Banks of New York, Philadel¬ 
phia, Albany,and Boston sus¬ 
pend specie payment. 

JANUARY, 1862. 

Port Royal, S. C. 

Huntersville, Va. 

Near Bath, Va. 

Calhoun, Mo. 

Blue Gap, near Romney, Va.. 

Jennie’s Creek, Ky. 

Charleston. Mo. 

Dry Forks, W. Va... 

Silver Creek, Mo. 

Columbus, Mo. 

Middle Creek, Ky. 

20. *Mill Springs, Ky. (Gen. 

Zolicoffer killed). 

Knob Noster, Mo... 

Occoguan Bridge, Mo. 

FEBRUARY. 


1 

6 

8 

8 


10 

*3 

X4 

14- 


17 

18 

SI 

84 

36 

* 


Bowling Green, Ky. 

♦Fort Henry, Tenn. 

Linn Creek, Va. 

♦Roanoke Island, N. C. (Sur¬ 
render of Ft. Henry, Tenn., 

to Federal army...,. 

Elizabeth City, N. C. 

Blooming Gap, Va. 

Flat Lick Fords, Ky. 

15, 16. ♦Ft. Donnelson, Tenn. 
(6 forts, 65 guns, and 17,500 
small arms captured, and 

13,829 Conf. w. and m.). 

Pea Ridge, Mo. 

Independence, Mo... 

Ft. Craig, New Mexico. 

Mason’s Neck, Va... 

Keytersville, Mo. 

MARCH. 

Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. I 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONKE®. 

K. 

W. 

S 

K. 

W. 

2 



CL 



X 

IO 

22 


33 

50 


2 

8 




1300 

7 

61 



43 

143 


5 


10 




2 





I 

8 


30 



5 

63 


25 

150 


1 

10 




r 


I 


1 

7 


2 

2 



30 



10 



30 





15 



3 

1 


6 

141 

1 

8 

16 






6 


6 



5 

6 



80 


5 






2 

25 


40 



38 

194 


xoo 

16a 


X 






1 

4 


10 



3 

2 






40 


5 

11 


1 

I 


8 

7 


35 

200 


16 

39 

2527 

3 






2 

5 


13 






4 

4 


446 

1735 

15° 

2$r 

1007 


5 

9 





1 

3 


4 

5 


62 

140 



150 


2 

i 





2 

1 


1 



5 

4 


20 

93J 
























































46 


i 


CASUALTIES. 


H 

H 

< 

Q 


3 

5 

6 - 


9 

9 

io 

10 

11 

12 
12 

13 

14 
x6 
18 
21 
22 
23 
23 


26 

26 

26- 

28 


2 

4 

4 

6-7 

8 

8 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 
12 
14 
14 
14 

14 

15 

16 j 

sS 


MARCH, 1862 . 


New Madrid, Mo... 

Occoguan, Va ... 

7, 8. *Pea Ridge, Ark. 

Fox Creek, Mo. 

Near Nashville, Tenn....._ 

Mountain Grove, Mo. 

Hampton Roads, Va.. 

Burke’s Station, Va. 

Jacksb’o.BigCreek Gap,Tenn. 

Paris, Tenn. 

Lexington, Mo. 

Near Lebanon, Mo. 

New Madrid, Mo. 

*Newberne, N. C... 

Black Jack Forest, Tenn., 

Salem, or Spring River, Ark... 

Mosquito Inlet, Fla... 

Independence, Mo. . 

Carthage, Mo. 

♦Winchester, Va. (Gens. Mc¬ 
Intosh, McCulloch and Slack 

killed)... 

Warrensburg, Mo.. 

Humonsville, Mo... 

27, 28. N-ear Santa Fe, N. M. 

Warrensburg, Mo. 

APRIL. 

Putnam’s Ferry, Mo. 

Great Bethel, Va. 

Crump’s Landing, Tenn. 

*Shiloh,or Pittsb’g Ld’g, Tenn. 
♦Island No. 10, Tenn. (6 forts 

captured). 

Near Corinth, Miss..... 

Owens River, Cal. 

♦Ft. Pulaski, Ga...... 

Huntsville, Ala. » c .. .. 

Yorktown, Va.. 

Little Blue River, Mo. 

Monterey, Va. .. 

Pollocksville, N. C. 

Diamond Grove, Mo.. 

Walkersville, Mo.. 

Monta Vallo, Mo... 

Pechach’s Pass, Ariz.. 

Savannah, Tenn.... 

Wilmington Island, 


UNION. 

K. 

W. 

P-M 

I 

3 


2 

2 


203 

972 

174 


5 


1 

2 


IO 

2 


26 l 

108 

% 

I 

2 


5 

5 


1 

1 



5 ° 


91 

466 



4 


5 

10 


8 

8 


1 

2 



I 


103 

440 

24 

1 

22 



5 


32 

75 

35 

3 

1 


4 

10 



2 


1735 

7882 

3950 

1 

2 


1 



2 

8 



3 



1 


2 

3 


2 

6 


3 

3 


IO 

35 



CONFED. 


K. 


1100 


7 

3 

2 

9 

13 

64 

100 


80 

9 

36 

15 


1728 

17 

15 


W. 


2500 


17 

5 

4 
10 

3 

5 

100 

106 


342 

17 

15 

60 


20 

8012 


10 

65 

7 \ 


160$ 


4X3 


269 


93 


959 

6000 

200 

360 

200 

























































47 


DATE. 

APRIL, 1862. 

CASUALTIES, 

UNION. 

CONFED, 

K. 

V/. 

S 

1 

(U 

K. 

W. 

1 

16 

Lee’s Mills, Va. 

35 

129 


20 

75 

50 

17 

Holly River, W. Va. 


3 


2 



18 

Falmouth, Va. 

5 

16 




19 

18 

Edisto Island, S. C. 


3 





18- 

28. Fts. Jackson and St. Phillip 








and the capture of New Or- 








leans, La... 

36 

193 


185 

197 

40c 

19 

Talbot’s Ferry, Ark. 

1 



3 



ig 

Camden. N. C. 

12 

98 


6 

19 


S 3 

Grass Lick, W. Va. 

3 






25 

Ft. Macon, N. C. 

1 

11 


7 

18 

45 ° 

26 

Turnback Creek, Mo. 

1 






26 

Neosha, Mo. 

3 

3 



30 

6s 

26 

Com. Farragut demanded the 








surrender of New Orleans.. 







26 

In front of Yorktown, Va. 

3 

16 





27 

Norton’s Mills, N. C. 

1 

6 



3 


28 

Paint Rock R.R. Bridge, Tenn. 

7 






28 

Cumberland Monntain, Tenn. 







28 

Monterey, Tenn. 

1 

3 


5 



29 

Bridgeport, Ala . 




72 


350 


MAY. 








New Orleans capt’d by Union 








soldiers . 







I 

Clarke’s Hollow, West Va. 

1 

21 





3 

Farmington, Miss. 

2 

12 


30 



4 

Licking, Mo. 

1 

2 





4 

Cheese Cake Church, Va. 







5 

Lebanon, Tenn. 

6 

25 




56 

5 

Lock Ridge Mills, Ky. 

4 

16 

6S 




5 

* Williamsburg, Va . 

450 

1400 

372 

1000 



7 

West Point, Va . 

40 

104 

41 




7 

Somerville Heights, Va . 

2 

7 

24 




8 

McDowell or Bull Pasture, Va. 

28 

225 


100 

200 


8 

Corinth, Miss... . 

1 

4 


30 



9 

Elk Station, Ala.. . 

5 


43 

16 



9 

New Kent C. H., Va . 

4 

3 


10 

U 


10 

Port Pillow, Tenn . 


3 


2 

1 


10 

Surrender of Norfolk, Va . 







10 

Gen. Butler captured $800,000 








in Gold at New Orleans . 







11 

Bloomfield, Mo. 







13 

Monterey, Tenn. 


2 


2 

3 


15 

Linden, Va. 

1 

■ 3 





15 

Fort Darling, James River, Va. 

12 

14 


7 

8 


15 

Clalk Bluff, Mo. 

1 

3 





15 

Butler, Bates Co.. Mo. 

3 

1 


























































48 


si 

•< 

0 

MAY, 1862. 

CASUALTIES. 

UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

l 

K. 

w. 

! 

15-8 

Princeton, West Va. 

30 

70 


2 

14 


17 

Corinth, Miss.. 

10 

39 


12 



*9 

Searcy Landing, Ark.. ... 

18 

17 


150 



tfS 

Clinton, N. C.. 


5 


9 



2 It 

Phillips Creek, Miss. 


3 





22 

Florida, Mo.. 


2 





« 

Near Newberne, N. C. 

3 

8 





23 

Louis burg, Va. 

14 

60 


40 

60 

ICC 

23 

Front Koval, Va. 

32 

122 

750 




23 

Backton Station, Va. 

2 

6 


12 



23 

Ft. Craig New Mexico. 


3 





*4 

New Bridge, Va. 

1 

10 


60 



24 

Chickahominy, Va. 

2 

4 





25 

tWinchester,Va. (Fed. retr’d.) 

38 

155 

711 




27 

Hanover Court House, Va.... 

53 

344 


200 


73 *> 

27 

Big Indian Creek, Ark. 


3 


5 

25 


27 

Osceola, Mo .. 


2 





28 

Wardensville, Va. 




2 

3 


2 ; 

Pocotaligo, S. C. 

2 

9 





30 

Booneville, Miss. 






20015 

30 

Front Royal, Va. 

5 

8 




IJS 

10 

*Corinth, Miss. 







3 ’ 

Neosho, Mo. 

2 

3 





s 

Near Washington, N.C. 


1 


3 

2 


3 

And 








JUNE. 







1 

tSeven Pines and Fair Oaks, 








Va.... 

800 

3627 

1222 

2800 

3807 

1306 

Z 

Strasburg, Va... .. 


2 





3 

Legare’s Point, S. C. 


5 





4 

Jasper, Tenn. 

2 

7 


20 

20 


4 

Blackand, Miss. 

5 

14 





3 

Tranter’s Creek, N C. 

7 

11 





6 

Memphis, Tenn. (Memphis sur- 








renders). . 




80 

80 

100 

6 

Harrisonburg, Va. 



63 

17 

50 


8 

tCross Kevs, Va. 

125 

500 


42 

230 


9 

+ Port Republic, Va. 

V 

304 

574 

88 

335 

34 

10 

James Island, S. C. 

3 

13 


17 

30 


11 

Monterey, Ky.. , 

2 





IQ&e 

12 

Waddell’s Farm, Ark.. ....... 

12 



28 



i5 

Old Church, Va. 




1 



15 

James Island, S. C. 

3 

19 


19 

6 


S4 

Turnstall Station, Va. 

A 

8 




16 j 

Ft Johnson, James Tsl’d, S. C. 

85 

472 

128 

51 

144 


17 

St. Charles, Ark. 

105 

30 



*55 


17 

Warrensburg, Mo. 

2 

2 




























































CASUALTIES. 


DATE. 

JUNE. 1862 

UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

w. 

S 

l 

K. 

W. 

a 

i 

*7 

Smithville, Ark. .. 

2 

4 



4 

V 

18 

Williamsburg Road, Va....... 

7 

57 


r 

• 9 


31 

Battle Creek, Term.. 


3 





32 

Raceland, La. 

3 

8 





33 

Raytown, Mo. ... 

1 

1 





*5 

Oak Grove, Va.. 

5 i 

401 

64 

65 

495 

15 

«5 

Germantown, Tenn. 

xo 






35 

Little Red River, Ark. 


2 





36 

♦Chickahominy, Va.. 

80 

150 


1000 



27 

tGaines Mills, Va. 

7500 

k w 

& m 

7500 

k w 

& EE 

26- 

29. U. S. fleet under Com. Far- 








ragut; no casualties rec’rd’d. 







36 

to July 1. *Malvern Hill, Va. 

1000 

k w 

& m 

SOOO 

k w 

& Of 


President Lincoln calls for 








600,000 men. The seven days’ 








retreat of the Aimv of the 








Potomac under Gen Geo. B. 








McClellan; total casualties 








in the various engagements 








were: 1st corps... 

253 

1240 

1581 





2d corps.. 

187 

1076 

848 





3d corps. . _ . .... 

189 

1051 

833 





4th corps. . 

69 

507 

201 





5th corps.. 

620 

2460 

1198 





6th corps... 

245 

1313 

1179 





Engineer’s corps... 


2 

21 





Total... 

15S2 

7709 

5958 





Total casualties in Confed. 








divisions were 14,011 w... 




2820 


75 » 


JULY. 







X 

Booneville, Miss. 

45 



17 

6 5 


X 

Morning Sun, Texas. 


4 


II 

26 


3 

Elvington Heights, Va. 

8 

32 


100 



5 

Grand Prairie, Ark. 

1 

21 


84 



7 

Bayou Cache, La... 

7 

57 


no 

200 


8 

Black River, Mo. 

1 

3 





9 

Hamilton, N. C. 

1 

20 





o 

Aberdeen, Ark. 







Sr 

9 

Thompkinsville, Ky. 

4 

6 


10 



ii 

Williamsburg, Va.. 




3 



ii 

Pleasant Hill, Mo. 

10 

19 


6 

5 


12 

Lebanon, Ry. (Morgan's raid). 

2 


65 




12 

Near Culpepper, Va.. 




1 

5 


Ii 

Murfreesboro, Tenn. . 

33 

62 

800 

50 

100 


14 

Batesville, Ark. 

1 

4 





1 } 

Apache Pass, Ariz. 


I 



1 


I* 

Fayetteville. Ark.. 





1 


































































5 ® 


j 

ft 


15 

*7 


l8 

i£ 


«3 

*3 

*4 

*4 

45 

*6 

«8 

29 

30 

31 

X 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 


6 

6 

6 

7 

9 

9 

9 

x© 

11 

12 
13 

16 

19 

20 
22 


JULY, 1862. 


Decatur, Term.. 

Cynthiana, Ky. Morgan’s raid. 
Postage stamps made legal 

tender. 

Memphis, Mo. 

Guerrilla campaign in Mo. to 
Sept. 20. (Morgan’s guer¬ 
rillas scattered)... 

Florida, Mo. 

Columbus, Mo. 

Trinity, Ala.. 

Near Florida, Mo. 

Courtland Bridge, Mo. 

Young’s Crossroads, N. C. 

Moore’s Mills, Mo. 

Brownsville, Tenn. 

Paris, Ky. 

Coggin’s Point, Va. 

AUGUST. 

Newark, Mo... 

Orange Court House, Va. 

Clear Creek, Mo. 

Languelle Ferry, Ark. 

President Lincoln ordered 300,- 

000 men to be drafted. 

Sparta, Tenn. 

♦Baton Rouge, La. (Gen.Will- 

iams killed).. . 

Malvern Hill, Va. 

Kirksville, Mo... 

Thornburg, Va. 

Tazewell, Tenn. 

Trenton, Tenn. 

Stockton, Mo. 

♦Cedar Mountain, Va. (Conf. 

repulsed). 

Nueces River, Tex. 

to 13. Grand River skirmishes, 

Mo. Total. 

Independence, Mo. 

Gallatin, Tenn. 

Clarendon, Ark. 

Merriweather’s Ferry, Tenn.. 

Lone Jack, Mo. 

Clarksville, Tenn. 

Edgefield Junction, Tenn. 

'tGa&latk). Tenn. (Gen. John- 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION 


K. 


W. 


CONFED. 


K. 


W. 


77 


19 

4 

10 

4 

4 

5 

17 


82 

3 

28 


450 

40 

100 

14 

30 


60 


156 

22 

2 

11 
2 

7 

21 

6 

15 

4 

12 
14 
38 


255 

11 
60 

12 
23 


660 


18 

50 

6 

100 

18 


347 


60 


34 


72 

50 


8 

23 


500 

3 

12 

1 

4 

30 

4 

27 

10 

73 

12 

11 


84 

128 

9 

30 

13 


200 229 

■ ■ 8 


312 

200 


20 
no 

200 


29 


1800 


30 

12 

13 

IOO 

6 

39 

6 


10 

316 

200 

40 

20 ] 

39 

1047 

14 

18 


56C 


52 


*3 

76 

iot 




70 ®- 
























































5* 


t 

< 

O 


*3 

»3 

13 

* 5-6 

27 

«8-o 


to 

<o 

«> 

u 

« 

f 


9 

10 

to 

12 - 

14 

14-6 

15 

17 

19 - 

20 

22 

20 

1 

3"4 

5 

7 

8 


CASUALTIES. 


AUGUST, 1862. 


UNION. 


CON FED. 


K. 


W. 




son captured). 

Big Hill, Madison Co., Ky... 

Waterloo Bridge, Va. 

Pope’s campaign in Va. to 
Sept. 1. Army of Virginia 

Ft. Donnelson, Tenn. 

♦Bull Run and Kettle Run. Va. 
♦Groverton and Gainesville. 
Va. Army of Potomac losses 

in all corps. 

Manchester, Tenn. 

tSecond Battle of Bull Run, or 

Manassas, Va. 

Bolivar, Tenn. 

tRichmond, Ky. 

Medow Station, Tenn. 

SEPTEMBER. 

Britton’s Lane, Tenn . 

tChantilly, Va. McDowell’s 
corps, Hooker and Kearney’s 
Div. of 3d corps, and Reno’s 
corps. (Gens. Kearney and 
Stearns, Federals, killed.... 

Washington, N. C. 

Columbus, Tenn. 

Cold Water, Miss. 

Fayetteville, W. Va. 

15. Harper’s Ferry. Va. 11583 

Union prisoners taken. 

♦South Mountain, Md. (Gen. 

Reno killed). 

tMumfordsville, Ky. 

Harper’s Ferry surrenders n,- 

500 Federals. 

♦Antietam, or Sharpsburg, Md. 

Total loss in all corps. 

20. ♦ Iuka, Miss. 

Blackford’s Ford, Va. 

Emancipation Proclamation is¬ 
sued. 

Newtonia, Mo. 

OCTOBER. 

Shepvjerdstown, Va. 

Corinth* Miss. 

. adetamora, Miss. 

j La Vergne, Tenn....» 

1 *Perryvil!e Ky.. 


64 

10 


7000 

3 'jo 


7000 

800 

5 

200 

3 


100 

40 


1300 

8 


13 

80 

443 

50 


2010 

144 

92 


50 


315 

500 

3 

916 


4000 

18 

700 

13 


3000 

64 

4000 

43 

52 


36 

80 

120 

1800 


9416 

598 

131 


3566 


1043 


103 


110 

25 

37 

1500 

30 

300 


100 

700 

100 

250 


179 


800 

30 

18 

4 

500 

900 

715 


3500 

263 

33 


94 


k w 

3000 

500 

100 


100 

45 

80 


& TO 

ICOC- 

&I 4 


2344 


ON 

g 

NO 

692 

231 


1500 


5 ooo 

5 »i 


80 115 


220 280 


60 

1812 2321423 5602.j7.a48' 

400 

9 80, j Iff 

2943 4 S 9 I 

















































CASUALTIES. 

w 

OCTOBER, 1862. 

UNION. 

CON FED. 

H 

< 

G 

K. 

w. 

2 

1 

a. 

K. 

w. 

s 

i 

10 

Harrodsburg, Ky. 






1600 

17 

18 

32 

Lexington, Ky. 

4 

24 

350 



Morgan, the raider, dashed into 
Lexington and captured 125 

prisoners. 

Maysville, Ark. 





22 

Pocotaligo, S. C. 

43 

10 

258 

3 


H 

6 

102 


I 

3 

3 

NOVEMBER. 

Artillery fight at Philraont, Va. 
Reconnoisance at the base of 
Blue Ridge Mts. Confeder¬ 
ates literally driven into the 
river and drowned by scores. 
Harrisonville, Mo. 


20 


4 

5 

Galveston, Texas, surrendered 
Nashville, Tenn. . 

26 



23 

6 

Garretsburg, Ky. 



17 

85 

7 

Big Beaver Creek, Mo. 



300 



8 

Hudsonville, Miss. 



16 



21 

24 

Gen. Sumner demands surren¬ 
der of Fredericksburg, Va... 
Beaver Creek, Mo. 

6 

10 


5 

75 

20 

28 

38 

Crane Hill, Boonesboro, Ark.. 
Hartwood Church, Va. 

4 

4 

36 

9 

200 

300 


4 

DECEMBER. 

Winchester, Va., captured by 
Union soldiers. 






5 

Coffeeville, Miss. 

10 

54 

798 


7 

43 

1200 

114 


7 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

167 

55 

5 

183 

r8oo 

300 


7 

Hartsville, Tenn.... 

21 


9 

Dobbin’s Ferry, Tenn. 

48 

478 

9028 

120 



12-8 

13 

Goldsboro expedition, N. C... 
t Frederickburg, Va., Army of 
the Potomac. 

90 

n8o 


71 

268 

3870 

75 

28 

400 

14 

Kingston, N. C.. 

40 

7 

* x 4 J 

0/y 

50 

7 

400 

18 

Lexington, Tenn. 

10 

124 

1000 

20 

Holly Springs, Miss. 



21 

Davis Mills, Miss. 


3 

22 

C.Q 

<n 


28-9 

30 

tChicasaw Bayou, Vicksburg. 
Red Mound, Tenn. 

191 

23 

1533 

600 

11 

982 

139 

7245 

756 

58 

2S00 

207 

i«;n 

300 

S* 

X 

z 

To 

JANUARY, 1863. 
♦Murfreesboro, or Stone River, 
Tenn., Army of Cumberland. 
Galveston, Tex. 

1456 

50 

0 


8 

Springfield, Mo. 





JX 

♦Ft. Hindman, Ark. 

129 

831 


4 

IOO 

400 

5000 
















































53 


W 

H 1 
< 

0 1 

FEBRUARY, 1863. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

l 

On 

K. 

w. 

» 

At 

3 

Ft. Donnelson, Tenn., ' _ 

16 

60 

50 

140 

400 

130 


MARCH. 







5 

Spring Hill and Lnionville, 








Tenn . 

100 

300 

1306 

150 

450 


14 

Port Hudson, I a.. 


65 





17 

Kelly's Ford, Ya.... ... 

9 

35 


11 

88 


20 

Vaught’s Hi!!, Tenn. . 

7 

4 « 


63 

300 


3 o 

Dutton's Hill.or Somerset,Ky. 

10 

25 


200 




APRIL. 







7 

Bombardment of Ft. Sumter, 








by South Atlantic squadron. 

2 

20 


4 

10 


to 

Franklin and Harpeth River, 








Tenn..•. 

100 



19 

35 

85 

12-4 

Irish Bend, or Indian Ridge. 








La.. 

350 




400 

200c 

16 

Siege of Suffolk, Va. 

44 

202 


500 


40c 

26 

Cape Girardeau, Mo. 

6 

6 


60 

275 

- 

V 

Streight's raid from Tuscum- 








bia, Ala., to Rome, Ga . 

12 

69 

1466 




29 

Fairmount, W. Va. 

' 1 

6 


100 



30 

Spottsylvania Court House,Va 

5 * 







MAY 







i 

Port Gibson, Miss.,,.. . „ „.,.. 

130 

718 


1150 


500 

i 

La Grange, Ark... 

2000 

k w 

& m 




t -4 

♦Chancellorsville, Va. ........ 

1512 

95 ^ 

3000 

1581 

8700 

2000 

S 

tFredericksburg, Va......... 

2000 






XI 

Horse Shoe Bend, Ky. ... 

10 

20 40 

100 



X2 

Raymond, Miss... .. 

60 

341 


909 



14 

♦Jackson, Miss. 

40 

240 


450 



l6 

♦Champion Hills, Miss. (20 








cannon captured). 

426 

1843 

189 

2500 


i8c4. 

27 

♦Big Black River, Miss. (17 








cannon captured).. 

29 

242 


600 


2500 

iB 

to 22. tSiege of Vicksburg, 








bv Gen. Grant and Porter’s 








gunboat fleet {31,277 Con. 








killed, wounded and iniss’ng 

545 

3688 

303 




27 

to July 9. Siege of Port Hud- 








son, La. 

500 

2500 


100 

700 

6408 


JUNE. 







4 

Franklin, Tenn. 

25 



200 



6-B 

♦Milliken’s Bend,La. Colored 








regm’ts. No quarters s' own. 

154 

223 

H 5 

125 

400 

200 

9 

Monticello and Rocky Gap Ky 

4 

26 


20 

80 


9 

Bevery Ford and Brandy Sta* 








tion, Va. Cavalry fight — 

500 



700 



* 3~5 

f Winchester, Va.. 

3000 



850 

l 













































54 


t 

•* 

e 

JUNE, 1863. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

#5 

1 

cu 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

0 , 

H 

Martinsburg, Va. 



200 

I 

2 


2 7 

Aldie, Va.Kilpatrick’s cavalry 

24 

4 i 

89 


100 


m-i 

La Forche Crossing, La. 

8 

40 


53 

150 


S J 

Upperville, Va. 


94 


20 

100 

6 c 

m 

Brashearn City, La. 

46 

40 

300 

3 

18 


S 3 

to 30. *Rosenkranz’s campaign 








from Murfreesboro to Tal- 








lahoma, Tenn. 

85 

462 


1634 



S 8 

Donaldsonville, La. 




39 

112 

15c 

SO 

Hanover, Penn. 

1 TTT V 

12 

43 



75 

6 c 

X -3 

* Gettysburg, Pa., Army of the 


W 



►H 

M 


Potomac. Decisive battle of 


GJ 



Gn 

U> 

CT» 


the war... . 

2834 

>3 

6643 

3500 

8 

W 

M 

J- 

26. Morgan’s raid into Ken- 








tucky, Indiana and Ohio.... 

22 

80 

790 

86 

385 

300 C 

« 

^Helena, Ark. 

57 

117 

32 

473 

687 

77 ® 

4 

Vicksburg surrenders. 







4-5 

* Bolton and Birdway Ferry, 








Miss, (rear guard of John- 








ston’s army). 






200c 

5 

Smithburg, Md. 

30 



30 


IOC 

5 

Lebanon, Ly. 

9 

15 

400 

3 

6 


8 

*Port Hudson surrenders. 






5500 

9 ~ 

16. tjackson, Miss. 

100 

800 

100 

7 i 

504 

764 

EO- 

Sept. 6. Siege of Fort Wagner, 








Morris Island, S. C. 

1757 



501 



23 

Yazoo, City, Miss. 






25c 

S 3 

Donaldsonville, La. 

450 






si- 

15. Draft riots in N. Y. City.. 

1000 






24 

Falling Waters, Md.,. 

29 

36 


125 


1500 

14 

* Bristow Station, Va. 

51 

329 


1200 


80c 

J6 

Sheppardtown, Va. 




25 

75 


27 

Hom y Springs, India.. Ter... T 

17 

60 


150 

400 


317 

Wytheville W. Va... .. 

17 

6r 


75 


I2£ 

3 X -3 

Manassas Gap and Chester 








Gap, Va... 

35 

102 


300 




AUGUST. 







x ~3 

Rappahannock, Static, Va... 

16 

134 





3 

Jacksonville, La... 

2 

2 

27 




3 

Sparta, Tenn.. . 

6 

*5 





so 

Lawrence, Kas., burned. 







Si 

Massacre at Lawrence, Kas.. 

140 

24 


40 



aS 

Rocky Gap, Va. 

16 

113 


150 



*5 

to 31. Brownsville Bayou, Ark 

13 

72 






SEPTEMBER. 







8 

Night attack cn' Ft. Sumter... 



114 



















































55 


SEPTEMBER, 1863. 


3 

13 

19 


22 

39 

II 

12-3 

13 

*4 

U 

15-8 

S7 

18 

21 

25 

26 
27 

3 

3-4 

6 

. 6 
7 
11 

14 
14 
16 
}7 

23-5 


26-8 

27 

27 


10-4 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. | CONFEP. 


Cumberland Gap, Tenn. 

Culpepper, Va . 

and 20. Chickamauga, Ga. 
Army of Cumberland; 13,412 

Confed. wounded. 

Blonntsville, Tenn. 

Near Morganzia, La. 

OCTOBER, 

Henderson’s Mills, Tenn. 

Ingham’s Mills and Wyatt's, 

Miss.. 

Culpepper and White Sulphur 

Springs, Va.. 

Auburn, Va. 

Bristol Station, Va.. 

Canton, Brownsville, and Clin¬ 
ton, Miss. 

President Lincoln calls for 

300,000 more men. 

Charlestown, W. Va..... 

Cherokee Station, Ala. 

Pine Bluff, Ark... 

Cane Creek, Ala.. 

Wauhatchie, Tenn. 

NOVEMBER. 

Grand Cateau, La. 

Colliersville & Moscow, Tenn 

Rogersville, Tenn. 

Droop Mountain, Va. 

Rappahannock Station, Va... 

Natchez, Miss. 

Huff’sFerry, Tenn. 

Maysville, Tenn.. 

Campbell’s Station, Tenn.... 
to Dec. 4. Siege of Knoxville, 

Tenn. Army of the Ohio_ 

♦Chattanooga, Tenn., Look¬ 
out Mt., and Mis’y Ridge, 

Army of the Tennessee. 

Operations at Mine Run, Va., 

Army of the Potomac. 

Cleveland, Tenn. 

♦Ringgold and Taylor’s Ridge, 

Ga. 

DECEMBER. 

Bean’s c \a. and Morristown, 
Tenn...... .. 


K. 

W. 

a 

L 

K. 

W, 

l 






2002 

3 

40 


10 

40 

75 - 

1644 

9262 

4945 

2389 


2000 

5 

22 


15 

50 

100 

14 

40 

400 





i * 


30 



45 



50 



b 

46 





11 

42 


8 

24 


5 i 

329 


750 


150 




200 



12 

13 

379 




7 

37 


40 



11 

27 


53 

164 


2 

•6 


10 

30 


76 

339 


300 

1200 


26 

124 

570 

60 

320 

63 

7 

57 



IOO 


5 

12 

650 

10 

20 


3 i 

94 


50 

250 

IOO 

370 



11 

98 

1627 


6 


4 

8 


100 






100 





f 

60 

340 


57 ° 


1 

20 

80 


80 

400 

300 

757 

4529 

330 

361 

2181 

6141 

100 

400 


100 

400 







200 

68 

35 i 


50 

200 

230- 




1 9*2 

> 

1 150 























































PATE. \ 

DECEMBER, 18G3. 

CASU/s 

UNION 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

w. 

2 

A 

K. 

w. 

? 

Of 

*9 

Barran Fork, Ind. Ter. 




5 * 



28 

Charleston, Tenn.. 

2 

15 


8 

39 

21 

30 

St Augustine, Fla.. 

4 



; 




JANUARY, 1864. 







I 

London Heights, Va. 

29 


41 

4 

10 


3 

Jonesville, Va. 

12 

43 

300 

4 

12 


*3 

Mossy Creek, Tenn. 




14 



16-7 

Dandjidge, Tenn. 


150 





23 

Rolling Prairie, Ark. 

II 






24 

Taswell, Tenn. 




31 



27 

Kelly’s Ford, Tenn. 

IOO 



65 



29 

Medley, W. Va. 

IO 

70 



IOO' 



FEBRUARY. 







1-3 

Newberne, N. C. 

16 

50 

250 

5 

30 


1 

March 8. Yazoo River exp’d’n 

35 

121 


35 

90 


3 - 

March 5. Expedition from 








Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss. 

50 

133 

105 

503 


212 

5 

Qualltown, N. C. 

3 

6 




50 

6 

Morton’s Ford, Va. 

10 

201 




IOO 

9 

Morgan's Mills, Ark... 

I 

4 


65 



10- 

25. Smith’s raid from Ger- 







mantown, Tenn., ipto Miss.. 

43 

267 



50 

300 

14-5 

Waterproof, La. Col’d troops. 

8 

14 


15 



20 

Olustee or Silver Lake, Fla.:. 

193 

H 75 

400 

IOO 

400 


22 

Mulberry Gap, Tenn. 

13 


256 




25-7 

Buzzard Roost, Ga . 

17 

272 


20 

120 


28- 

M'krch 4. Kilpatrick’s raid from 








Stephensburg to Richmond, Va. 

330 



308 




MARCH. 







1 

Burton’s Ford, Va. 

IO 





30 

9 

Suffolk, Va. 

8 

1 



2 S 


17 

Manchester, Tenn. 




21 



*7 

Gen. Grant assumes command 








of all the armies of the U. S. 







21 

Henderson Hills, La. 


I 


8 


#50 

25 

Ft. Anderson, Ky. 

14 

46 


10 

40 


26 

to 30. Longview and Mt. Elba, 







31 

Ark. 

Near Snydersville, Miss... 

4 

16 

18 

3 


12 

3 

35 

7 

300 


APRIL. 







2 

Spooneville, Ark.. 

10 

33 


IOO 



3 

Okalona, Ark. 

16 



Rr 



5 

Roseville, Ark. 

19 

/ 

II 


°J 

15 

25 

II 

7 

Wilson’s Farm. La. 

14 

39 


15 

40 

IOO 

8-9 

Sabin Cross Roads and Pleas- 



ant Hills, La. 

300 

1600 

2100 

600 

50 

204 

500 

10-3 

Prairie di Ann, Ark.... 

IOO 





















































57 


N 

< 

Q 

APRIL, 1864. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFER 

K. 

W. 

2S 

i 

K. 

W. 

X 

>12 

Pleasant Hill Landing, La_ 


7 


200 



*■5 

and 16. Liberty P.O. and occu- 








pation of Camden, Ark .... 

255 






*7 

to 20. fPlymouth, N. C. 

20 

80 

1500 

500 



18 

Poison Springs, Ark. 

113 

88 

68 




*3 

and 24. Moneti’s Bluff, La.... 

350 



400 



24 

Mark’s Mills, Ark. 

100 

250 

100 

no 

228 

40 

30 

Jenkin’s Ferry, Ark..,.. 

200 

955 


300 

300 


MAY. 




1-8 

Hudnot’s plantat'n, near Alex- 








andria. La. 

33 

87 


25 

100 


5-7 

Battle of the Wilderness, Va. 








Army of the Potomac. 

5597 


O 

2000 

6000 

340© 

6 

Gen. Sherman begins his At- 


cn 

Cft 

VJ 





lanta campaign. 


u> 

vi 




5-9 

Rocky Face Ridge, Ga. Army 








of the Cumberland. 

200 

637 


600 



6-7 

Chester Station, Va. 

48 

250 


50 

200 


8 

Todd’s Tavern, Va. 

40 

150 


30 

150 


8 - 

18. Spottsylvania, Fredericks- 








burg Road, Army of the Po- 


M 






mac. (2 Confederate generals 


O 

CTi 






and 30 guns captured). 

4177 

GO 

V! 

2577 

1000 

5000 

3000 

9 - 

xo. Swift’Creek, Va. 

90 

400 




500 

9 ~ 

ip. Cloyn’s Mountain, Va. 

126 

585 


699 


300 

9 “ 

13. Sheridan’s cavalry raids 








in Virginia. 

50 

174 

200 



100 

12-6 

Drury’s Bluff, Va. 

422 

2383 

210 

400 

2000 

100 

13-6 

* Resaca, Ga. 

600 

2147 


360 

1500 

1000 

15 

Newmarket, Va. 

120 

500 

240 

85 

320 


16 

to 30. Bermuda Hundred, Va. 

200 

1000 


3000 



18 

Calhoun Station, La. 

60 

300 


500 



23-7 

North Ann River, Va. 

223 

1400 

290 

2000 



25 

to June 4. ^Dallas, Ga. Army 








of the Cumberland. 

2400 



3000 



86-9 

Decatur, Ala. 

48 



60 



# 7-8 

Hanoverton, Va. 

25 

119 

200 

475 



30 

Ashland, Va . 

26 

130 






JUNE. 







X“ 12 

tCold Harbor, Va.: 10,570 Fed. 








wounded. 

1995 


2450 

1200 


500 

5 

Piedmont, W. Va . 

130 

650 


400 

1450 

1060 

6 

Lake Chicot. Ark .. 

40 

70 


100 



9 

Mount Sterling, Ky . 

35 

150 


50 

200 

250 

9-30 

Kenesaw Mountain, Army of 








the Cumberland. 

1370 

6500 

800 

1100 


3500 

xo 

Brice’s Cross Roads, Miss - 

223 

394 

1623 

131 

475 
















































53 


M 

H 

< 

a 

JUNE, 1864. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

w. 

f 

CL 

K. 

W. 

P-M 

a 

Cynthiana, Ky. 

150 



300 


400 

Zl 

and 12. Trevillian Sta., Va . 

85 

490 

160 



370 

25 

Malvern Hill... 

25 

3 





S 5-9 

tPetersburg, Va., Army of the 








James. 

1398 

7474 

1814 




*7 

and 18. Lynchburg, Va. 

100 

500 

IOO 




£9 

Alabama sunk off Charbourg, 








France, by the Kearsage... 







90 

to 30. In front of Petersburg, 








Va. 

112 

506 

800 




82-3 

Jerusalem Plank road, Va 








Army of the Potomac. 

604 

2494 

2117 


300 

20C 

M 

to 30. ^Wilson’s raid on th 








Weldon railroad, Va. 

92 

317 

734 

305 



43-4 

Jones’ Bridge, Va. 

54 

235 

300 

2 5 0 



* 5-9 

Clarendon, St. Charles river. 








Ark. 


200 



200 

20® 

^8 

Confederates move on Wash- 








ington by way of the She- 








nandoah Valley, Va. 








JULY. 







a 

to 31, In front of Petersburg, 








Va., Deep Bottom, New- 








market and Malvern Hill... 

898 

4060 

3110 

400 

600 

eoc 

4-5 

Smyrna, Ga . 

60 

310 


IOO 



3-9 

Expedition from Vicksburg to 



y 


% 



Jackson, Miss. 


150 



200 


5 -i 8 

Smith’s expedition from La 








Grange, Term., to Tapola, 








Miss. 

85 

567 


110 

500 


5-10 

Chattahoochee river,Ga. Army 








of the Ohio. 

80 

450 





9 

Monocacy, Md. 

90 

579 

i 200 


400 


32 

Ft. Stephens, Washington, D.C 

5 + 

319 


500 



S 3 

Ashby's Gap, Va. 

200 






xg 

20. Winchester, Va. 

37 

173 



-no 

■?nn 

30 

*Peachtree Creek, Ga. 

300 

I3I01 

III 

- 

230010083 

22 

*Atlanta,Ga. (McPhersonk’ldj 

5 oc 

2141 

IOOO 

24^2 

40001 2017 

24-4 

Kernstown and Winchester.. 

1200 


too 



26- 

31. Stoneman’s raid to Macon 

IOO 


9 QO 




26- 

31. McCook’s raid to Love- 








joy Station, Ga. 

100 

500 





23 

Atlanta, Ga, Second sortie at 








Ezra Chapel. 

AUGUST. 

IOO 

600 


642 

JOOO 

1900 

4-31 

In front of Petersburg, Va.. 

87 

48.: 


i 



5-23 

*Ft. Gaines, Mobile Harbor, 



! 




















































59 


si 

< 

Q 

OCTOBER, 1864. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

a 

i 

K. 

w. 

a 

04 


Ala. (100 drowned by sink- 








ing of the lecumseh. 150 








guns captured). . 

75 


170 



2144 

7 

Morefieiu. Va. 

9 

22 


100 


400 

9 

Explosion at City Point, Va... 

70 

130 





34-8 

Strawberry Plains, Va.... . .. 

400 

1755 

1400 


1000 


16 

Front Royal, Va.. 

13 

58 


3° 

150 

30c 

x8 

19, 21. *Six Mile House, Wei- 








don R. R. (Railroad cap'd). 

2X2 

1155 

3176 


2000 

200c 


Summitt Pt., Berryville, and 








Flowing Springs, Va. 

600 



400 



« 

Smithville and Kearneysville 








Va. 

20 

60 

100 

300 



25 

Ream’s Station, Va. 

127 

54b 

1709 

1500 



29 

Smithfield, Va. 

IO 

90 


200 



31 

And 








SEPTEMBER. 







I 

Jonesboro Ga... 

II49 



200 



Ir-O 

Rosseau’s pursuit of Wheeler 








in Tennessee.. 

IO 

30 


300 



zo 

Oct. 30. In front of Peters- 








burg, Va. Army of the Pot’c 

170 

820 

812 


1000 


2 

*Fall of Atlanta, Ga. 






200 

3*4 

Berryville, Va. .. 

30 

182 

100 

2o 

100 

79 

4 

Greenville, Tenn. 


5 


IO 

60 

75 

16 

Sycamore Church, Va. 

400 



50 



19- 

22. ^Winchester and Fisher’s 








Hills,Va. 2d Div. 19th corps 








under Sheridan. (Con.Gens 








Rhodes and Gordon killed). 

693 

4033 

623 

3239 


3600 

23 

Athens, Ala. 



950 

5 

25 


•26-7 

♦ Pilot Knob, or Ironton, Mo.. 

28 

5^ 

100 

1500 



27 

Massacre by Price, Mo. 

122 

2 





28- 

30. Newmarket Heights, or 








Laurel Hill, Va. 

400 

2029 


2000 



3° 

And OCTOBER. 







1 

Poplar Springs Church, Va... 

141 

788 

1750 


800 

100 

2 

Waynesboro, Va... 

50 






2 

Saltville, Va.... 

54 

190 

104 

18 

71 

21 

5 

Allatoona, Ga. 

142 

352 

212 

231 

500 

411 

7-i3 

Darbytown Road, Va.. 

105 

502 

206 

1100 


350 

13 

Strasburg, Va. 

30 

144 

40 




r? 

Dalton, Ga. Troops under Col. 








Johnson. 



400 





Glascow, Mo. 


400 


50 



19 

♦Cedar Creek, Va, (Sheridan’s 







1 ride). 

588 

3516 

1891 

3000 


1200 























































CASUALTIES. 



OCTOBER, 1864. 

UNION. 

cOnfed. 

H 

< 

Q 

K. 

W. 

1 

K. 

w. 

3 

( 

PL > 

27 

tNatcher’s Run, Va. 

156 

120 

1047 

783 

25 

699 

400 

13 

206 

60c 

200 

27-8 

Fair OaJks, Va. 

6c 

311 

27 

80 

29 

9 

Beverly, W. Va. 

8 

*7 

20 

93 

NOVEMBER. 

Atlanta,Ga.. 


12 

*3 

Newton and Cedar Spring, Va 
Ball’s, Gap, Tenn. 


84 

36 

100 

200 


150 

18 

Myerstown, Va. 

60 

IO 



22 

Griswoldviile. Ga. 

10 

52 


50 

200 

400 

ioo > 

26 

Saundersonville. Ga. 

TOO 

26-9 

29- 

Sylvan Grove, Ga. 

46 

189 

66 


600 


36. ^Spring Hill and Franklin, 
Tenn. 

1033 

645 

40 

100 

32 Q 

IOO4 

1750 

3800 

70 $ 

90 

Honey Hill, or Grahamsville, 
S. C. 

X 

1-14 

I-Si 

DECEMBER. 

Stony Creek Station, Va. 

*In front of Nashville, Tenn. 
In front of Petersburg. Army 
of the Potomac. 

16 

40 

30 

39 

125 

20 

24 

400 

8 




*75 

k 

8-9 

Block House No. 7, Tenn 
Murfreesboro, Tenn.. 

100 

3175 

300 


100 


m 

Deveaux’s Neck, S. C . 

200 

400 


Hatcher’s Run, Va.... 



10- 

12- 

13 

21. Siege of Savannah, Ga_ 

21. Stoneman’s raid, Bean’s 
Sta., Tenn., to Saltv’le, Va. 
*Ft. McAllister, Ga. 

200 

123 

no 

T 7 ^n 


8 

126 

800 

500 

250 

446a 

1800 

280 

500 

* 5-7 

Nashville, Tenn. 




I? 

25 

28 

Franklin, Tenn. Wilson’s cav. 

Wounded and sick captured 
+Ft. Fisher, N. C ... 

38 

88 

Q 


O 


Egypt Station, Miss. 

23 

4 


J 


2 

JANUARY, 1865. 
Franklin, Miss. 


20 

30 


* 3-5 

l6 

*Ft. Fisher. N. C.. 

184 

25 

138 

V'*'? 

749 

66 



2083 

Explosion of magazine at Ft 
Fisher, N. C. (Fort and 72 
guns captured). 




*5 

To Feb. 9. Combahee River, 
S. C. 





5-7 

8-14 

so 

FEBRUARY 

tDabney’s Mills, Hatcher’s 
Run, Va. 

1062 

76 





Williston, Blackviile, and 
Aiken, S C. Kilpatrick's cav. 
James Island, S. C.. 

20 


1200 

200 

20 

7 QS 

IOO 






























































u 

H 

< 

Q 

FEBRUARY, 1865. 

u 

CASUA 

«ION. 

LTIES. 

CONEED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

CL 

K. 

w. 

a 

L 

l8— 

22. Ft. Anderson, N. C. 

40 

204 


70 

400 

375 

87 - 

March 25. Sheridan’s raid in 








Virginia.. . 

35 





1667 


MARCH. 






8-10 

Wilcox Bridge, N. C .... 

80 

47.1 

600 

1500 



16 

Averysboro, N. C . 

77 

4 77 


IOS 

540 

217 

19 - 

21. *Bentonville, N. C., Kil- 








Patrick's cavalry. 

191 

1086 

287 

20*, 

0 

1625 

82 - 

April 24. Wilson’s raid from 








Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon. 

63 

345 

63 

22 

38 

6766 

85 

Ft. Stedman, in front of Pe- 








tersburg, Va. 

68 

337 

506 

800 


1883 

*5 

Assault of 2d and 6th corps... 

103 

864 

209 



834 

86- 

April 9. Siege of Mobile, Ala., 








including Spanish fort and 








Port Blakely . 

213 

1211 


500 


293 S 

29 

Quaker Road, Va. ;. 

55 

300 


135 

400 

IOC 

31 

Boydton and White Oak Roads 

1 77 

1034 

556 


1000 

235 

31 

Dinwiddie Court House, Va. 

67 

354 


400 




APRIL. 







% 

♦Five Forks, Va. All of Lee’s 








artillery captured). 

124 

706 


3000 


5506 

2 

Fall of Petersburg, Va. 

269 

2565 

5000 



3000 

3 

Fall of Richmond. 6,000 Con. 








prisoners taken, of whom 








5,000 were sick and wounded 







5 

Amelia Springs, Va. 

20 

96 





6 

Sailor’s Creek, Va. 

166 

10x4 


IOOO 


600c 

7 

Farmville, Va. 

655 






8-9 

Appomattox Court House. Va. 

200 



500 




APRIL— Continued. 


g—Lee surrendered to the Armies of the Potomac and James 
(Mai.-Gen. Grant), with 26,000 prisoners. 

i 4 —Mobile surrendered to a rombined army and naval at- 

tcick* 11 

14—The flag that Gen. Andersc:: had lowered at Ft. Sumter 

was returned to its position. _ , „ 

I4 _President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington. He 
was shot in the back of the head at Ford’s theatre by Wilkes 
Booth, and died next morning. , , „ 

xj—Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, took the oath ox olnce 

as President. . „ , . , 

iy _Surrender of Mosby to Maj.-Gen. Hancock, with yoo 

Pr 25^wflkes Booth shot in a barn in Virginia and died in 
twenty-four hours. 








































62 


, 


; / 


APRIL— Continued. 

25 — Johnson surrendered to the Armies of the Tennessee, 
Georgia, and Ohio (Maj.-Gen. Sherman), with 29,924 prisoners 

MAY, 1865. 

5— Galveston, Tex., surrenders to the Federals. 

10—Capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinsville, Ga. 

10—Surrender of Sam. Jones’ command at Tallehassee, 
Fla., with 8,000 prisoners. 

n—Chalk Bluff, Ark. Surrender of Jeff Thompson’s com¬ 
mand with 7,454 prisoners. 

13—Palmetto Ranch, Tex., 118 Federals killed. 

26 — Surrender of Kirby Smith to Maj.-Gen. Canby’s com 
tnand with 20,000 prisoners. 

26—The Armies of the East and West were disbanded and 
returned home, after a review at Washington. 

JUNE, 1865. 

6 — An order was issued for the release of all prisoners of 
war in the depots of the North. 

JULY, 1865. 

7— Mrs. Surratt, Harold, Payne, and Azertoth hanged at 
Wasnington for conspiracy in the murder of Lincoln. 

DECEMBER, 1865. 

18—Secretary Seward officially declared slavery abolished. 

Explanation of Marks and Abbreviations. 

* Federals victorious t Confederates victorious. 

k—Killed. w—Wounded. 

m— Missing._ p-m—P risoners and missing. 

STATE MILITIA OF THE UNITED STATES. 


According to a report on the organized militia of the 
United States, prepared by the War Department in De¬ 
cember 1903 , the number of men available for military 
duty (unorganized) in the United States, was 10 , 739 ,- 
617 , besides 4,7 40 enlisted men of the naval militia. 

The total price of the enlisted militia numbers 1,59 7 
generals and general staff officers, 5,840 men cavalry. 
6,475 men artillery and 1 10,494 infantry, distributed 
as follows: Alabama 24 ; 208 ; 213 ; 2 , 418 . Arizona 
6; 64 ; —; 320 . Arkansas 22 ; 64 ; 72 ; 1 , 721 , Cali¬ 
fornia, 150 ; 33 6; 28 o; 3,03 5 . Colorado 21 ; 172 ; 7 6 
Connecticut 27 ; 79 ; 80 ; 2 , 442 . Delaware 18 
3 64 . District of Columbia 29 ; —; 77 ; 1,181 
23 ; —; 108 ; 1,13 3 . Georgia 32 ; 547 ; 38 S 
Hawaii 9 ; —; —; 600 . Idaho 7 ; —; —; 502 
124 ; 5 63 ; 224 ; 5,7 8 8. Indiana 27 ; —; 212 
Iowa 21 ; 49 ; —; 2 , 240 . Kansas 9 ; —; 130 
Kentucky 12 ;—; 186 ; 1 , 104 . Louisiana 38 ; — 
524 ; 920 . Maine 26 ;—;—; 1,168. Maryland 22 ; 71 ; —. 
1 , 911 . Massachusetts 92 ; 281 ; 185 ; 5 , 208 . Michigan 11 ; 
—; —; 2 , 003 , Minnesota 70 ; —; 142 ; 1 , 846 . Mississippi 


1 , 030 . 

Florida 

3 , 248 . 

Illinois 

2 , 061 . 

1 , 182 . 





63 


19; —; 72; 1.018. Missouri 19; —; 74; 2,714. Mon¬ 
tana 8; —; 56; 493. Nebraska 47; 168; 87; 1,304. 
Nevada 6; —; —; 14 6. New Hampshire 13; 74; 73; 
1,142. New Jersey 36; 1S4; 142; 4,290. New Mexico 
8 ; 68; —; 300. New York 76; 430; 1,340; 12,951. 
N. Carolina 17; —; 77; 1,723. N. Dakota 9; 68; 09; 
654. Ohio 45; 144; 264; 5,240. Oklahoma 7; 47;—; 
78 4. Oregon 7; 52; 70; 1,19 0. Pennsylvania 107; 342; 
146; 8,452. Rhode Island 11; 114 ; 104; 7 84. S. Car¬ 
olina 17; 820; 79; 2,456._ S. . Dakota 8; 196; 75; 
1,003. Tennessee 12; 138; —; 1,800. Texas 67; 300; 
288; 2,664. Utah 29; —; 78; 316. Vermont 17; —; 
72; 6 2 3. Virginia 16; 68; 207; 1,94 5. Washington 
43; 63; —; 7 31. West Virginia 24; —; —; 1,190. 
Wisconsin 19; 68; 79; 2,754. "Wyoming 10; 53; 43; 256 . 

Alaska and Indian Territory have no militia, but pro¬ 
vision is made for the case of need. Guam and Samoa 
each has a small force used for police purposes. The 
Philippines have a constabulary available for war pur¬ 
poses on the islands. Porto Rico has a militia of 2 5 
officers and 8 00 men under a lieutenant-colonel of the 
U. S. army. 

THE PHONOGRAPH. 

The Phonograph is a machine for recording and men 
transmitting sounds, speech, music, etc. It is the invention 
of Thos. A. Edison, the most noted electrician of this age. 
The phonograph was accidentally discovered. Mr. Ed’son 
was at work on an apparatus for recording a telegraphic mes¬ 
sage, by having an armature (with a needle fastened in one 
end) of the sounder make indentations on a piece of tin foil 
wrapped around a cylinder. Tim message would thus.be 
punctured or indented on tins tin foil, then, by substituting 
another needle —blunt—for the sharp one and turning the 
cylinder, the armature would be vibrated as the needle entered 
into and passed out of the indentations. While expeiiment- 
tng, he turned the cylinder verp rapidly, and instead of a suc¬ 
cession of “clicks,” a musical sound was produced. He 
seized the idea, and the Edison Phonograph was the result 
The perfected phonograph of to-day consists of a cylinder of 
wax, or ether plastic material., which is revolved either by 
hand, foot power or an electric motor. This cylinder, called 
the phonogram., is used for recording the sound. This is done 
toy a diaphragm—such as is used in a telephone—into the cen 
ier of which is fastened a sharp needle, which rests upon and 
just touches the phonogram When the words are spoken, 
the diaphragm vibrates, moving this needle up and down, 
and a series of indentations are made in a spiral line on the 
phonogram, which is turning around about eighty-five times 8 
minute. To make the phonograph speak, or repeat the words 
another diaphragm, similar to the first or recorder, but having 
a blunt instead of a sharp needle, is placed at the staiting 
point and the phonogram made to revolve, of course, as the 
needle passes o v er the indentations it. vibrates the diaph, sgn 
and the words are reprod M ced—as in a telephone. 





64 

THE TELEPHONE. 


In 1831, Wheatstone showed that when the soundlnf- 
boards of two musical instruments were connected together by 
a rod of pine wood, a tune played on one w r ill be faithfully 
reproduced by the other. Somewhat later a toy, called the 
Lovers’ String, was made, and is the simplest form of a 
mechanical telephone. The toy consisted of two tin cups, 
the bottoms made of parchment or cat gut tightly stretched 
like a drum head, and connected, one with the other, by a 
string or cord. When the string was drawn taut, sounds, such 
as those of ordinary speech, produced in front of one of the 
cups were transmitted along the string to the other cup and 
reproduced there. This was the first telephone. At various 
times between 1831 and 1876, electricians and scientists had 
experimented with electro-magnets as a means of transmitting 
sounds a long distance, Charles Bourseul in 1854 published 
an article on the electrical transmission of speech, and recom¬ 
mended the use of a flexible plate at the source of sound, 
which would vibrate in response to the atmospheric pulsa¬ 
tions and thus open and shut an electrical circuit, and would 
thus operate, by an electro-magnet, upon a similar plate at a 
distance connected by wire with tne first, causing it to give 
out as many pulsations as there were breaks in the circuit. 
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell first exhibited the speaking 
telephone at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. It is 
this telephone, greatly improved, however, w'hich is now in 
common use. This telephone consists of a compouud perma¬ 
nent magnet fitted into the center of a hard rubber tube and 
carrying, at one end, a short electro-magnet. In front of this 
electro-magnet is fixed a thin, soft iron disk, about one and 
three-fourths inches in diameter. This disk lies at tne end of 
the rubber tube, w r here the tube is formed into a mouth piece. 
The action of telephoning with this telephone is very simple. 
The sound, as ordinary speech, is made in the mouth piece. 
The atmosphere conveys the sound—vibrations against the 
thin, iron disk (commonly called the diaphragm.) The disk 
vibrates in sympathy, and ceming against the electro-magnet, 
breaks and opens the electric circuit with every vibration. 
By means of the connecting wire, the electro-magnet in the 
distant telephone causes the diaphragm to vibrate corre¬ 
sponding to the breaks in the current. This of course vibrates 
the atmosphere and the pulsations are conveyed to the ear. 
The telephone thus described is now used as a receiver. The 
transmitter invented and improved by Edison and Blake, is 
combined with the Bell telephone and makes the telephone of 
general use. Telephonic communication nave been held 
between Chicago and New York, but not with overwhelming 
success. 



65 

Highest and Greatest Mountains in the 

World. 


Name. 

Mt. Everest (Himalayas)...:.. .Thibet 

Sorato, the nighest in America.. .. 1 Bolivia 

Illimani.Bolivia.. 

Chimborazo.Ecuador 

Hindoo- Kcosh.Afghanistan 

Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts.... Persia . 

Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world. Ecuador 

Antisana.. .Ecuador 

St. Elias, highest in Noith America.. 

Popocatapetl, volcano... - - - .Mexioti 

Mt. Roa, highest in Oceanica. 

Mt. Brown, highest peak of R’ky Mts 
Mont Blanc, highest in Europe, Alps. 

Mt. Rosa, next highest peak of Alps. 

Limit of perpetual show at the.Equator.15.207 

Pichinca. •• • .Ecuador ... 15.924 

Mt. Whitney.s.. .California -14,887 

Mt. Fairweather. .Alaska. .... 14,500 

Mt. Shasta. - ..California.14,442 

Mt. Faniei .. -.Wash. Ternt’y 14 ,444 

Long's Peak, Rocky Mountains .Colorado.I 4 . 27 1 

Mt. A.arat.Aimenia. ....14,320 

p;i,.>e Peak .. .Colorado .... 14,210 

MtOphir..:.Sumatra.13,800 

Fremont’s Peak, Rocky Mountains-.. Wyoming... .13,570 

Mt. St. Helens.Wash Ternt’y 13,400 

Peak of Peneriffe. .Canaries . ...12,182 


Country 

Feet 

High. Miles 

.Thibet... 

29,002 

5 % 

. Bolivia..» 

. 21,284 

4 

.Bolivia.. .... 

• 21,145 

4 

,. Ecuador. 

. 21,422 

4% 

.Afghanistan. . 

. 20,600 

3 % 

.Persia.- 

.20,000 

3 % 

.Ecuador . .... 

3 X 

.Ecuador . 

.19,150 

3 % 

. Alaska . 

17,850 

3 j A 


. 17,540 

3/3 

3 

Hawaii. 

. 16,000 

Brit. America 

15,9°° 

3 

..Savoy ..... 

•15 732 

3 . 

Savoy. 

•15,150 

2 Ji 


.11,500 

.11,225 

•10,533 

.10,950 

.10,835 

• 9,523 

. 8,115 

• 7,677 

• 6,541 
6,760 


Miltzin, highest of Atlas Mountains... .Morocco 

Mt. Hood ..Oregon 

xvlt. Lebanon. ....Syria .. 

Mt. Perda, highest of Pyrenees..France. 

Mt. ./Etna, volcano.. Sicily.. 

Monte Corno, highest of Appenines. ..Naples . 

Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield Mts... ’Norway 

Pindus, highest in. Greece. 

Mount Sinai.....^ T ra i ia ' 

Black Mountain, highest m.N. Carolina... 

Mt Washington, highest White Mts.. .N Hampshire 6,285 

Mt. Marcy, highest in.New York.. . 5,402 

Mt Hecla, volcano.;.Iceland.- 5, 1C 4 

Ben Nevis, highest in Great Britain. . .Scotland.. 4 , 4 °°. 

Mansfield, highest of Green Mountains. Vermont .. 4,28° 

Peaks of Otter.Y T ir S; ma • ” 4,260 

Vesuvius. . . .Naples. 4>^53 

Pound Top, highest of Catskill Mts . New York - 3,804 

ONE HORSE POWER Is the strength necessary to lift 33 .«*> 
pounds one foot per minute 


3 

2 % 
2 X 
2 .%, 
234 
2% 
2 h 

2% 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1% 

i 4 

i 

i 

n 

x 

x 

x 

x 


















































TELEPHONE STATISTICS. 

Made public by the American (Bell) Telephone Coni' 
pany. The figures are for January 1 of each year. 

1902. 1903. 1904. 

Exchanges . 1,411 1,514 1,609 

Branch offices. 1,594 1,861 2,131 

Miles wire on poles... 823,193 1,109,01 7 1,358,140 
Miles wire on buildings 17,9 4 7 

Miles wire underground 883,679 1,328,685 1,618,691 
Miles wire submarine. 4,20 0 6,04 8 6,3 58 

Total miles wire.1,729,01 9 2,443,750 2,983,189 

Total circuits. 592,467 742,654 798,901 

Total employes. 40,864 50,350 53,795 

Total stations.1,02 0,64 7 1,2 7 7,98 3 1,52 5,107 

Instruments in the hands of licensees under rental at 
the beginning of 190 4, 3,779,517. Average number of 
daily calls per subscriber, 6.5. Capital of the company, 
$15 4,179,300. 

Telephone messages per annum (latest reports): United 
States, 3,002,000,000; France, 187,002,352; Germany, 
842,589,524; Great Britain and Ireland, 723,246,368; 
Austria, 104,847,069; Denmark, 59,210,855; Hungary, 
42.696,069.; Belgium, 38,753,357; Switzerland, 26.- 
670.381; Netherlands, 31,460.979; Norway, 1,920,155. 
In Italy and Spain the use of the telephone is very lim¬ 
ited. 


Temperature in United States.—Average of Three Years. 


Prescott, Arizona.51.9 

Jacksonville, Florida.70.4 

New Orleans, Louisiana. .70.2 

Galveston, Texas.. 70.5 

Mobile, Alabama .67.4 

Jackson, Mississippi. 66 

Little Rock, Arkansas... .62.3 
Charleston, S. Carolina.. .66.9 
Ft. Gibson, Indian Ter.. .59.4 
Charlotte, N. Carolina — 60.6 

Atlanta, Georgia.61.7 

Memphis, Tennessee.61.7 

Norfolk, Virginia.60.1 

Louisville, Kentucky.57.4 

San Francisco, California.55 

Washington, D. C..55 

St. Louis, Missouri.55 

Baltimore, Maryland.56 

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.54 
Wilmington, Delaware.... 53 

Trenton, New Jersey.53 

Cincinnati, Ohio.56 

Portland, Oregon.51.4 

Boise City, Idaho.49.4 


Salt Lake City. Utah.50.3 

Morgantown, W.Virginia.53.1 

Indianapolis, Indiana.53.3 

Leavenworth. Kansas.53.3 

Santa Fe. N. Mexico Ter. .46.8 
Spokane Falls, W. Ter .. .46.2 
New London, Connecticut.49.9 

Chicago, Illinois.48.8 

Winnemucoa, Nevada.43 

Des Moines, Iowa.48 5 

Omaha, Nebraska. 49.5 

Denver, Colorado.49.2 

Boston, Massachusetts_48.4 

Albany, New York.. 50.4 

Providence. Rhode Island.48 

Detroit. Michigan.49.7 

Ft. Randall, Dakota.47 

Sitka, Alaska.43.9 

Concord, New IIampshire.46 

Augusta, Maine... .45 

Madison. Wisconsin.45 

Helena, Montana Ter.42 6 

Burlington. Vermont.45 

St. Paul, Minnesota.43.9 


If a railway were bnilt to the sun, and trains upon it were 
run at the rate of thirty miles an hour, day and night without 
a stop, it would require 350 years to-make the journey from 
the earth to the sun. 






































Average 


67 

Rainfali in the 

place. Inches. 

Ft, Garland. Colorado.6 

Ft Bridger, Utah Ter.6 

Ft Bliss, Texas. 9 

Ft Colville, Wash. Ter.9 

San Diego, California.9 

Ft Craig, New Mexico Ter. .11 

Ft Defiance, Arizona.14 

Ft Randall, Dakota Ter.16 

Ft. Marcy, New Mexico Ter. 16 
Ft Massachusetts, Colorado. 17 

Sacramento, California.21 

Dallas, Oregon..... 21 

San Francisco, California... .2t 

Mackinac, Michigan.23 

Salt Lake City, Utah Ter... .23 
Ft. Snelling, Minnesota... .. .25 

Ft. Kearney.25 

Penn Yan, New York.28 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin..30 

Detroit, Michigan.30 

Ft Leavenworth, Kansas_31 

Ft. Brown, Texas.33 

Buffalo, New York...33 

Burlington, Vermont.34 

Peoria, Illinois.35 

Key West, Florida,.36 

Ft, Gibson, Indian Ter.36 

White Sulphur Springs, Va. .37 

Washington, D. C.37 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania... .37 

Cleveland, Ohio.37 

Ft Vancouver.38 

Hanover, New Hampshire.. .40 


United States. 

place. Inches. 

Ft. Smith, Arkansas. 40 

Providence, Rhode Island.. 43 

New Bedford, Mass*.. 43 

Baltimore, Maryland*.. 43 

Muscatine, Iowa. 45* 

St. Louis, Missouri.43 

Marietta, Ohio. ..43 

Richmond, Indiana.4^ 

Gaston, N. Carolina. 4 *4 

New York City, N. Y.43. 

Charleston, S. Carolina..... 43, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 44 
New Haven, Connecticut... 44. 

Cincinnati, Ohio.44. 

Brunswick, Maine. 44. 

Boston, Massachusetts... . 44, 

Newark, New Jersey. 44, 

Memphis, Tennessee.4^ 

Fortress Monroe, Virginia.. 47- 

Springdale, Kentucky.42 

Savannah, Georgia. 4S 

New Orleans, Louisiana... 51 

Natchez, Mississippi.5.3; 

Huntsville, Alabama.. 
Washington, Arkansas... 

Ft. Myers, Florida. 

Ft. Tonson. Indian Ter - 

Meadow Valley, California. 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana- 

Pdt. Vernon, Alabama . . . 

Ft. Haskins, Oregon. 

Sitka, Alaska 


54 

54 

56 

57 
57 
6 o> 
Cfr 
66 
82 s 


Neah Bay, Wash. Ter. 123 


Yards of Wire per Bundle, 

Wires all weigh 63 lbs. to the bundle 


Wire 

Gauge. 

No. o. . 
“ 1 
“ 2 
“ 3 - 
“ 4.. 
“ 5 -- 
“ 6 .. 


Yards in 
Bundle. 


9' 

i°5 

121 

*43 

170 

203 

239 

286 

34 * 

42c 


Wire 
Gauge. 
No. 11 . 


*3- 

14. 

* 5 - 

16 . 

*7- 

i». 


Yards ic 
Bundle. 

. 529 

. 700 

.... 893 

.1142 

.1468 

.1954 

....2540 

. 3150 

.4®8$ 

,. .-422* 


tft 






































































Amount of 


Barbed Wire 
Fences. 


Required for 


Estimated number- of pounds of barbed wire required to fence 
space or distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of 
wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one rod (16% 
feet). 

3 Lines. 
152 lbs. 


% square half-acre. 36 

* square mile. 

g side of a square mile.320 

s rod in length. 1 

100 rods in length.... 100 


1 Line. 

2 Lines. 

5 °% 

lbs. 

101% 

lbs. 

■ 12% 

lbs 

25/4 

lbs. 

• 36 

lbs. 

72 

lbs. 

1280 

lbs. 

2560 

Ibs. 

. 3 2 ° 

lbs. 

640 

lbs. 

1 

lb. 

2 

lbs. 

. IOO 

lbs. 

200 

lbs 

6 1-16 

lbs. 


lbs. 


38 

108 

3840 

960 

3 

300 


lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs 

lbs’ 

lbs' 


18 3-16 lbs' 


Number of Shrubs or Plants for an 
Acre of Ground. 

Disi, apart. No. of Plants. Dist. apart. No. of Plants. 


3 inches by 3 inches.696,960 

4 Inches by 4 inches.392,040 

6 inches by 6 inches ...174,240 
9 inches by 9 inches. 77,440 

2 foot by 1 foot .43,560 

ifz feet by Pf feet. 19,360 

n feet by x foot. 21,780 

a feet by 2 feet. 10,890 

3% feet by 2% feet. 6,960 

3 feet by 1 foot... 14,520 

3 feet by 2 feet. 7,260 

3 feet by 3 feet. 4,840 

feet by 3 % feet. 3,555 

4 feet by 1 foot. 10,890 

4 feet by 2 feet. y .. 5,445 

4 feet by 3 feet. 3,630 

4 feet by 4 feet. .... 2,722 

4/4 feet by ipf feet ..... 2,151 

$ feet by r foot.. 8,712 

§ feet by 2 feet. 4,356 

5 feet by 3 feet. 2,904 

5 feet by 4 feet. 2,178 

g feet by 5 feet. 1,742. 

$J4 feet by 5 % feet. 1,417 


6 feet by 6 feet.1,210 

6% feet by feet.1,031 

7 feet by 7 feet .... / . 88r 

8 feet by 8 feet .. 680 

9 feet by 9 feet. 537 

xo feet by 10 feet. 435 

11 feet by 11 feet. 360 

12 feet by 12 feet. 302 

13 feet by 13 feet... 257 

14 feet by 14 feet. 222 

15 feet by 15 feet. 193 

16 feet by 16 feet. 170 

16%. feet by 16% feet ..... 160 

17 feet by 17 feet.. ....... 150 

18 feet by 18 feet . 134 

19 feet by 16 feet.. 120 

20 feet by 20 feet. 108 

25 feet by 25 feet .. 69 

30 feet by 30 feet . 48 

33 feet by 33 feet.... .. 40 

40 feet by 40 feet.. 27 

50 feet by 50 feet. 17 

60 feet by 60 feet.. ia 

66 feet by 66 feet. to 


COST OF EMANCIPATION. —If the total cost of the Civil 
War be divided among the slaves set free, emancipation cost about 
$700 per slave. 

























































69 


» 

How Deep in the Ground to Plant Com. 

The following is the result of au experiment with Inman 
Corn. That which was planted at the depth of 

% inch, sprout appeared in.. 8 days 

1 inch, sprout appeared in. 814 days 

1 Vi inch, sprout appeared in. 914 day? 

2 inches, sprout appeared in. .10 days 

214 inches, sprout appeared in.11*4 days 

3 inches, sprout appeared in.12 days 

314 inches, sprout appeared in.13 days 

4 inches, sprout appeared in.1314 days 

The more shallow the seed was covered with earth, the more 

rapidly the sprout made its appearance, and the stronger after¬ 
ward was the stalk. The deeper the seed lay, the longer it 
remained before it came to the surface. Four inches was too 
deep for the maize, and also too deep for smaller kernels. 

How to Measure Corn in Crib, Hay in a Mow, etc. 

This rule will apply to a crib of any kind. Two cubic feet 
of sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel shelled. To 
get the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of com in the ear, 
measure the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside of 
the rail; multiply the length by the breadth and the product 
by the height; then divide the product by two, and you have 
the number of bushels in the crib. 

To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a 
bin, multiply the length, breadth and thickness together, and 
this product by 8, ana point off one figure in the product for 
decimals. 

To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet 
for a ton, and it will come out very near correct. 

How Grain Will Shrink. 

Farmers rarely gain by keeping their grain after it is fit for 
market, when the shrinkage is taken into account. Wheat, 
from the time it is threshed, will shrink two quarts to the 
bushel or six percent in six months, in the most favorable 
circumstances. Hence, it follows that ninety-four cents a 
bushel for wheat when first threshed in August, is as good, 
taking into amount the shrinkage alone, as one dollar iu the 
following February. 

Corn shrinks much more from the time it is first husked. 
One hundred bushels of ears, as they cdtne from the field in 
November, will be reduced to not far from eighty. So that 
lorty cents a bushel for corn in the ear, as it comes from the 
field, is as good as fifty in March, shrinkage only being taken 
into the account. 

In the case of potatoes—taking those that rot and are other¬ 
wise lost—together with the shrinkage, there is but little 
doubt that between October and June, the loss to the owner 
who holds them is not less than thirty-three per cent. 

This estimate is taken on the basis of interest at ? per >«Dfc 
and takes no account of loss by vermin. 










7o 

What a Deed to a Farm in many Staton 
Includes, 

Everyone know it conveys all the fences standing on the farm, 
out all might not think it also included the fencing-stuff, posts, 
rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had been 
taken down and piled up for future use again in the same place. 
But new fencing material, just bought, and never attached to the 
soil, would not pass. So piles of hop poles stored away, if once 
used on the land and intended to be again so used, have been con¬ 
sidered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles merely laid 
icross the beams of the barn, and never fastened to it, would not 
>e, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Standing 
fees, of course, also pass as part of the land; so do trees blown 
lown or cut down, and still left in the woods where they fell, bul 
lot if cut, and corded up for sale; the wood has then become 
personal property. 

If there be any manure in the barnyard, or in the composr heap 
>n the field, ready for immediate use, the buyer ordinarily, in the 
absence of any contrary agreement, takes that also as belonging to 
the farm, though it might not be so, if the owner had previously 
Bold it to some other party, and had collected it together in a heap 
by itself, for such an act might be a technical severance from the 
oil, and so convert real into personal estate; and even a lessee of 
a farm could not take away the manure made on the place while^he 
was in occupation. Growing crops also pass by the deed of z. 
farm, unless they are expressly reserved; and when it is not 
intended to convey those, it should be so stated in the deed itself; 
a mere oral agreement to that effect would not be, in most States, 
valid in law. Another mode is to stipulate that possession is not 
to be given until some future day, in which case the crops or man¬ 
ures may be removed before that time. 

As to the buildings on the farm, though generally mentioned in 
the deed, it is not absolutely necessary they should be. A deed of 
land ordinarily carries all the buildings on it, belonging to the 
grantor, whether mentioned or not; and this rule includes the 
lumber and timber of any old building which has been taken down 
or blown down, and packed away for future use on farm. 


United States Land Measure and Home¬ 
stead Law. 

A township is 36 sections, each a mile square. A section is 640 
teres. A quarter section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. An 
eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and aquarterofa 
mile wide, is 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mltic 
■ luare. is «o acres 


The sections are all numbered i to 36, commencing at northeast! 
corner, thus: 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

NW NE 

SW SE 

7 

8 

9 

TO 

II 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

1 


The sections are all divided in quarters, which are named by 
the cardinal points, as in section 1. The quarters arc divided in 
the same way The description of a forty-acre lot woulu' read : 
The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 
1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be; 
and sometimes will fall short, and sometimes overrun the number 
of acres it is supposed to contain. < 2 

Homestead Privilege. —The laws give to every citizen, and to 
2hose who bave declared their intention to become citizens, the 
right to a homestead on surveyed lands, to the extent of one- 
quarter section, or 160 acres, or a half-quarter section, or 80 acres; 
the former in cases in the class of lower priced lands held by law at 
$1.2.5 per acre, the latter of high priced lands held at $2.50 per 
acre, when disposed of to cash buyers. The pre-emption privilege 
Is restricted to heads of families, widows, or single persons over 
the age of twenty-one. 

Every soldier and officer in the army, and every seaman, marmo 
and officer of the navy, during the recent rebellion, may enter 160 
acres from either class, and length of time served ir. the army o* 
L avy deducted from the time required to perfect title. 

BOOKS PUBLISHED. —There are published dallv throughout the 
eivilized world, about 20 ^' sw books; total in 1 S 98 , 70 , 55 ^- 


























72 


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Arkansas. 

California. 

Connecticut.... 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Maine. . 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Missouri. 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey.... 

New York. 

North Carolina. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania... 
Rhode Island.. 
South Carolina. 

Tennessee. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 































































































73 

CANALS-THEIR LENGTH AND COST. 

The following table comprises the canals of the United 
States and Canada’ of which the cost has exceeded 
,000,000 each : 


Name. 



Length 
in miles. 


Erie.. New York 

Champlain. “ 

Chenango.-. 

Central Division, public.Penna- 

Western “ “ L....... 

Susquehanna Division, public .. 

N. Branch “ 

N. Branch Extension “ 

Delaware Division “ 

Schuylkill “ private.. 

Lehigh “ “ 

TT • « . « 

Union 

Dei. and Hudson. 

« “ enlarged .... 

Del. and Raritan feeder.jNew Jersey. 

Morris and Essex...! 

Chesapeake and Delaware.Del. & Md. 

Chesapeake 1 and Ohio. ( Maryland .. 

Ohio and Erie. j «'° 

Miami.. „ 

Sandy and Beaver. 

James River and Kanawha. 

Wabash and Erie. 


N. V. & Pa. 


Virginia 

Indiana 


Illinois and Michigan. 
Welland .. 

St. Lawrence 
Cornwall.... 
Beauharnois 
Lachine. 


Illinois . 
Canada. 


3^3 

63 

97 

i73 

104 

39 

73 

90 

60 

108 

35 

82 

108 

108 

43 

101 
13/4 

191 

307 

178 

76 

147 

379 

90 

102 

36 

10 

12 

XI 

8 % 


Cost. 


$7,i43>78g 
1,257,604 
2,419,956 
S.. 3 ° 7 ’ 2 5 2 
3,096,522 
1,039,256 
1,096,178- 
3,528,302: 
<, 275.715 
2,500,176 
4 . 455>°99 


2,500.00o 
6,500,000 
2,844,103 
3,100,000 
2,750,00c 
10,000,000 
4,695,824 
3,750,000 
1,500,000 
5,020,05© 


3,057,12© 

8,654,337 

7,000,000 

1,000,000 

2,000,000 

1,500,000 

2 , 000,000 


FARIT ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES, {1900.) 

The Department of Agriculture reported the foUowing farm ani¬ 
mals in the United States on January 1 . 19_00 : Horses, 13 , 6 o> 7 ,u 34 „ 
value $608 969 , 442 ; mules, 2 . 08 b, 127 . value, $ 111 ,1 tli , 092 ,. 
mileh cows. 16' 292 , 360 , value. $ 514 , 812 , 106 ; oxen and other cat* 
tie. 27 610 . 054 , value. $660 486 , 260 ; she^p, 41 . 883 , 06 ,u va.ja, 
SiY^lue f u> animals, i v.c 























































THE BIGGEST THINGS, 


Interesting Facts Useful When You Get Into an 
Argument 

The largest theater in the world is the new Opera- 
&ouse in Paris. Ii covers nearly three acres of ground; 
its cubic mass is 4 , 287,000 feet; it cost about 100 , 000,000 
francs. The largest suspension bridge is the one between 
INew York City and Brooklyn; the length of the main 
*?pan is 1,595 feet 6 inches; the entire length of the 
bridge is 5,980 feet. The loftiest active volcano is Popo- 
<~atapetl — “ smoking mountain ”— thirty-five miles south¬ 
west of Puebla, Mexico; it is 17,748 feet above the 
sea level, and has a crater three miles in circumference, 
*nd 1,000 feet deep. The longest span of wire in the 
world is used for a telegraph in India over the River 
Kistnah. It is more than 6,000 feet in length, and is 
*,200 feet high. The largest ship in the world is the 
Great Eastern. She is 680 feet long, 83 feet broad, and 
5o feet deep, being 28,627 tons burden, 18,915 gross, and 
* 3,334 n et register. 

The greatest fortress, from a strategical point of view, 
is the famous stronghold of Gibraltar. It occupies a 
rocky peninsula jutting out into the sea, about three 
miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide. One cen¬ 
tral rock rises to a hight of 1,435 feet above the sea level. 
Its northern face is almost perpendicular, while its east 
side is full of tremendous precipices. On the south it 
terminates in what is called Europa Point. The west 
side is less steep than the east, and between its base and 
the sea is the narrow, almost level span on which the* 
town of Gibraltar is built. The fortress is considered 
impregnable to military assault. The regular garriscsr 
m. time of peace numbers about 7 , 000 . 



75 


The biggest cavern is the Mammoth Cave, in Edmon¬ 
son County, Kentucky. It is near Green River, about six 
miles from Cave City, and twenty-eight from Bowling 
Green. The cave consists of a succession of irregular 
chambers, some of which are large, situated on different 
levels. Some of these are traversed by the navigable 
branches of the subterranean Echo River. Blind fish are 
found in its waters. 


The longest tunnel in the world is that of the Simplon, 
between Switzerland And Italy. It is 12 miles and 458 
yards long. The St. Gothard tunnel is 9 miles and 5 04 
yards long. Both tunnels have double railway tracks 
and are seven yards high and nine yards wide. The 
Simplon tunnel was begun in August, 189S, and com¬ 
pleted in February, 190 5. The total cost was $13,500.- 
000 . 


The biggest trees in the world are the mammoth trees 
of California. One of a grove in Tulare County, accord¬ 
ing to measurements made by members of the State 
Geological Survey, was shown to be 2 7 6 feet in height, 
108 feet in circumference at base, and 7 6 feet at a 
point 12 feet above ground. Some of the trees are 3 7 6 
feet high, and 3 4 feet in diameter. Some of the largest 
that have been felled indicate an age of from 2,0 00 to 
2,500 years. 


The largest library is the Bibliotheque Nationale, in 
Paris, founded by Louis XIV. It contains 1,400,00 0 
volumes, 300,0 00 pamphlets, 17 5,000 manuscripts, 
3 0 0,000 maps and charts, and 150,000 coins and 
medals. The collection of engravings exceeds 1,300,000, 
contained in some 10,000 volumes. The portraits num¬ 
ber about 100,000. 


The largest desert is that of Sahara, a vast region of 
Northern Africa, extending from the Atlantic Ocean on 
the west to the valley of the Nile on the east. The 
length from east to west is about 3,0 00 miles, its aver¬ 
age breadth about 900 miles, its area about 2,000.000 
square miles. Rain falls in torrents in the Sahara at. in¬ 
tervals of five, ten and twenty years.- In summer the heat 
during the day is excessive, but the nights are often cold. 


76 

A Calendar for Finding the Day of the Week for Any 
Date from 1800 to 1927. 


YEARS 

1880 

TO 1927. 


a 

as 

<U 

U 

aS 

s 

& 

< 

S 

s 

p 

13 

p 

< 

(2 

<D 

CO 

£ 

O 

> 

0 

2 

c3 

a 

a 

1800e 

1801a 

1828q 

1829a 

1856q 

1857a 

1884q 

1885a 

1900g 

1901d 

a 

4 

7 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

1802b 

1803c 

1830b 

1831c 

1858b 

1859c 

1886b 

1887c 

1902e 

1903a 

b 

5 

1 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

1804h 

1805d 

1832h 

1833d 

1860b 

1861d 

1888h 

1889d 

1904k 

1905f 

c 

6 

2 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

1800e 

1807a 

1834e 

1835a 

1862e 

1863a 

1890e 

1891a 

1906g 

1907d 

d 

2 

5 

5 

1 

3 

6 

1 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7J 

1808k 

1809f 

1836k 

1837f 

1864k 

1865f 

1892k 

1893f 

19081 

1909b 

e 

3 

6 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

5 

1 

3 

6 

1 

1810g 

181 Id 

1838g 

1839d 

1866g 

1867d 

1894g 

1895d 

1910c 
1911 f 

f 

7 

3 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

18121 

1812b 

18401 

1841b 

18681 

1869b 

18961 

1897b 

1912m 

1913e 

9 

1 

4 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

1814c 
1815f 

1842c 

1843f 

1870c 

1871f 

1898c 

1899f 

1914a 

1915b 

h 

7 

3 

4 

7 

0 

5 

7 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

1816m 
1817e 

1844m 
1845e 

1872m 

1873e 


1916n 

1917g 

k 

5 

1 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

1818a 

1819b 

1846a 

1847b 

1874a 

1875b 


1918d 

1919e 

1 

3 


7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

1820n 
1821 g 

1848n 

1849g 

1876n 

1877g 


1920p 

1921c 

m 

! 

7 

4 

5 

1 

3 


1 

4 

7 

9 

5 

7 

1822d 

I823e 

1850d 
1851 e 

1878d 

1879e 


1922f 

1923g 

n 

6 

7 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

1824p 

1825c 

1852p 
1953c 

1880p 

1881c 


1924q 

i925a 

P 

4 

7 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

1826f 

1827g 

1854f 

1855g 

1882f 

I883g 


1926b 

1927c 

9 

2 

5 

6 l 

2 

4 

7 

2 

5 

1 

3 

6 

1 


Example • July 4 , 1901 . — With the figure 1901 we find d ; d 
heads the fourth line in table of months, where under July we find 
1; on next page, in first column, we find, opposite figure 4. th® 
required day, Thursday 
















































































77 


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78 


MINING INFORMATION. » 

Deepest coal mine in the world is near Tourney, Bel¬ 
gium, 3,54 2 ft. Deepest perpendicular mining shaft in 
the world, is a lead mine in Bohemia, 3,2 8 0 ft. Most 
extensive mines are those of Freyburg, Saxony, begun in 
the 12th century, over 130 miles of galleries. Deepest 
coal shaft in U. S. at Pottsville, Pa., over 1,600 ft. 
Deepest silver mine at Virginia City, Nev., 2,700 ft. 

Outfit.—2 Indian ponies, with saddles, bridles, ropes 
and pins; 2 donkeys, with pack saddles, panniers, com¬ 
plete; 1 “A” tent, 6x8, with daps, and % dozen extra 
pegs; 2 miner’s picks and handles; 1 long handled shovel; 

1 short handled shovel; 1 gold pan; 1 ax or hatchet; 1 
blacksmith’s hammer for sharpening tools; 3 pairs wool 
blankets; 2 towels, soap and combs; a small mirror, 
razor; 4 yards mosquito netting; 2 caps, for night wear; 

2 dogs; food for 60 days; quinine; cathartic pills. 

Food for Sixty Days.—2 0 lbs. sugar; 2 lbs. tea; 8 lbs. 

coffee; 50 lbs. dour; 2 0 lbs. dry beans; 4 0 lbs. bacon; 
10 lbs. salt; 15 lbs. onions; 8 bars laundry soap; 10 
pkgs. oatmeal; 2 lbs. baking powder; % lb. pepper; 
lb. mustard; 12 cans condensed milk; 2 0 lbs. evaporated 
potatoes; S lbs. powdered soups; 8 tins dried beef; 8 
lbs. dried fruit; 5 lbs. rice; 10 boxes matches. Total 
weight, 22 5 pounds. 

Utensils.—1 frying pan; 1 camp kettle, 6 quarts; 2 
tablespoons; 2 teaspoons; 2 table knives; 2 table forks; 
2 tin pans for bread baking; 3 tin plates, deep; 2 tin 
cups, pints; 1 iron water bucket; 2 canteens; 1 coffee pot 
and mill; 1 canvas bag to hold the cooking utensils, pack, 
plates, etc., in the camp kettle. Provide yourself with a 
housewife, i. <?., a small bag containing pin cushion, 
thread, needles, pins, buttons, twine, court plaster and 
.scissors. 

Chemicals.—8' oz. nitric acid; 8 oz. hydrochloric acid; 
8 oz. sulphuric acid; 2 oz. oxalic acid; 8 0 mesh sieve; 
2 glass beakers; % lb. granulated zinc; 1 small alcohol 
lamp with iron stand; 1 qt. wood alcohol for lamp; 1 
iron mortar and pestle; 2 glass funnels; 1 pkg. filter 
papers; 2 test tubes; 2 porcelain evaporating dishes; 1 
magnifying glass; 1 magnet; 1 glass rod; for tool tem¬ 
pering, lb. sal. ammoniac, % lb. alum, Vi lb. saltpeter. 

A Placer Claim.—Contains 2 0 acres. In form of square 
it would be 93 4 ft. on each side. In form of a lode 
claim 1,3 2 0 ft. by 660 ft. Bocation, at bottom of deep 
gorges or beds of dry creeks. Water is indispensable 
for placer mining. 

A Lode Claim.—Location should be in limestone, gran¬ 
ite, gneiss, sandstone, rhyolite or andesite. South ex¬ 
posure of hills, commencing at bottom furnishes best 
prospects. Law requires shaft 10 ft. deep to establish 
claim. Erect posts at four corners of claim, describe 
claim and post notice at shaft. 

Classification of Rocks.—Plutonic; occurring in masses, 
having slowly cooled at a great depth, e. g. granite. Vol¬ 
canic; subject to more rapid cooling near the surface, 
•e. g. trachyte. Igneous: thrown up in melted state. Meta- 


79 


morphic; altered by heat. Calcareous; limestones. Mas¬ 
sive; without tending to break into slabs. Shistose; 
breaking into layers. Laminated; splitting into slabs. 
Slaty; dividing into thin hard layers like slate. Shaly; 
dividing into fragile, irregular plates. Andesite; dark 
gray, made up of feldspar and hornblende. Granite; crys¬ 
talline, light, dark gray or flesh red, consisting of feld¬ 
spar, quartz and mica. Gneiss; resembling granite in 
constitution. Banded with dark lines, if of dark color. 
Feldspar; pinkish to white in color, nearly as hard as 
quartz, breaks easily in two directions. Fluor Spar; 
generally found in veins. Colors, white, green, yellow, 
rose, crimson, blue and brown. Hornblende; greenish 
black, sometimes gray. Brittle. Heavy Spar; of great 
weight. White, yeilow, blue gray, red or brown. Lime¬ 
stone; grayish and dull shades, varying to blue and black. 
Effervesces with acid. Mica Schist; glistening. Consists 
mostly of mica. Porphyry; compact feldspar, with pol¬ 
ished surface covered with angular spots. Phonolite; a 
slaty structure; gray, blue, brown feldspathic reck. Clinks 
when struck by hammer. Trachyte; resembles gran¬ 
ite. Recent fracture sharp and rough. Ranges from 
gray, pink and blue to brown. Syenite; resembles gran¬ 
ite, but contains hornblende in place of mica. Quartz; 
nearly white. Distinguished by its hardness. Scratches 
glass. Quartzite; a sandstone made of quartz sand. 
Light brown in color. 

Metals.—Copper Red; various shades of red. with 
brownish streaks. Shining, massive. Copper Glance; 
dark gray, blue or green. Streak shining; massive, lus¬ 
tre feebly metallic. Copper Pyrites; brass yellow green¬ 
ish. black streak, lustre metallic. Platinum: whitish 
steel gray color and streak; lustre metallic. Gold; yel¬ 
low. Always found in metallic state. Silver; color and 
streak silver white. Tarnishes changing to grayish 
black, harder than gold, lighter than lead. Chloride of 
Silver; called horn silver. Resembles v/ax. Pearly gray, 
grayish green, whitish and colorless when perfectly 
pure. Found near surface with galena and copper ores. 
Bromide of Silver; bright yellow to amber when pure; 
greenish. Iodide of Silver; citron to yellowish green, 
streak yellow, translucent. Adamantine. Sulphide of 
Silver; lustre metallic. Color and streak iron black, in 
cubes and massive. Lead; lead gray, lustre metallic; 
malleable. Galena; lustre metallic. Color and streak 
lead gray. Crystalline in appearance. Malachite; bright 
green. Admits of high polish. Azurite; lustre vitreous. 
Blue with lighter streak. Massive. Iron; rarely metal¬ 
lic, parts by weight. Iron Pyrites; polished crystals, cu¬ 
bic, lustre metallic glistening. Pale brass, yellow with 
greenish streak. Tin; lustre adamantine, brown or 
black, sometimes gray, red or yellow. Brittle. Telluri¬ 
um; pinkish metallic lustre. Brittle. Resembles bis- 

mi Glossary.—Adit; a horizontal entrance. Afterdamp; 
carbonic acid gas. Auriferous; gold bearing. Blind 
Lode; one that has no surface outcrop. Blossom; col- 


ored stone from outcrop of lode. Carboniferous; coal 
bearing. Contact Vein: ore between two different form¬ 
ations. Crosscut; a level at right angles to a lode. Cupri¬ 
ferous: copper bearing. Development Work; that neees- 
sarv to prove extent of a claim. Dip; inclination of a 
vein from the horizontal. Downcast; ventilating shaft. 
Face; further end of a tunnel. Fault; a dislocation of a 
strata. Ferriferous; iron bearing. Gangue; unprofitable 
rock. Inch; 9 5 cu. ft. water discharged per hour. Lode; 
a fissure containing metals. Outcrop; the part of a lode 
exposed to surface. Pocket; isolated deposit of mineral. 
Run; yield per ton. Spurs: offshoots from a lode. Stones; 
upward or downward excavations. Tailings; ore contain¬ 
ing little value. Vitreous; glassy. Wir.ze; a shaft join¬ 
ing levels, unconnected with the surface. 

TRANSATLANTIC WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. 

The first year of the twentieth century brought to rite 
astonished'world a new invention, the euormous possibili¬ 
ties and consequences of which even the most fertile 
imagination cannot realize at present. 

A young Italian electrical scientist. Marconi, had. for 
several years, experimented with wireless telegraphy. 
He had succeeded in telegraphing without wires from 
the coast to a ship miles off and had sent an electric 
message from France to England across the channel 
where it is about twenty miles wide. 

Mr. Marconi was encouraged by the governments of 
Europe, and a company was formed which furnishes Mr. 
Marconi with the necessary funds to carry his experi¬ 
ments to a successful issue. This company decided in 
1900 to build two very large stations at the cost of 
870.000 each, one at Poldbu, near the Lizard, in Corn¬ 
wall, and the other at Cape Cod, Mass. Immense 
machinery was put up. and twenty poles 210 feet high to 
support the vertical wires that served as senders and 
receivers. The whole apparatus is of necessity most deli¬ 
cately and sensitively adjusted and violent storms prac¬ 
tically destroyed the whole station in Cornwall. 

The invention is still in the experimental stage; there 
has been no opportunity or time, as yet, to improve the 
apparatus so as to decrease the danger from wind and 
weather. It is all the more wonderful, therefore, that 
with his imperfect instruments. Marconi succeeded. Dec. 
1.1, 1901. on Signal Hill, near St. John, Newfoundland, 
in receiving a* prearranged signal from PoldLu across 
1700 miles of ocean. The signal was repeated often and 
conformed so exactly to the detailed plan, that an error 
is excluded. It was received by means of a kite elevated 
With an aerial wire. 



The STATUS of PORTO RICO and the PHILIPPINES. 


]>.<_• 2 . ] 901 t' - XT- S. Supreme C :rt isaaied a:'- n 
ision. by which among others the lo-lowing point 


Oe 

a de 

wasse’tled: . . - 

“ p< r to Rico and the Philippines hec:»uie dc hies..;, 
torn-- imt lately upoi. the ratiheationof lae treaty, of 
peace fat Pari». France, Dec 10 1S9S.) Theco: st'.ta11or. 
folk >wed the flag t • ah of the islands. 


THE PHILIPPINES TARIFF. 

Th» article chiefly imported into the U- S- from the 
Philippine Inlands. is Manila hemp. It constitutes about 
flftv-nme sixtieths of the total imports ana ts on tne .roe 
1:st. So the Dintcley tariff m ty remain m forte as - trains 
tne Philippine Islands without hardship to any one. 

For the Islands the Phi.ipt ines commission framed a 
tariff that is splendidly adopted to the needs of the peop.e 
there without .showing any favor to Americans over any 
o r her nations. It imposes the same dutie- ou goods no 
matter from what country they are imported, thus adher¬ 
ing to the famous " open-door policy. 

Merchandise can be transported from one American 
port to another only in American ships. This restriction 
does not apply to the transportation between the U. b. 

and the Philippines. „ . 

The revenues derived from custom duties m the Philip¬ 
pines, and the duties paid in this country on good- 
imDorted from the island-, shall all be paid into the trea¬ 
sury of the islands, to be expended for then* benefit. 

THE HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY. 

Was ratified by the U. S. Senate on Dec. 16. lf>01. 
It freed the U. S. from all burdensome obligations of the 
Clavton-Balwer treaty, ratified July 4. 1830, in which 
England and the U. S. both guaranteed the neutrality of 
a proposed ship-canal across Central Amer.ja. 

By the new treaty the U. S. alone acquired full control 
and guarantees neutrality to all the nations. Ihe former' 
restriction that “no fortifications shall be erected com¬ 
manding the canal or the waters adjacent is omitted. 
In the old clause: “The canal shall be free and open lin 
time of war as in time of peace] to the vessels o. com¬ 
merce and of war of all nations,” the bracketed words 

have been omitted. ... 

All obstacles in the way of an Isthmian banal bun. 
and controlled exclusively by the United States were re¬ 
moved by this treaty. 




THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT. 


The following table shows the total amount of the 
national debt on June 3 0, at various periods from 1860: 
Year. Capital of Debt. Year. Capital of Debt. 


1860 . 

..$ 

64,842,287 

1900 

....$2,136,961,092 

1866 . 

o 

.. 

7 7 3,236,173 

1901 

.... 2,143,326,934 

1880 . 

.. 2 , 

120.415,370 

1902 

.... 2,158.610,446 

1890 . 

.. 1 , 

552,1 40,205 

1903 

.... 2,202.464,782 

1895 . 

.. 1 , 

676,120,983 

1904 

.... 2,264,003,585 

1 899 . 

1 , 

991,927,307 

1905 

.... 2,274,615,064 


The net debt—after deducting the cash in the Treas- 
ury—was $989,8 66,7 7 2 on June 3 0, 190 5. The bulk 
of the debt of the U. S. was originally contracted at 6 
and 5 per cent, but about two hundred and seventy-five 
millions of the interest-bearing debt is now at 4 per¬ 
cent. and the remainder at 2 and 3 per cent. 

The total value of real property in the United States 
was $39,000,000,000 in 1890, that of personal prop¬ 
erty was $26,000,000,000. The total was $21,000,- 
000,000 more than in 1880. 


POISONS—ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT. 


Immediately on discovering that poison has been swal¬ 
lowed, send for a physician with all possible haste. Un¬ 
til his arrival, the treatment should either be with a 
view to removing the poison by an emetic or neutraliz¬ 
ing its effects by an antidote. 

Emetics.—Ground mustard, a tablespoonful in a tumb¬ 
ler of warm water, is an emetic usually quickly pro¬ 
cured. Give the patient one-fourth of it at once, and 
follow with a cup of warm water. Repeat the dose 
every minute or two until vomiting takes place. Give 
tepid water freely. Mustard has a special value in most 
cases where an emetic is needed as it is also stimulat¬ 
ing in its effects. 







83 




Common salt is also used as an emetic, a teacup of 
water with as much salt as the water will dissolve being 
given every few moments until vomiting occurs. 

Tickling the throat with a feather, or with the finger, 
is a valuable aid to the action of an emetic. 

After vomiting takes place, the white of eggs in warm* 
water, warm milk, gum-arabic water, or flour and 
water, may be given to further cleanse the stomach and 
to soothe the irritated mucous membrane. 

The following table gives the common poisons and 
suggestions as to the treatment for each, and, together 
with the above, may be of assistance until the arrival of 
a physician: 

AGIOS—MINERAL..—Chalk, magnesia (plaster off wall), 
solution of cooking soda, or saleratus; then barley- 
water, linseed-tea, or olive-oil. 

ACONITE—Emetics, stimulants external and internal. 

' ANTIMONY.—Strong tea in large quantities. 

AQUA FORTIS.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

ARSENIC.—Give milk in large quantities, or the white 
of eggs, or flour and water. Follow with stimu¬ 
lants. , 

ATROPIA.—Same as Belladonna. 

ARGENTI NIT.—Large teaspoonful of salt^in cup of 
water: repeat in ten minutes; then give castor-oil 
and linseed-tea or barley-watet. 

BAD FISH OR OTHER FOOD.— Emetics; then a large 
dose of castor-oil. with some warm spice. Mustard 
plaster to pit of stomach if necessary. 

BED-BUG POISON.—Same as corrosive sublimate. 
BLUE VITRIOL.—Same as Cupri Sulph. and Copper. 
CANNABIS INDICA.—Hot brandy and water, lemon- 
juice vegetable acids, vinegar; allow patient to sleep; 
blister to nape of neck. 

- VNTHARIDES.—Emetics, followed by barley-water, 
flaxseed-tea, or other soothing drinks. 

ARBOLIC ACID.— Castor or olive-oil. 

CAUSTIC POTASH.—Same as Potash. 

CAUSTIC SODA.—Same as Potash. 

CHLORINE WATER.—Albumen (white of egg), milk, 
flour. 


8 4 

CHLOROFORM.—Fresh air; incline the body so 
as to get the head as low as possible, pull the 
tongue forward; dash cold water on the chest 
at intervals; excite respiration by other means. 

CHLORIDE OF TIN.—Milk in large quantities 
with magnesia, chalk or whiting in it; raw eggs 
beaten up with water or milk. 

CHLORAL HYDRATE.—Same as Chloroform, j 

CHLORIDE OF ZiNC.—Milk with white of eggs ] 
in it. Large doses. 

COBALT.—Same as Arsenic. 

COLCHICUM.—Emetics; then barley water, lin- ; 
seed tea, etc. If stupor [coma) be present, give 
brandy, coffee, ammonia. ■ 

CONIUM.—Emetics, followed by stimulants, ex* 1 
ternally and internally 

COPPER.—Milk and whites of eggs; large quan- i 
tities; then strong tea. Don’t give vinegar. 

COPPERAS.—Emetics: Mucilaginous drinks. 

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.—White of eggs in 
a little water. Repeat do^e at intervals of two j 
or^hree minutes until patient vomits. Use ; 
mil* or flour and water if you can’t get eggs. 

CROTON OIL.—Emetics; then flaxseed tea, 
gum-arabic water, slippery elm, etc. 

CUPRI SULPH.—Whites of eggs. Same as Copper -J 

CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM.—Same as Prussic! 
Acid. 

DIGITALIS.—Emetics. Keep the patient lying 
down. Stimulants externally ana internally. •* 

FOWLER’S SOLUTION.—Same as Arsenic. 

HASCHISCH.—Same as Cannabis Indica. 

HEMLOCK.—Same as Conium. 

HENBANE.—Same as Hvoscyamus. 
HYDROCYANIC ACID.—Fresh air and artificial 
respiration, with dashes of cold water. 

HYOSCYAMUS.—Emetics; lemon juice stimm 
lants, external and internal. 7* 

INDELI8LE INK.—Same as Argenti Nit. .7 

INDIAN HEMP. —Same as Cannabis Indica . 

IODINE.—Emetics; starch or flour in water; bar* 
ley water or other demulcent drinks. 


■ --- - 



85 


IVY POISONING.—Apply soft-soap freely to affected 
parts; or bathe the poisoned skin frequently -with 
weak tincture of belladonna. 

LAUDANUM.—Same as Opium. 

LEAD.—Two ounces of Epsom salts in a pint of water; 
wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates free- 
' ly. Afterward milk. 

LEAD SALTS.—Same as Lead. 

LEAD WATER.—Same as Lead. 

LOBELIA.—Stimulants externally and internally. 

LUNAR CAUSTIC.—Same as Argenti Nit. 

LYE.—Potash. 

MERCURY.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate. 

MINERAL ACID.—Same as Acids. Mineral. 

MORPHIA.—Same as Opium. 

MURIATIC ACID.—Same as Acids. Mineral. 

NITRATE OF SILVER.—Same as Argenti Nit. 

NITER.—Same as Saltpeter. 

NITRIC ACID.—Same as Acids. Mineral. 

NUX VOMICA.—Emetics, artificial respiration, linseed 
tea or barley-water; to an adult 30 drops of lauda¬ 
num to relieve the spasms. 

OIL OF BITTER ALMONDS.—Same as Prussic Acid. 

OIL OF VITRIOL.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

OPIUM.—Emetics (10 grains of sulphate of copper if 
possible); after vomiting, which must be induced 
quickly, give plenty of strong coffee with brandy; 
put mustard plasters around calves of legs; keep 
patient aroused by walking around, dashing cold 
water in face, heating soles of feet, or whipping body 
with towels wrung out in cold water. If the patient 
is allowed to go to sleep before the effect of the 
opium has passed off, death will result. 

OXALIC ACID.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

PAREGORIC.—Same as Opium. 

PARIS GREEN.—Same as Arsenic. 

PHOSPHORUS. —Emetics, large quantities of tepid 
water, w'ith magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour 
stirred in it. 

POTASH.— Vinegar and water, oranges, lemons, sour 


86 


beer, cider, or sour fruit; then give oil—linseed or 
olive. 

PRUSSIC ACID.—Sal-volatile and water; apply smell¬ 
ing salts to nostrils; dash cold water in face; 
stimulants. 

RATSBANE.—Same as Arsenic. 

RED PRECIPITATE.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate. 
RED LEAD.—Same as Lead. 

“ROUGH ON RATS.”—Same as Arsenic* 

SALTPETRE.—Flour and water in large doses; lin¬ 
seed or sweet oil. 

SALTS OF TIN.—Milk in large quantities. 

SILVER, NITRATE OF.—Same as Argenti Nit. 
SPANISH FLY.—Same as Cantharides. 

SPIRITS OF SALTS.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 
STRAMONIUM.—Same as Belladonna. 

STRYCHNINE.—Same as Nux Vomica. 

SUGAR OF LEAD.—Same as Lead Salts. 

SULPHURIC ACID.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 
SULPHATE OF ZINC.—Same as Zinc Salts. 

TARTAR EMETIC.—Same as Antimony. 

TARTARIZED ANTIMONY.—Same as Antimony. 
TOBACCO.—Emetics; stimulants external and internal. 
VERDIGRIS.—Same as Copper. 

VERMILLION.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate. 
VOLATILE ALKALI.—Same as Potash. 

WHITE PRECIPITATE.—Same as Arsenic. 

WHITE VITRIOL.—Same as Zinc Salts. 

ZINC SALTS.—Give milk with white of eggs freely; 
afterward warm barley water or linseed oil. 


. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES.. 


Water, 100; Sea-water, 103; Alcohol, 8 4; Wine, 100; 
Cider, 102; Cow’s milk, 103; Ebony, 133; Mahagony, 
106; Cedar, 61; Fir, 55; Walnut, 67; Maple, 75; Ash, 
84; Bar iron, 7 79; Copper, 8 95; Silver, 1,04 7; Lead, 
1,135; Mercury, 1,357; Gold, 1,926; Platina, 2,150; 
Ice, 92; Butter. 94; Clay, 120; Ivory, 183; Marble, 
2 70; Glass, 289; Diamond, 3 53. 




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89 


DIGESTION, 

Average time required for the digestion of 
articles of food. 

Hours. 


Apples, sweet (boiled).2 

Barley (boiled) . a.2 

Beans, Lima (boiled) .2 

Beef (roasted) .3 

Beef (fried) .4 

Beef, salt (boiled) .2 

Bread .3 

Butter . 3 

Cheese .3 

Chicken (fricasseed) . 2 

Custard (baked) ......2 

Duck (roasted) ...4 

Eggs (raw).'.2 

Eggs (soft-boiled) . 3 

Eggs (hard boiled) . 3 

Eggs (fried) .3 

Fish, various kinds (raw, boiled, fried).2 

Fowl (roast) .4 

Hashed meat and vegetables (warm).2 

Lamb (boiled) .2 

Milk (raw) .. 2 

Milk (boiled) .2 

Mutton (boiled) ...1.3 

Mutton (roast) .3 

Oysters (roast) .3 

Oysters (stewed) .3 

Pigs’ feet, soused (boiled).1 

Potatoes (baked) .2 

Pork, salt (stewed)..3 

Pork (roast) . 3 

Rice (boiled) .1 

Sago (boiled) . 1 

Soup, barley .. 1 

Soup, chicken, etc. (average).3 

Tripe, soused (boiled).1 

Turkey (roast) .2 

Veal (boiled) .4 

Veal (fried) ..—'.4 


various 

Min. 

30 

30 


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30 
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45 


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90 

STATE FLOWERS. 


Alabama.Golden Rod 

Arkansas... Apple Blossom 
California ...Eschscholtzia 
Colorado... Colo. Columbine 
Delaware... Peach Blossom 

Idaho .Seringa 

Indiana .Corn 

Iowa.Wild Rose 

Kansas .Sunflower 

Kentucky.Golden Rod 

Louisiana .Magnolia 

Maine..Pine Cone & Tassel 
Michigan....Apple Blossom 

Minnesota .Moccasin 

Mississippi .Magnolia 

Montana.Bitter Root 


Nebraska.Golden Rod 

New York.Rose 

N. Dakota.Wild Rose 

Ohio.Scarlet Carnation 

Oregon.Oregon Grape 

Pennsylvania...Golden Rod 

Rhode Island.Violet 

S. Carolina.Golden Rod 

S. Dakota. Anemone Patens 
Texas... Buffalo Clover or 
Blue Bonnett 

Utah.Sego Lily 

Vermont.Red Clover 

Wash’ton . .Rhododendrum 
W. Va.Rhod. Maximum 


Dates of First Occurrences. 

Postoffices were first established in 1464 . 

Printed musical notes were first used in 1473 . 

The first watches were made at Nuremberg in 1477. 

America was discovered in 1492 . 

The first printing press was set up at Copenhagen in 1493. 

Durer gave the world a prophecy of future wood-engraving 
in 1527 . 

Jergens set the spinning wheel in motion in 1530. 

Modern needles first came into use in 1545 . 

The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled 
carriages in France, in 1559 . 

Religious liberty was granted to the Huguenots in France in 
1562, and was followed by the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 157a. 

Cervantes w’-ote Don Quixote in 1573 . 

The first newspaper was published in England in 1588 . 

Telescopes were invented in 1590 . 

The first printing-press in the United States was introduced in 
1629 . 

The first air-pump was made in 1650 . 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652 . 

The first copper cent was coined in New Haven in 1687 . 

The first steam-engine on this continent came from England in 
*753- 

The first balloon ascent was made in 1783 . 

The first society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge was 
organized in 1698 . 

The first attempt to manufacture pins in this country was made 
soon after the war of 1812 . 

The first prayer-book of Edward VI. came into use by authority 
of Parliament on Whit-Sunday, 1549 . 






















9* 

Glass windows first introduced into England In the eightl 
Century. 

The first steamboat plied the Hudson in 1807. 

The first sawmakers’ anvil was brought to America in 181^, 

The first use of a locomotive in this country was in 1820. 
Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 1826. 

The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

The first iron steamship was built in 1830. 

The first steel pen was made in 1830. 

Omnibuses were introduced in New York in 1830. 

Ships were first “ copper-bottomed ” in 1837. 

Envelopes were first used in 1839. 

Anaesthesia was discovered in 1844. 

Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

The first steel-plate was discovered in 1830. 

The Franciscans arrived in England in 1224. 

The entire Hebrew Bible was printed in 1488. 

Gold was first discovered in California in 1848. 

The first telescope was used in England in 1608. 

Christianity was introduced into Japan in 1549. 

First almanac printed by George Von Furbach in 1460. 
Percussion arms were used in the United States Army m 183a 
The first glass factory in the United States was built in 1780. 
The first complete sewing-machine was patented by Elias Howe. 
Jr., in 1846. 

The first temperance society in this country was organized in 
Saratoga County, N. Y., in March, 1808. 

The first coach in Scotland was brought thither in 1501, when 
Queen Mary came from France It belonged to Alexander Lord 
Seaton. 

The first daily newspaper appeared in 1702. The first newspaper 

E rinted in the United States was published in Boston on Septero- 
er 25, 1790. 

The first telegraphic instrument was successfully operated by 
S. F. B. Morse, the inventor, in 1835, though its utility was not 
demonstrated to the world until 1842. 

The first Union flag was unfurled on the 1st of January, 1776, 
over the camp at Cambridge. It had thirteen stripes of white and 
red, and retained the English cross in one corner. 

When Captain Cook first visited Tahiti, the natives were using 
nails of wood, bone, shell and stone. When they saw iron nails, 
they fancied them to be shoots of some very hard wood, and. 
desirous of securing such a valuable commodity, they planted 
them in their gardens. 

In 1750 the “shoe-black” came into vogue. The poet Gay, in 
bis day, refers to the business, describing a mother as instructing 
her son in his calling: 

“ Go thrive: at some frequented corner stand; 

This brush I give thee, grasp it in thy hand! 

Temper the foot within this, vase of oil. 

And let the little tripod aid thy toil.” 


0 2 


CUKE FOR INSOMNIA. 

Nothing is more cruel than persistent want of sleep. 
It is often cured by five grains of sulphonal in hot milk 
at bed time; repeat in two hours. 


WORLD’S FAIR AT ST. LOUIS IN 1004. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition opened its gates 
April 3 0, and closed them December 1, 19 04. The at¬ 
tendance was as follows: 

April, 1 day... 187,793 Sept., 26 days.3,651,873 

May, 26 days.. 1,001,391 Oct., 27 days..3,622,329 

June, 26 days.2,1 24,836 Nov,, 26 days. 2,517,4 50 

July, 27 days..2,343,557 Deo., 1 day.... 203,101 

Aug., 2 7 days.3,088,7 43 

The total attendance for 18 7 days was 18,741,073. 
The greatest attendance on one day was on St. Louis 
Day, September 1 5, 404,450. There were about 8,000,- 
000 free admissions during the Exposition. 

Cost—Expended by Exposition Company, $22,000,- 
000; by the States, $9,000,000; by foreign govern¬ 
ments, $8,500,000; by concessionaires, $5,000,000; 
total, $44,500,000. 

Receipts—Approximate amount received ' by Exposi¬ 
tion Company, from gate receipts and concessions (esti¬ 
mated), $10,00 0,000; from United States Government, 
$5,000,000; from city of St. Louis, $5,000,000; sub¬ 
scribed by citizens of St. Louis, $5,000,000; total, $25,- 
000,000. The United States Government also loaned 
the Exposition $5,000,000, which was repaid out of 
admission receipts. The Exposition closed free of debt, 
but with little or no prospect of dividends to the citi¬ 
zen subscribers. 

The score of large buildings contained 128 acres of 
exhibit floor space, far exceeding that of any other 
world’s fair. The Government and nearly all the States 
and Territories had special buildings, while three score 
foreign countries and colonies were represented in ex¬ 
hibits. t 

By way of comparison, it may be stated that the at¬ 
tendance upon the Chicago Exposition of 1 903 was 27,- 
5 3 9,521, and upon the Paris Exposition of 1900, 50, 
000 , 000 .. 



SAYINGS OF RENOWNED PERSONS, 


Seize life where you will, it is interesting— Goethe. 

Books are the immortal sons deifying their sires— Plato. 

Recognized probity is the surest of all oaths.— Mine. 
Keeker. 

Our humanity were a poor thing but for the divinity 
that stirs within us.—Bacon. 

There is nothing of which men are so fond and withal 
so careless as life.— Bruy ere. 

Christianity commands us to pass by injuries; policy, 
to let them pass by us.— Franklin. 

An angry man is (again) angry with himself when he 
has returned to reason— Publius Syrus . 

You may depend upon it that he is a good man vrhose 
intimate friends are all good.— Lavater. 

The art of putting well into play medioci'e qualities 
often begets more reputation than true merit achieves.-" 
Jlouchefoucauld. 

If you wish to appear agreeable in society you must 
consent to be taught many things which'you know 
already.— Fancier. 

Affectation naturally counterfeits those excellences 
which are placed at the greatest distance from'possibility 
of attainment.— Johnson. 

Good nature is the very air of a good mind, the sign of 
a large and generous soul, and the peculiar soil iu which 
virtue prospers.— Goodman. 

No man receives the true culture of a man. in whom the 
sensibility to the beautiful is not cherished; and I know 
of no condition in life from which it should be excluded. 
— Charming. 

Habit is our primal, fundamental law; habit and imita¬ 
tion—there is nothing more perennial in us than these 
two. They are the source of all working and all appren¬ 
ticeship, of ail practices and all learning, in the world.— 

Carlyle. 

There are chords in the human heart—strange, varying, 
strings—which are only struck by accident ; which will 
remain mute and senseless to appeals most passionate 
and earnest, and respond at last to the slightest casual 
touch. —Dickens 



94 


DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA OCCUPIED BY, AND EARLY 
SETTLEMENT OF, THE UNITED STATES. 

The greatest length of the territory from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific Ocean, occupied by the United States, on the 
parallel of 4S-®, is 2,768 miles; and its greatest breadth, 
from Point Isabel, Tex., to the northern boundary of 
North Dakota, is 1,650 miles. The Mexican boundary 
line is 1,500 miles in length. The boundary line separat¬ 
ing the United States from the British possessions is 
about 3,400 miles long. 

The first attempt at civilized settlement, in the United 
States, was made on the Island of Roanoke, off the coast 
of North Carolina, where a colony from England was 
placed, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, in 
1585. Having trouble with the Indians, several of the 
settlers were killed, and the remainder returned to Eng* 
land. In 1587 John White landed a party of 108 persons, 
and returned to England after founding the city of 
Raleigh named after Sir Walter Raleigh. Here Virginia 
Dare, the first white child, native of the United States, 
was born. In 1590, John White returned with a fleet, but 
all traces of the colonists, left three years before, had 
vanished. Their fate has never been ascertained. 

In 1540, French fnr-traders founded a settlement on 
Manhattan Island, where the city of New York now 
stands, but the next year they abandoned the country. 
A party of Huguenots, driven from France, sought refuge 
in South Carolina, where they built Port Royal, in 1562; 
but subsequent famine compelled them to abandon the 
colony. In 1565, the Spaniards, on the east coast of 
Florida, founded St. Augustine, the oldest existing town 
in the United States. The first permanent English settle¬ 
ment was made at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607; the 
colony consisting of 105 emigrants, more than one-half 
of whom died within six months, from privation or at the 
hands of the Indians. Newly arrived immigrants from 
England, however, swelled the number of colonists to 
200, in the year 1610. 

Hendrick Christsenson. a Hollander, In 1612, made a 
small redoubt enclosing four log huts, as a place in which 
to live and receive furs, on Manhattan Island, on the site 
where is now located No. 29 Broadway, New York City. A 
Dutch settlement, in 1614, was founded at Albany, N. Y. 
In 1620, the Puritans, a company of British refugees, 
numbering 102 persons, landed at Plymouth, Mass., at a 
point known as Plymouth Rock. In 1623 the Virginia 
colonists, then numbering 2,500, feeling themselves 
strong enough, attacked the Indians; this resulted in a 
desultory warfare which continued for 24 years. 


95 


Countries. 

United States . 

Brit. North America.... 

Newfoundland . 

Mexico . 

Central America . 


Total, North Amer...237,659 


U. S. of Colombia. 411 

Cuba . 113 

Venezuela . 529 

San Domingo... 130 

Brazil . 9,370 

Argentina .11,000 

Paraguay . 156 

Uruguay . 1,210 

Chile . 2,800 

Peru . 1,035 

Bolivia . 600 

Ecuador . 125 

British Guiana. 104 

Jamaica, Barbados, Trin¬ 
idad, Martinique, Porto 
Rico, Salvador. 539 


Total, South Amer. 
and West Indies.... 29,122 


British India. 25,931 

Ceylon . 562 

Asia Minor and Syria.. 1,667 
Russia in Asia (Siberia 
and Transcaspian Dis¬ 
trict) . 37,287 

Persia . 34 

Dutch India... 1,385 

Japan . 4,116 

Portugese India . 51 

Malay Archipelago. 299 

China . 2,800 

Korea .. 26 

Siam .. 300 

Cochin China, Pondi¬ 
cherry, Malacca and 
Tonquin . 1,033 

Total, Asia. 75,491 


of the year 1905. 


Countries. Miles. 

All of Germany. 33,490 

Austro-Himgary (includ¬ 
ing Bosnia, etc.). 23,462 

Gt. Brit, and Ireland.. 22,152 

France . 24,249 

Russia (including Fin¬ 
land) . 32,146 

Italy . 9,960 

Belgium . 2,843 

Netherlands (including 

Luxembourg) . 2,098 

Switzerland . 2,727 

Spain . 8,380 

Portugal . 1,477 

Denmark . 1,879 

Norway . 1,461 

Sweden . 7,588 

Servia . 355 

Roumania . 2,295 

Greece . 643 

European Turkey, Bul¬ 
garia, and Roumelia.... 2,289 
Malta, Jersey, Man. 68 


Total, Europe,.179,562 


Egypt . 1,393 

Algiers and Tunis . 2,471 

British South and Cen¬ 
tral Africa . 3,044 

Natal . 635 

Rhodesia .' 1,603 

Orange River Colony ... 406 

Mauritius, Reunion, Con¬ 
go, Senegal, and other 
States . 2,298 


Total, Africa .11,904 


Australasia ...16,972 


Recapitulation: 

Europe .179,562 

North America ....237,659 

South America .29,122 

Asia . 73,491 

Africa .11,904 

Australasia ...16,972 


Total .550,710 


RAILROAD MILEAGE OF THE WORLD, 

At the beginning 

Miles. 

207,977 
18,868 
638 
9,244 
932 














































































96 



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Railroad. 

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Phil. & Reading. 

Central of New Jersey 
N. Y. Central A H. R, 
N. Y. Central & H. R. 

Pennsylvania. 

Wabash. 

8. F. & W. 

Date. 

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PROGRESS OF MERCHANT SHIPPING. (See page 13 7.) 

Merchant Vessels (Sail and Steam) belonging to the United States, Great Britain, Fran 
and Germany, respectively, in each of the years 1850, 1800,1870,1880,1885 and 1890. 


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99 

SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS. 

Tin-— One-fourth inch in a foot. 

Pipes—One-eighth inch in a foot. 

&inc—Five sixteenths inch in a foot. 

Lead—Five sixteenths inch in a foot. 

Copper—Three-sixteenths inch in a foot. 

Thin Brass—One-eighth inch in nine inches. 

Thick Brass—One-eighth inch in ten inches. 

Bismuth—Five-thirty-seconds inch in a foot, 
locomotive Cylinders—One sixteenth inch in a foot, 
beams, Girders, etc.—One-eighth inch in fifteen inches. 
4Singine-beams, Connecting-rods, etc.—One-eighth inch U& 
sixteen inches. 


Center of Population in the United States. 


OATS. POSITION OF CENTER OF POPULATION. MOVEMENT 

1790. .23 miles E. of Baltimore, Md. . 

1800.. 18 miles W. of Baltimore, Md.41 miles. 

1810.. 40 miles N. W. by W. of Washington, D. C. 30 miles. 

1820.. 16 miles N. of Woodstock, Va.50 miles 

1830.. 19 miles W. S. W. of Moorefield, W. Va .39 miles. 

1840.. 16 miles S. of Clarksburg, W. Va.55 miles 

1850.. 23 miles S. E. of Parkersburg, W. Va. .55 miles. 

1860. 20 miles S. of Chillicothe, 0.81 miles. 

1870.. 48 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati, O.. ....42 miles 

1880.. 8 miles W. by S. of Cincinnati, O..58 miles. 

1890.. 20 miles E. of Columbus. Ind.43 miles 

1900.. 7 miles S. E. of Columbus, Ind.13 miles.. 


Western movement in 110 years.513 miles. 


ALCOHOL! WHO DRINKS IT? 

It has been the endeavor of the census-takers, in 1890, 
to obtain, as far as possible, such facts as relate to ths 
use of alcohol as a beverage. It appears that alcohol. as- 
such (in some cases diluted with water, but without any 
coloring or extraneous flavoring), is used by a certain 
foreign element of our joopulation. It is drunk to a great 
extent by Poles, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Hungarians 
and Russians. The quantity thus consumed is larger 
than is generally supposed. Inquiry of some of the large- 
houses in the Northwest, familiar with this particular 
trade, elicits the information that fully one-half of the 
alcohol sold in that section is drunk, it being the favorite 
beverage of these foreign races. It is estimated, by com¬ 
petent authority, that about fifteen barrels of alcohol are 
daily consumed for that purpose in New York city alone. 
A considerable amount is consumed by the same element 
in the coal regions of Pennsylvania, and undoubtedly in. 
other localities 

















100 


TELEGRAPH STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. 


Country. Year. Miles. 

Argentina .1901 28-107 

Australia .1991 4a,441 

Austria-Hungary ...1901 38,253 

Belgium .1901 3,991 

Brazil .1900 14, <10 

Bulgaria .1900 3,220 

Canada .1901 35,902 

Cape Colony .1900 7,470 

Chile .1900 14,592 

China .1900 14,000 

Colombia .1898 8,600 

Costa Rica .1901 840 

Cuba .1901 2,300 

Denmark .1901 2,413 

Dutch Indies .1900 7,003 

Ecuador .1901 1,242 

Egypt .1902 2,877 

France* .1901 99,135 

Germany .1901 78,607 

Greece .1898 5,300 

Guatemala .1899 3,490 

India .1901 55,055 

Honduras .1900 2,790 

Italy .1900 27,918 

Japan .1902 16,377 

Kongo State .1901 888 

"Telegraph and telephone lines. 

THE MONROE 


Country. Year. Miles. 

Korea .1901 2,170 

Mexico .1901 43,675 

Montenegro .1901 343 

Netherlands .1901 3,880 

New Zealand .1902 7,469 

Nicaragua .1901 2,440 

Norwayf .1901 9.635 

Paraguay .1901 500 

Persia '.1900 4,800 

Peru .1897 1,933 

Portugal .1900 5,180 

Koumania .1901 4,344 

Russia .1900 98,570 

Salvador .1900 1,850 

Santo Domingo ....1901 430 

Servia .1901 2,350 

Siam .1901 2,900 

Spain .1900 20,178 

Sweden .1900 9,456 

Switzerland .1901 5,572 

Turkey .1901 24,670 

United Kingdom...1992 47,786 

United States .1902 243,000 

Uruguay .1901 4,604 

Venezuela .1898 3,882 

including colonies. 

DOCTRINE. 


The famous “Monroe doctrine” was enunciated by 
President Monroe in his message to congress Dec 2, 
IS23. Referring to steps taken to arrange the respec¬ 
tive rights of Russia, Great Britain and the United States 
on the northwest coast of this continent, the president 
went on to say: 

“In the discussions to which this interest has given 
rise, and in the arrangements by which they may ter¬ 
minate, the occasion has been deemed proper for assert¬ 
ing, as a principle in which the rights and interests of 
the United States are involved, that the American conti¬ 
nents, by the free and independent condition which they 
have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be 
considered as subjects for future colonization by any Eu¬ 
ropean power. * * * We owe it, therefore, to candor 

and to the amicable relations existing between the United 
States and those powers to declare that we should con¬ 
sider any attempt on their part to extend their system 
to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our 
peace and safety. With the existing colonies or depend¬ 
encies of any European power we have not interfered 
and shall not interfere. But with the governments who 
have declared their independence and maintain it, and 
whose independence we have, on great consideration and 
on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any 
Interposition for the purpose of oppressing them or con¬ 
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pean power in any other light than as the manifestation 
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104 


WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS IN LBS. (AVOIR¬ 
DUPOIS) PER CUBIC FOOT.-Pure Gold 1,203.6, Standard 
Gold 1,1 0 2.0, Hammered Gold 1,210.11, Pure Silver 654.6, 
Hammered Silver 656.9, Standard Silver 658.4, Cast Brass 
524.8, Brass Wire 534, Bismuth. (Cast) 613.9, Antimony 
4 18.9, Bronze 5 13-4, Cobalt (Cast) 488.2, Copper (Cast) 



558.75 Tin 455.7, Platinum ((Pure) 1,218, Hammered do. 
1,2 7 1, Mercury 60 deg.. Fluid 8 4 8, Mercury (Solid) 9 7 7, 
Nickel (Cast) 487.9, Steel (Plates) 480.75, Steel (Soft) 



102, Clay 102, Limestone (Mean, of seven sorts) 184.1, Loose 
Earth or Sand 9 5, Coarse Sand 112.5, Ordinary Soil 124, 
Mud 102, Clay and Stones 160, Slate 167 to 181.25, Plaster 
Paris 73.5, Plumbago 131.35, Anthracite Coal from 63.25 to 
67.00, Ohio Cannel coal about 53, Charcoal from Hard Wood 

18.5, from Soft Wood 18, Port Wine 62.31, Fresh Water 

62.5, Sea Water 64.3, Dear Sea Water 77.5, Vinegar 67.5, 
Alum 107.10, Asbestos (Starry) 19 2.1, Ice at 32 clegs. 

57.5, Sulphur 127.1, Peat 375 to 83.1, Marl (Mean) 
109.33, Hydraulic Lime 171.60, Quartz 166.25, Rock 
Crystal 1 70.94, Salt (Common) 133.12, Lard 59.20, Whale 
Oil, 57.70, Olive Oil 57.19. 


WEIGHT OF A CUBIC INCH OF VARIOUS METALS IN 
POUNDS.—Hammered Gold .701 lbs., Cast do (pure) .69S.20 
Carats Fine do. .567, Hammered Silver .382, Pure do. .378, 
Cast Steel .2 8 7, Cast Iron .2 63, Sheet Iron .2 79 Rolled Plati¬ 
num .7 9 7, Wire do. .7 62, Hammered do. .7 35, Sheet Copper 
.3 2 3, Sheet Brass .30 4, Lead .410 Cast Tin .2 64 Cast Zinc 
.2 4 5. 


SUNDRY COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS.-A ton of wood is 2 
stones of 1 4 lbs. each. A pack of wool is 24 0 lbs. A sack of 
wool is 2 2 stones of 1 4 lbs., or 3 08 lbs. In Scotland, it is 2 4 
of 16 lbs. A keel of 8 Newcastle chaldrons is 15% London 
chaldrons. 5 6 or 6 0 lbs. is a truss of hay, 4 0 lbs. a truss of 
straw; 3 6 trusses a load. A bushel of rock salt is 65 lbs., of 
crushed salt 5 6 lbs., of foreign salt, 8 4 lbs. A tierce of beef, 
in Ireland, is 304 lbs., and of pork 3 20 lbs. A fodder of lead 
is 1 9% cwt. in London and 2 1 cwt. in the North. A man’s load 
is 5 bushels a market load 4 0 (or 5 quarters). A last is 10 
quarters of com, or 2 cart loads, 12 sacks of wool, 2 4 barrels 
of gunpowder, 1 2 barrels of ashes, htrring, soap, &c., and 18 
barrels of salt. A hundred of salt 12 6 barrels. 

SUNDRY MEASURES OF LENGTH.-The hair's breadth is 
the smallest, of which 4 8 are an inch. Four barley-corns laid 
breadthways are % of an inch, called a digit, and 3 barley-corns 
lengthways are an inch. An inch is divided into 12 lines and by 
mechanics into 8ths. A nail used in cloth measure is 2% ins. or 
the 1 6th of a yard. A palm is 3 ins., and a span 9 ins. An 
English Statute mile is 1,760 yds. or 5,280 ft., an Irish mile 
2,24 0 yds., a Scotch mile 1.9 84 yds., 80 Scotch miles being 
equivalent to 9 1 English and l 1 Irish to 1 4 English. 


Marriage and Divorce Laws of all the 

States and Territories. 


Marriage , Licenses .—Required in all the States and 
Territories except Dakota, Montand, New Mexico, New 
Jersey, and New York. In Maryland legal marriage can 
be had only by an ordained minister. 

Marriage , Prohibition of .—Marriage between whites 
and persons of negro descent are prohibited and punish¬ 
able in California,,Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Florida, 
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, 
North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

Marriages between whites and Indians are prohibited 
in Arizona and North Carolina. 

Marriages between whites and Chinese are prohibited 
in Arizona. 

The marriage of first cousins is forbidden in Arkansas, 
Dakota, Indiana, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mex¬ 
ico, Ohio, Washington and Wyoming, and in some of 
them is declared incestuous and void. 

Marriage , Ageto Contract.— In New Jersey and Ohio 
males under twenty-one years and females under eighteen 
years of age must obtain the consent of parents or 
guardians. In Massachusetts a marriage between a male 
over fourteen and a female over twelve is legal, even 
without the consent of parents. 

Marriage , Presicmption of.— In Missouri it has been 
held that where parties cohabit and represent themselves 
as husband and wife, a marriage is presumed, and when- 
parties capable of contracting agree, in express terms, 
with each other, to be husband and wife, and cohabit as 
such, the marriage is valid, without any further ceremony 
being performed. In California marriage, is declared a 
105 



xo6 


eivil contract; consent, followed by a mutual assumption 
of marital rights and obligations, is sufficient. 

Divorce , Previous Residence Required —Dakota, 
.ninety days; Arizona, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, and 
Wyoming, six months; Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, 
Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Minnesota, Montana, 
New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
Island, Vermont (both parties, as husband and wife). 
West Virginia, and Wisconsin, one year; Florida, Indi 
ana, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee, two 
years; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey (for 
desertion), three years. 

Divorce , Causes for .—The violation of the marriage 
vow is cause for absolute divorce in all the States, ex- 
cepting South Carolina, which has no divorce law. 

Willful desertion, one year, in Arizona, Arkansas, 
Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky* 
Montana, Nevada, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin and 
Wyoming. 

■Willful desertion, two years, in Alabama, Illinois 
Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Pennsyl 
vania, Tennessee. 

Willful desertion, three years, in Connecticut, Dela 
ware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne¬ 
sota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Ver¬ 
mont, and West Virginia. 

Willful desertion, five years, in Virginia. 

Habitual drunkenness, in all the States, except Louisi¬ 
ana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carofina, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, 
and West Virginia. 

“ Imprisonment for felony ” or “ conviction of felony,” 
in all the States, except Florida, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North 
Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wiscon¬ 
sin. 

“Cruel ana abusive treatment,” “intolerable cruelty,” 
“ extreme cruelty,” or “ inhuman treatment,” in all the 
States, except Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 
Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, 
South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. 

Failure to provide, one year, in California, Nevada, 


107 

and Wyoming; two years in Indiana and Idaho; three 
years in Massachusetts; no time specified in Maine, Ne¬ 
braska, Rhode Island, and Vermont. “Gross neglect of 
duty,” in Kansas; willful neglect for three years, in Dela¬ 
ware. 

^ Fraud and fraudulent contract, in Connecticut, Geor¬ 
gia, Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 

Absence without being heard of, in New PIamp- 
shire; absence two years, in Tennessee; seven years, in 
Connecticut and Vermont; absence, without reasonable 
cause, one year, in Missouri: separation five years, in 
Kentucky; voluntary separation, five years, in Wiscon¬ 
sin. 

Ungovernable temper, in Kentucky; “ habitual indulr 
gence in violent and ungovernable temper, ” in Florida; 
“ such indignities as make life intolerable,” in Missouri 
and Wyoming; “ indignities as render life burdensome,” 
in Oregon and Pennsylvania. 

OthercausesindifferentStatesareasfollows: “ Husband 
notoriously immoral before marriage, unknown to wife,” 
in West Virginia; “fugitive from justice,” in Virginia; 
“ gross misbehavior or wickedness,” in Rhode Island; 
“attempt on life,” in Illinois; “refusal of wife to move 
into the State,” in Tennessee; “mental incapacity at 
time of marriage,” in Georgia; “ three years with any 
religious society that believes the marriage relation un¬ 
lawful,” in Massachusetts; “joining any religious sect 
that believes marriage unlawful, and refusing to cohabit 
six months,” in New Hampshire; “parties cannot live 
in peace and union,” in Utah; “ settled aversion, which 
tends to permanently destroy all peace and happiness,” 
in Kentucky. 

In Georgia an absolute divorce is granted only after 
the concurrent verdict of two juries, at different terms of 
the court. In New York absolute divorce is granted 
for but one cause, adultery. In South Carolina there is 
no divorce law. 

All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute cx 
full divorce. 

Divorce , Remarriage .—There are no restrictions upon 
remarriage, by divorced persons, in Connecticut, Ken- 
ucky, Illinois, and Minnesota. Either party 


io8 

remarry, but defendant must wait two years, and obtain 
permission from the court, in Massachusetts. The decree 
of the court may restrain the guilty party from remarry¬ 
ing in Virginia. Parties cannot remarry until after two 
years, except by permission of the court, in Maine. In 
the State of New York the plaintiff may remarry, but the 
defendant cannot do so during the plaintiff’s lifetime, 
unless the decree be modified or proof that five years 
have elapsed, and that complainant has married again, 
and defendant’s conduct has been uniformly good. Any 
violation of this is punished as bigamy, even though the 
other party has been married. 

The courts of every State, and particularly of New 
York, are very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally 
refuse to recognize as valid a divorce against one of the 
citizens of the State by the court of another State, unless 
both parties to the suit were subject at the time to the 
jurisdiction of the court granting the divorce. 

Kansas courts grant divorces for the reason that the 
applicant’s husband or wife has obtained a divorce in 
another State, and the applicant has been forbidden to 
remarry. If a wife in New York obtains a divorce from 
her husband, and he is forbidden to remarry, he may go 
to Kansas and obtain a divorce on that ground. If his 
wife contests the case, or can be served with the papers 
in Kansas, so that she is brought under the jurisdiction 
of the Kansas court, the courts of New York must recog¬ 
nize the divorce as valid, and cannot punish the husband 
for remarrying in New York. 

New York permits polygamy and polyandry in certain 
cases. Desertion for five years, without knowledge that 
the deserter is living, permits the one deserted to marry 
again; and the second marriage is valid, though the de¬ 
serter returns. The second marriage may be declared 
void, but only from the date of the decree, by a court of 
competent jurisdiction, upon proper petition; but if no 
such petition is made, and all parties are satisfied, one 
husband may live in lawful wedlock with two or more 
wives, or one wife with two or more husbands. The chil¬ 
dren will inherit, and both wives will be entitled to do\rer. 


i 00 


MASON AND DIXON’S LINE. 

A name given to the southern boundary line of Penn 
sylvania, which formerly separated it from the slave 
states of Maryland and Virginia. It was run—with the 
exception of about twenty-two miles—by Charles Mason 
and Jeremiah Dixon, two English surveyors, between 
Nov. 15, 17(13, and Dec. 26, 17 67. During the excited 
debate in Congress, in 1820, on the question of excluding 
slavery from Missouri, John Randolph of Roanoke mad© 
great use of this phrase, which was caught up and re¬ 
echoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus gained a 
celebrity which it still retains. 

AIR-1.INK DISTANCES FROM WASHINGTON TO 
VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WOULD. 


Miles. 


Alexandria, Egypt.5,275 

Amsterdam, Holland.3,555 

Athens, Greece. 5,605 

Aukland, New Zealand. 8,290 

Algiers, Algeria.3,425 

(llerlin, Prussia.3,317 

; lierne, Switzerland.3.730 

^Brussels, Belgium.3,515 

'Batavia, Java .11,118 

.Bombay, Hindostan.8,518 

•Buenos Ayres, A. R.5,013 

Bremen, Germany.3,500 

Constantinople, Turkey ..4,880 
Copenhagen, Denmark... 3,893 

Calcutta, Hindostan.9,348 

Canton, China.9,000 

Cairo, Egypt. 5,813 

Cape Town, Cape Colony 6.084 

Cape of Good Hope.6,734 

♦Caracas, Venezuela.1,058 

Charlotte Town, P. E L. 820 

Dublin, Ireland.3,076 

Delhi, Hindostan. 8.303 

Edinburgh, Scotland.3,275 

•Fr ■ Jeriokton. N. B. 670 

Gibraltar, Spain .3,150 

Glasgow, Scotland.3,213 

Halifax, Nova Scotia_ 78.) 

Hamburg, Germany.3,570 

Havana, Cuba . 1.139 

Honolulu, S. 1. 4,513 

Jerusalem, Palestine ....5,495 

Jamestown, St. Helena.. 6.150 

Lima, Peru.3.515 

Lisbon, Portugal.3,19) 

Liverpool, England.3,228 

London, England. 3,315 

City of Mexico, Mexico. 1.867 

Montevideo, Uruguay .... 5,003 

Montreal, Canada. 471 

Madrid, Spain. 3,485 


' Miles. 

Manilla, Phil. Isl.9,300 

Mecca, Arabia.6,598 

Muscat, Arabia.7,000 

Morovia, Liberia.3,645 

Morocco, Morocco.3,305 

Mourzouk, Fezzan.5,525 

Mozambique, Mozam, ... 7,348 

Ottawa, Canada. 462 

Panama . 1,825 

Parana, A. It. 4,733 

Port Au Prince, Hayti.. 1,429 

Paris, France.3,485 

Pekin, China.8,783 

Quebec, (lan ad a. 601 

Quito, Ecuador.. 2,531 

Rio Janeiro, Brazil.4.280 

Rome. Italy. 4,305 

St. Petersburg, Russia.. 4.29S 

Stockholm, Sweden.4,055 

Shanghai, China.8,600 

Singapore, Malay.11,309 

Sc. John’s, Newfound,... 1,340 

San Domingo, San D_1,309 

Ran .Inan, Nicaragua_ L7W 

San Salvador, C. A.1,C50 

Santiago, Chile. 1.979 

Spanish Town, Jamaica.. 1,446 

Sidney, C. B. 1. 975 

Sidri v. Australia .K.9f : 3 

St. Paul de Loanda. 5.578 

Timbuctoo, Soudan.3,395 

Tripoli, Tripoli.4,425 

Tunis, Tunis.4,240 

Toronto,. Canada. 343 

Venice, Italy. 3,835 

Vienna, Austria.4,115 

Valparaiso, Chile. ■ \ 

Vera Cruz, Mexico.l.tiT) 

Warsaw, Poland.4.010 

Yeddo, Japan.7,530 

Zanzibar, Zanzibar.7,078 





















































110 


THE WORLD’S FAIRS. 


Where Held 

Year 

Area 

Oov- 

Exhib 

Admis’n 

- Visitor8+ Days Receipts 

London .. 

1851 

ered.’ 

Acres 

21 

’ itors. 

13,937 

6,039,195 

Open 

141 

$1,780,000 

Paris . 

1855 

2414 

20,839 

5,162,330 

200 

644,100 

London . 

1862 

23% 

28,653 

6,211,103 

171 

1,614,260 

Paris . 

1867 

37 

50,226 

8,805,969 

217 

2,109,675 

Vienna . 

1873 

40 

50,000 

6,740,500- 186 

1,032,385 

Philadelphia . 

1876 

60 

30,864 

10,164,489 

159 

3,813,724 

Paris . 

1878 

60 

40,366 

16,032,725 

194 

2,531,650 

Sydney . 

1879 

26 

9,345 

1,117,536 

210 

200,000 

Melbourne . 

1880 

• • • 


1,330,279 

210 


Fisheries Exhibition, 
London . 

1883 

9 

3,000 

2,703,051 

147 

585,000 

Health Exhibition, 
London . 

1884 

• • • 

. 

4,153,390 

151 

892,545 

Inventions Exhibition, 
London . 

1 1885 

• • • 

• • • • • 

3,760,581 

163 

750,000 

Colonial and Indian, 
London . 

1886 

13 

• • • • • 

5,550,745 

164 

1,025,000 

Glasgow . 

1888 

• • • 


5,748,379 

161 

566,330 

Paris . 

1889 

75% 

55,000 

28,149,353 

185 

8,300,000 

Chicago .. 

1893 

82 


27,539,521 

184 

14,000,000 

Paris . 

1900 

80 


50,000,000 

213 

16,000,000 

St. Louis. 

1904 

128 

. 

18,741,073 

187 

9,000,000 


* Buildings and covered structures. 

t The largest number of visitors in any one day was 600,000 
in Baris, and 716,881 in Chicago. 




CHURCH STATISTICS. 


Denominational Rank 
Families in 1903 

Catholic . 1 

Methodist . 

Baptist . 3 

Lutheran . 4 

Presbyterian . 5 

Episcopal . 6 

Congregationalists .. T 

Reformed . 8 

Latter-Day Saints... 9 

United Brethren .... 10 

Evangelical bodies... 11 

•Jewish . 12 

Friends . 13 

Dunkards . 14 

Adventists . 15 

llennonites . 16 


Communi¬ 

Rank 

Communi¬ 

cants. 

in 1890 

cants. 

9,891,869 

1 

6,257,871 

6,192,494 

2 

4,589,284 

4,725,775 

3 

3,717,969 

1,715,910 

5 

1,231,072 

1,661,522 

4 

1,278,332 

782,543 

6 

540,509 

659,704 

7 

612,771 

390,578 

8 

309,458 

342,072 

10 

166,125 

280,114 

9 

225,281 

162,993 

11 

133,313 

143,000 

12 

130,406 

116,555 

13 

107,208 

115,194 

14 

73,795 

89,476 

15 

60,491 

59,892 

16 

41,541 





































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A LIST OF 365 AMERICAN HISTORICAL EVENTS 

FROM 1492. 


JANUARY. 

1 New Year’s Day. 

2 Quakers free slaves, 1788. 

3 Battle of Princeton, 1777. 

4 National Fast, 1861. 

6 Richmond burned, 1781. 

6 Santa Anna president, 1853. 

7 Millard Fillmore born, 1800. 

8 Mississippi seceded, 1861. 

9 New York founded, 1614. 

10 Battle Middle Creek, Ky., 1862. 

11 Arkansas Post surrendered, 1863. 

12 Vicksburg fortified, 1861. 

13 Gen. Taylor ordered to Mexico, 1846. 

14 Peace declared, 1783. 

15 Edward Everett died, 1865. 

16 Napier appointed envoy to United States, 1857. 

17 Benjamin Franklin born, 1706. 

18 Georgia seceded, 1861. 

19 Battle Mill Spring. Ky., 1862. 

20 Independence United States recognized, 1783. 

21 Fremont born, 1813. 

22 Battle Frenchtown, 1813. 

23 Battle Encarnacion, Mex., 1847. 

24 President Johnson’s imp. trial, 1868 

25 Louisiana seceded, 1861. 

26 Michigan admitted, 1837. 

27 Audubon died, 1851. 

28 William H. Prescott died, 1859. 

29 Kansas admitted, 1861. 

30 N. P. Banks born, 1816. 

31 Str. Metropolis lost, 1878. 


112 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2 5 

26 

27 

28 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 


1 1 3 


FEBRUARY. 

Texas seceded, 1S 6 1. 

Peace with Mexico, 184 8. 

Horape Greeley born, 1811. 

Confederate Congress met, 1861, 
Hatcher’s Run, Va., 1 865. 

Fort Henry captured, IS62. 

U. S. Bank suspends, 1841. 

Jeff Davis elected President, 1861. 

Bishop Vaugh died, 1858. 

Treaty of Paris. 1763. 

Charleston evacuated, 18 65. 

A. Lincoln born, 1809. 

Fernando Wood died, 1881. 

St. Valentine’s Day. 

Maine blown up in Havana harbor, 1898. 
Fort Donelsnn surrendered, 1862. 
Columbia, S. C.. burned, 18 65. 

Jeff Davis inaugurated, 18 61. 

First National Thanksgiving, 179 5. 

Battle Olistee, Fla.. 1864. 

Battle Valverde, N. M, 1861. 
Washington born, 1732. 

Nashville taken, 18 62. 

Peacock captured, 1813. 

Battle Trenton, 1776. 

Gen. Sickles acquitted, 18 59. 

Longfellow born. 180 7. 

Black Warrior seized, 1854. 

MARCH. 

Nebraska admitted, 186 7. 

Missouri admitted, 1821. 

Florida admitted, 1845. 

Vermont admitted, 1791. 

Boston massacre, 1 7 7 0. 

Battle Pea Ridge. 18 62. 

Bible Society founded. 18 04. 

Wesley started for America, 17 38. 
Monitor destroys Merrimac,- 1862. 
McClellan crossed Potomac, IS62. 
Benjamin We§t died. 1820. 


ii4 


12 Chicago flood, 1849 . 

13 Pocahontas died, 1617 . 

14 Jackson born, 1767 . 

15 Battle Guilford C. H., 1781 . 

16 Expunging Res. ad., 1837 . 

17 St. Patrick’s Day. 

18 Calhoun born, 1782 . 

19 Patent of Conn, issued, 1631 . 

20 Uncle Tom’s Cabin pub., 1852 . 

21 Nevada admitted, 1864 . 

22 Stamp Act passed, 1765 . 

23 Battle Winchester, 1862 . 

24 Longfellow died, 1882 . 

25 Port Bill passed, 1774 . 

26 Gov. Winthrop died, 1640 * 

27 Vera Cruz taken, 1847 . 

28 Essex captured, 1814 . 

29 J. J. Astor died, 1848 . 

30 Crimean war ends, 1856 . 

31 Calhoun died, 1850 . 

APRIL 

1 Battle Five Forks, 1865 . 

2 Jefferson born, 1743 . 

3 Richmond captured, 1865 . 

4 President Harrison died, 1841 * 

5 Yorktown besieged, 1862 . 

6 Washington elected, 1789 . 

7 Channing born, 1780 . 

8 Louisiana admitted, 1812 . 

9 Lee’s surrender, 1865 . Lee leaves Havana, 1898 , 
co Modoc massacre, 1873 . 

11 Mobile evacuated, 1865 . 

12 Henry Clay born, 1777 . 

13 Fall of Sumter, 1862 . 

14 Lincoln shot, 1865 . 

15 First call for troops, 1861 . 

16 Slavery abolished D. C., 1862 . 

17 Benjamin Franklin died, 1790 . 

18 San Francisco earthquake, 1906. 

19 Battle Lexington, 1775 . 

20 Plymouth, N. C., captured, 1864 . 

21 Norfolk Navy Yard captured, 1861 , 


22 

2 3 

34 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 
3° 


Buchanan born, 1791c , 

Stephen A. Douglas born, 1831. 

First newspaper published in America 170 
Congress declares war on Spain. 1898 
J ohnston surrendered, 1865. 

U. S. Grant born, 1822. 

Maryland admitted, 1788. 

Bishop Morris born, 1794. 

Washington inaugurated, 1789, 

MAY. 


9 

n 

u 

12 

13 

14 

II 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

n 

H 

1 5 

26 

27 


Dewey destroys Spanish fleet, Manila 1896. 
Battle of Chancellorville, 1863, 

Columbus discovered Jamaica, 1494 - 
Yorktown evacuated, 1862. 

Battle of Williamsburg, 1862 
Tennessee seceded, 1861. 

Arkansas seceded, 1861. 

Battle of Palo Alto, 1846. 

Battle Resaca de la Palma, 184& 

Jeff Davis captured, 1865. 

Minnesota admitted, 1858. 

Crown Point captured, 1775,. 

Jamestown, Va., settled, 1607 
Battle Jackson, Miss., 1863. 

Battle Resaca, Ga., 1864. 

W. H. Seward born, 1801, 

Great fire, St. Louis, 1849. 

Matamoras captured, 1846. 

Hawthorne died, 1864. 

Lafayette died, 1834. 

North Carolina seceded, i86x 
Assault on Vicksburg, 1863' 

South Carolina admitted, 

Brooklyn bridge opened, 1883. 

Philadelphia Convention met, 274a 
Pequod massacre, 1637 - 
Fort Erie evacuated, 1813. 

Noah Webster died, 1843 

Rhode Island admitted, 1700 
Congress met in Washington* 

Battle Seven Pines. 3862. 




JUNE. 

.. Kentucky admitted, 1792 . 
i Hattie Cold Harbor, Va., 1864 , 

3 Battle Philippi, Va., 1861 . 

4 Port Pillow captured, 1862 . 

5 Battle Piedmont, Va., 1864 . 

6 Memphis taken, 1862 . 

7 United States Bank founded, 1791 * 

8 Jamestown, Va., abandoned, 1610 . 

9 Georgia chartered, 1732 . 

>0 Battle Big Bethel, 1861 . 

hi Sherman arrives Kenesaw, 1864 . 

v.2 Bryant died, 1878 . 

ii .3 Fugitive slave bill repealed, 18 G 4 . 

!<4 Tax on tea ordered, 1767 . 

«5 Arkansas admitted, 1836 . 
z 6 Battle Bunker Hill, 1775 . 

17 Charleston, Mass., burned, 1775 . 

Y.S War declared Great Britain, 1812 
*9 Alabama sunk by Kearsarge, 1864 

20 U 11 ted States flag adopted, 1777 . 

21 New Hampshire admitted, 1788 . 

22 Baitle v rarny Id., 1813 . 

23 Battle Springfield, N. J., 1780 , 

24 Labrador discr ered, 1497 . 

25 Gen. Custer killed, 1876 . 

26 Seven days’ fight, Virginia, 1862 

27 Vera Cruz surrendered, 1847 . 

5!8 Battle of Charleston, 1776 . 

*9 Henry Clay died, 1852 . 

3° Guiteau hanged, 1882 . Battle of Caney, 1898. 

July. 

1 Battle Gettysburg begun, 18G3. 

2 President Garfield shot, 1881. 

3 ; Cervera’s fleet destroyed, Santiago, 1898. 

4 Independence Day. 

f* British captured Ticonderoga, 177 7. 

6 Battle Carthage, Mo., 1861. 

7 Mrs. Surratt hanged, 18 65. 

8 Abercrombie defeated, 17 58. 

9 iaraactock's defeat, 1 7 55. 



U7 


ko Columbus born, 1447 . 

<i J. Q. Adams born, 1767 . 

12 Hull invades Canada, 1812 . 

13 Draft riots. New York, 1863 . 

14 Second Chicago fire, 1874 . Santiago sur’nders, * 98 . 

15 Stony Point captured, 1779 . 

16 Battle Point au Play, 1814 . 

17 Fort Mackinaw captured, 1812 . 

18 Assaults on Fort Wagner, 1863 . 

19 Great fire in New York, 1845 . 

20 Confederate Congress met, 1861 . 

21 First Battle Bull Run, 1861 . 

22 McPherson killed, 1864 . 

23 Battle Caloosahatchie, 1839 . 

24 VanBuren died, 1862 . 

25 Battle Lundy’s Lane, 1814 . 

26 Louis Philippe died, 1850 . 

27 John Morgan captured, 1863 . 

28 Fighting ends at Atlanta, 1864 . 

29 Confederate soldiers paroled, 1865 . 

30 Chambersburg burned, 1864 . 

31 Battle Montmorenci, 1759 . 

AUGUST. 

1 Columbus discovered mainland, 1498 . 

2 Battle Sandusky, 1813 . 

3 Columbus left Spain, 1492 . 

4 Iowa adopted Constitution, 1846 , 

5 Mobile forts attacked, 1864 . 

6 Ratn Tennessee captured, 1864 . 

7 Great fire in New York, 1778 . 

8 Battle of Mackinaw, 1814 . 

9 Battle of Cedar Mt., Va., 1862 . 

10 Missouri admitted, 1821 . 

11 Davis Straits.discovered, 1585 . 

12 Spanish-American peace protocol signed, 1898 . 

13 Fort Erie bombarded, 1814 . 

14 Osw ego taken, 1756 . 

15 Lafayette revisits United States, 1824 . 

16 Hull’s surrender, 1812 . 

17 N. E. Courant established, " 1721 , 

38 Battle Fishing Creek, 1780 . 


n8 


ig Guerriere captured, 1812 , 

20 Battle Contreras, 1847 . 

21 Lawrence, Kas., burned, 1863 V 

22 Yacht America wins, 1851 . 

23 New Mexico annexed, 1846 . 

24 Washington taken, 1814 . 

25 British army in Chesapeake, 1777 . 

26 Stamp Act riot, 1768 . 

27 Battle Long Island, 1776 . 

28 Firs^ cable message, 1858 . 

29 Capture of Hatteras, 1861 . 

30 William Penn died, 1718 . 

31 Battle Jonesboro, Ga., 1 S 64 . 

SEPTEMBER. 

1 Lopez garroted, 1851 . 

2 Atlanta evacuated, 1 S 64 . 

3 Treaty of Paris. 1783 . 

4 Gen. Morgan killed, 1864 . 

5 Continental Congress met. 1774 . 

6 Mayflower sailed, 1620 . McKinley shot, 1901 . 

7 Brazil declared independent, 1822 . 

8 Montreal surrendered, 1760 . 

9 California admitted, 1850 . 

10 Hudson River discovered, 1609 . 

11 Battle Brandywine, 1777 . 

12 Battle Chapultepec, 1847 . 

13 Battle Quebec, 1759 . 

14 Fulton’s steamboat starts, 1807 . 

15 Fenimore Cooper born, 1789 . 

16 Battle Harlem Plains, 1776 . 

17 Battle Antietam, 1862 . 

18 Surrender of Quebec, 1759 . 

19 Battle Saratoga, 1777 . 

20 Capture of Lexington, Mo., 1861 , 

«i Andre captured, 1780 . 

22 Battle Fisher’s Hill, Va., 1864 . 

23 Serapis captured, 1779 . 

24 Montery surrendered, 1846 . 

25 Battle Montreal, 1775 . 

26 Philadelphia captured by British, 1777 
29 Steamer Artie lost, 1854 . 


28 

29 

30 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

G 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

1 9 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2 5 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 


119 


Fort Harrison, Va., captured, 18 64. 

Draft in New York, 1-862. 

Peace Treaty with France, 1800. 

OCTOBER. 

British troops arrived Boston, 1768. 

Andre executed, 17 80. 

Blackhawk died, 1838. 

Battle Corinth, 18 62. 

Tecumseh . killed, 1813. 

Peace proclaimed, 17S3. 

E. Ai. Poe died, 1849. 

Battle Perryville, Ky., 1S62. 

Great Chicago fire, 1871. 

B. West born, 1738. 

Prince of Wales arrived in New York, 1860V 
R. E. Lee died, 18 70. 

Battle of Queenstown, 1812. 

William Penn born. 1644. 

Chippewa Plains, 1814. 

First newspaper in New York, 1725. 
Bu,rgoyne surrendered, 1777. 

Sloop Frolic captured, 1812. 

Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. 

Steamer Florida captured, 18 64. 

Battle Ball’s Bluff. 1861. 

Battle Fort, Mercer, 177 7. 

Battle St. Regis, 1812. 

Daniel Webster died, 18 52. 

Macedonian captured, 1812. 

Fight of Chatauqua, 1813. 

Ram Albemarle destroyed, 1864. 

Harvard College founded. 163 6. 

Battle White Plains, 17 7 6. 

Old John St. Church died. 17 68. 

Nevada admitted, 18 64. 

NOVEMBER. 

Battle French Creek, 1813. 

Erie Canal finished, 18 25. 

Bryant born. 17 94. 

Declaration of rights by Congress, 1774* 
Grant’s second election, 1872. 


6 Lincoln elected, i860. 

7 Battle of Tippecanoe, l8u. 

8 Mason and Slidell seized, 1861. 

9 Mayflower arrived Cape Cod, 1620. 

10 Dutch seized rule New York, 1674, 

11 Battle Shrysers Field, 1813. 

12 Conscription declared unconstitutional* aB 6vy 
£3 Montreal captured, 1775. 

1:4 Sherman marched to sea, 1864. 

Z5 Great fire in New York, 1835. 

16 Fort Washington captured, 1776. 

17 Jeff Davis threatens reprisal, 186&, 

18 Battle Fish Dam, S. C., 1780. 

19 Garfield born, 1831. 

20 Battle Belle Isle, 1759. 

21 North Carolina admitted, 1789. 

22 Bishop Wiley died, 1884. 

23 Bragg defeated, 1863. 

24 Battle Lookout Mountain, 1863. 

25 Evacuation New York, 1783. 

26 Battle Mission Ridge, 1863, 

27 Hoosac Tunnel opened, 1873. 

28 Irving died, 1859. 

29 Wendell Phillips born, 1811. 

30 Revolutionary War ends, 1782. 

DECEMBER. 

1 Statue Washington unveiled, 1832.0 

2 John Brown executed, 1859, 

3 Illinois admitted, 1818. 

4 Alabama admitted. 1818. 

5 Van Buren born, 1782. 

6 Carver landed New England, 1620 

7 Delaware admitted, 1787. 

8 Washington crossing Delaware, 1776 

9 Buffalo burned, 1813. 

10 Mississippi admitted, 1817. 

11 Pilgrims landed, 1620. 

12 Pennsylvania admitted, 1787. 

13 Battle Fredericksburg, Va., 1862 
T4 Washington died, 1799. 

15 Hartford convention, 1814. 


171 


16 Boston Tea Party, 1773 . 

17 General Bolivar died, 1830. 

18 New Jersey admitted, 1787 - 

19 Massacre Narragan setts, 1675 = 

20 South Carolina seceded; i 860 

21 Savannah captured, 1864 . 

22 Embargo on American ships, > 807 . 

23 Washington resigned commission, 1783 . 

24 Fort Fisher stormed, 1864 . 

'25 Christmas. _ 1 

76 Major Anderson occupied Sumter, i 860 . 

27 Battle Chickasaw Bayou, 1862. 

28 Iowa admitted, 1846 . 

29 Texas admitted, 1845 . 

30 New Mexico purchased, 1853 . 

31 Monitor foundered, 1862. 


MILES OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 

The English and American statute mile is.. 1,760 yards 

The U. S. nautical mile is . Z 

The German (geographical) mile is..f,114 ^ 

The Scotch mile is.•.- • 1-d' ° “ 

The Irish mile is. u 

The Dutch mile is.„ 

The Austrian mile is. %' 7 -i 

The Swiss mile is... o o!i : t 

The Danish mile is. . 1 

The Maltese mile is. \'r,% 

The Roman mile is . . 1 

The Tuscan mile is. • ■ • • •• Voo- 

The Russian mile (verst) is.1 , 1 G 7 or 1,*«7 

The Turkish mile i>. 

The Arabian mile is. 


WEALTH OF THE NATIONS. (Estimated.) 


TT. S. (1903).... 
Gt. Brit. (19011 
France (1901).. 
Germany (1901) 
Russia (1901)... 
A.-Hung. (1895) 


$100,000,000,000 
59.000.000.000 
. 48.000,000.000 
. 40,000.000,000 
, 32.000.000.000 
. 21,649.600.000 


Italv (1895) .$15,168,000,000 

c_i— non;i n joi nnr* nnn 


Belgium (1895).... 4742.400,000 
Holland (1895).... 4,224.000.000 
gwitzerld. (1905).. 2.361.000,000 
Portugal (1895).... 1,979. SOO.flOO 





















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123 


RELATIVE HARDNESS OF WOODS 


Taking shell bark hickory as the highest standard of 
Our forest trees, and calling that 100, other trees will 
compare with it for hardness as follows: 


Shell bark hickory.100 

Pignut hickory. 96 

White oak. 84 

White ash. 77 

Dogwood. 75 

Scrub oak. 73 

White hazel. 72 

Apple tree.. 70 

Red oak. 69 

White beech. 65 

Black walnut. 65 

Black birch. 62 


Yellow oak. 69 

White elm. 58 

Hard maple. 56 

Red cedar.. 56 

Wild cherry. 55 

Yellow pine ... 54 

Chestnut . 52 

Yellow poplar. 51 

Butternut’. 43 

White birch. 43 

White pine. 30 


Timber intended for posts, is rendered almost proof 
against rot by thorough seasoning, charring and immer¬ 
sion in hot coal tar. - 


PERIODS OF GESTATION 

In the horse and ass are about the same, or 11 months 
each, camel 12 months, elephant 2 years, lion 5 months, 
buffalo 12 months, in the human female 9 months, cow 9 
months, sheep 5 months, dog 9 weeks, cat 8 weeks, sow 
16 weeks, she wolf from 90 to 95 days. The goose sits 30 
days, swans 42, hens 21. ducks 30, peahens and turkeys 
38. canaries 14. pigeons 14, parrots 40. 


SUBTERRANEAN HEAT 

The deepest coal mine in England is at Killingworth, 
near Newcastle, and the mean annual temperattire at 400 
yards below the surface is 77 degrees, and at 300 yards 
70 degrees, while at the surface it Is but 48 degrees, being 
1 degree of increase for every 15 yards. This explains 
the origin of hot springs, for at 3,300 yards the heat 
would be equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards to a 
degree. The heat of the Bath waters is 116 degrees, 
hence they would appear to rise 1,320 yards. 

Peron relates that at the depth of 2,144 in the sea the 
thermometer falls to 45 degrees, when it is 86 degrees at 
the surface. 

Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of 
the celestial spaces at 50 degrees centigrade below 
-freezing. 

In Northern Siberia the ground is frozen permanently 
to the depth of 660 feet, and only thaws to the extent of 
8 or 4 feet in summer. Below 660 feet internal heat 




























124 

AGES OF ANIMALS, ETC. 


Elephant 100 years and upward, rhinoceros 20, camel 
100, lion 25 to 70, tigers, leopards, jaguars and hyenas 
(in confinement) about 25 years, beavers 50 years, deer 
20, wolf 20, fox 14 to 16, llamas 15, chamois 25, monkeys 
and baboons 10 to 18, hare 8 , squirrel 7, rabbit 7, swine 
25Atag under 50, horse 30, ass 30, sheep under 10. cow 
20, px 30, swans, parrots and ravens 200, eagle 100. geese 
80, hens and pigeons 10 to 16, hawks 36 to 40, cranes 24. 
blackbird 10 to 12, peacock 20, pelican 40 to 50, thrush 8 
to 10, wren 2 to 3, nightingale 15, blackcap 15, linnet 14 
to 23. goldfinch 20 to 24, redbreast 10 to 12, skylark 10 
to 30, titlark 5 to 6, chaffinch 20 to 24. starling 10 to 
carp 70 to 150, pike 30 to 40. salmon 16, codfish 14 to 
eel 10, crocodile 100. tortoise 100 to 200, whale estima 
1,000, queen bees live 4 years, drones 4 months, working 
bees 6 months. 


THE ALPS 

These mountains comprise about 180 peaks, from 
4,000 to 15,732 feet high, the latter being the height of 
Mont Blanc, the highest spot in Europe. The summit is 
a sharp ridge, like the roof of a house, consisting of 
nearly vertical granite rocks. The ascent of these awful 
solitudes is most perilous, owing to the narrow paths, 
tremendous ravines, icy barriers, precipices, etc. In 
many places every step has to be cut in the ice, the party 
being tied to each other by i-opes. so that if one slips he 
may be held up by the rest, and silence is enforced, lest 
the noise of talking should dislodge the avalanches of 
the Aiguille du Midi. The view from the mountain is 
inexpressibly grand. On the Alps, the limit of the vine 
is an elevation of 1,600 feet; below 1.000 feet, figs, 
oranges and olives are produced. The limit of the oak is 
3,800 feet, of the chestnut 2.800 feet, of the pine 6,500 
feet, of heaths and furze to 8,700 and 9,700 feet, and per¬ 
petual snow exists at an elevation of 8,200 feet. 

On the Andes, in latitude 2 degrees, the limit of perpet¬ 
ual snow is 14,760 feet; in Mexico, latitude 19 degrees, 
the limit is 13.800 feet; on the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 
feet; on Mount Etna. 9.000 feet; on the Caucasus, 9,900 
feet; the Pyrenees, 8,400 feet: in Lapland, 3,100 feet; 
in Iceland, 2,980 feet. The walnut ceases to grow at an 
elevation of 3,600 feet; the yellow pine at 6,200 feet; the 
ash at 4,800 feet, and the fir at 6.700 feet. The loftiest 
inhabited spot on the globe is the Port House of Anco- 
marca, on the Andes, in Peru, 16.000 feet above the level 
of the sea. The fourteenth peak of the Himalayas, in 
Asia. 25,659 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the 
world. 





125 

ANCIENT AND MODERN ENGINEERING 

Babel, now called Birs Nimroud, built at Babylon by 
Belus, was used as an observatory and as a Temple of 
the Sun. It was composed of eight square towers, one 
over the other, in all 670 feet high, and the same dimen¬ 
sions on each side on the ground. 

The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100.000 
spectators, was in its longest diameter 615-5 feet, and in 
the shortest 510, embraced 5 y z acres, and was 120 feet 
high. 

Eight acqueducts suoplied ancient Rome with water, 
delivering 40 millions of cubic feet daily. That of 
Claudia was 47 miles long and 100 feet high, so as to 
furnish the hills. Martia was 41 miles, of which 37 were 
on 7,000 arches 70 feet high. These vast erections would 
never have been built had the Romans known that water 
always rises to its own level. 

The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet long and 
225 feet broad, with 127 columns, 60 feet high, to support 
the roof. It was 220 years in building. 

Solomon's Temple, built 1014 B. C.. was 60 cubits or 
107 feet in length, the breadth 20 cubits or 36 feet, and 
the height 30 cubits or 54 feet. The porch was 36 feet 
long and 18 feet wide. 

The largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 543 feet 
high, 693 feet on the sides, and its base covers 11 acres. 
The layers of stones are 208 in mmiber. Many stones are 
over 30 feet long, 4 broad and 3 thick. 

The Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enormously 
massive and cut out of the solid rock. Belzoni found in 
it 4 immense figures, 65 feet high, 25 feet over the 
shoulders, with a face of 7 feet and the ears over 3 feet. 

Sesostris erected in the temple in Memphis immense 
statues of himself and his wife, 50 feet high, and of his 
childi’en. 28 feet. 

In the Temple of the Sun. at Baalbec. are stones more 
than 50 feet long, 24 feet thick and 16 broad, each 
embracing 23.000’ cubic feet, cut, squared, sculptured 
and transported from neighboring quarries Six enor¬ 
mous columns are each 72 feet high, composed of 8 stones 
7 feet in diameter. Sesostris is credited with having 
transported from the mountains of Arabia a rock 32 feet 
wide and 240 feet long. 

The engineei’ing applicances used by the ancients in the 
movement of these immense masses are but imperfectly 
understood at the present day. ' . 

During modem times, a block of granite weighing 
1,217 tons, now used as the pedestal of the equestrian 
statue of Peter the Great, at St. Petersburg, was trans¬ 
ported 4 miles by land over a railwayand 13 miles in a 
vast caisson by water. The railway consisted of two 


126 

lines of timber furnished with hard metal grooves; be¬ 
tween these grooves were placed spheres of hard brass 
about 6 inches in diameter. On these spheres the frame 
with its massive load was easily moved by 60 men, work¬ 
ing at capstans with treble purchase blocks. 

In 1716 Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling 
machines of his own invention) over valleys and moun¬ 
tains, 2 galleys, 5 large boats and 1 sloop, from Strom* 
stadt to Iderfjol (.which divides Sweden from Norway on 
the south), a distance of 14 miles, by which means 
Charles XII. was able to carry on his plans, and under 
oover of the galleys and boats to transport on pontoons 
Ms heavy artillery to the very walls of Frederiokshall. 


EGYPT AND THE NIJLE. 

The Nile is the chief natural feature of Egypt. The 
rise of the river commences in June, continuing until 
the middle of August, attaining an elevation of from 2 4 
to 2 6 feet, and flooding the valley of Egypt 12 miles wide. 
In 1829 it rose to 2 6 cubits, by which 30,000 persons 
were drowned. It is a terrible climate to live in, owing to 
the festering heat, and detestable exhalations from the 
mud, etc., left on the retiring of the Nile, which adds 
about 4 inches to the soil in a century, and encroaches on 
the sea 16 feet every year. Bricks have been found at 
the depth of 6 0 feet, showing the vast antiquity of the 
country. In productiveness of soil it is excelled by no 
other in the world. 

The Egyptian agricultural year includes three seasons 
or crops. The leading winter crops, sown in November 
and harvested in May and June, are cereals of all kinds;, 
the summer crops, sown in March and harvested in Octo-' 
ber and November, are cotton, sugar and rice; the fall 
crops, sown in July and gathered in September and Octo¬ 
ber, are rice, corn, millet and vegetables generally. In 
lower Egypt perennial irrigation is effected by means of 
a network of canals tapping the Nile, and two or three 
crops are secured every year. In Upper Egypt irrigation 
is possible only at high Nile, and while low land produces 
cotton and sugar-cane, the higher parts produce grain 
and vegetables. 

The English have constructed extensive reservoir works 
at Assouan, Assiont and Zipta, with a capacity of 1,0 6 5 
millions of cubic meters, by means of which large addi¬ 
tional parts of the country will profit by the Nile. 


VARIOUS SIZES OF TYPE. 

It requires 205 lines of Diamond type to make 12 
inches of Pearl 17 8 , of Ruby 166, of Nonpareil 143, of 
Minion 128, of Brevier 11242 . of Bourgeois 102%, Long 
Primer, SO, of Small Pica 83, of Pica 7 1%, English 64. 


i 



127 

WONDERS OF SCIENCE 

a grain of gold has been found by Muncke to admit of 
fceing divided into ninety-live thousand millions of visible 
parts: that is, by the aid of a microscope magnifying one 
thousand times. A sovereign is thus capable of division 
into ten millions of millions of visible particles, being ten 
thousand times as many such particles as there are men, 
women and children in all the world. 

Spontaneous Combustion— Liebig, in his ‘"Familiar 
Letters on Chemistry.” has proved the unsoundness of 
Spontaneous combustion. Yet Dr. Lindley gives nineteen 
instances of something akin, or the rapid ignition of the 
human body by contact with flame as a consequence of 
the saturation of its tissues by alcohol. 

Vibrations of the Aik—I f a person stand beneath a 
railway girder-bridge with an open umbrella over his 
head, when a train is passing, the vibration of the air 
will be distinctly felt in the hand which grasps the um¬ 
brella, because the outspread surface collects and con¬ 
centrates the waves into the focus of the handle. 

The Earth's Center— All bodies weigh less the fur¬ 
ther removed they are from the center of the earth. A 
block of stone weighing 700 pounds upon the sea-shore 
will weigh only 699 pounds if carried up a mountain three 
miles high. A pendulum oscillates more quickly at the 
poles than at the equator, because the earth is flatter by 
twenty-six miles at the poles—that is, the “bob” of the 
pendulum is that much nearer the earth’s center, and 
therefore heavier, and so swings more quickly. 


RADIUM AND RADIO-ACTIVITY. 

X-rays were discovered by Prof. Roentgen, 1895. 

Uranium rays discovered by H. Becquerel, 189 6. 

Radium discovered by Prof, and Mme. Curie, 1898. 

Alpha, beta and gamma rays discovered by Prof. 
Rutherford, 1899. 

Uranium X discovered by William Crookes, 1900. 

Thorium X and radium emanation discovered by Prof. 
Rutherford, 1902-03. 

Production of helium by emanation of radium discov¬ 
ered by Prof. Ramsay and Mr. Soddy, 1903. 

The discovery of H. Becquerel that uranium and ura¬ 
nium compounds emitted rays, which, like X-rays, affect¬ 
ed photographic plates, passed through wood and iron, 
and rendered a gas a conductor of electricity, led to the 
discovery of radium. Mrs. Curie, in experimenting with 
pitchblende, the chief ingredient of which is uranium 
oxide, noticed that the crude ore showed the said proper¬ 
ties much more readily than the same weight of pure 
uranium salt. She concluded that the ore must contain 
some element having a greater radio-activity than the 



128 


uranium oxide, and with the aid of her husband, pro¬ 
ceeded to separate from the ore each known element, and 
determine after each separation, which of the two parts 
contained the greater amount of radio-activity, until 
finally only the pure radium salt remained, not more 
than two or three grains from several tons of pitch¬ 
blende. 

Cahtode X-rays consist of streams of negatively charged 
particles shot off with a velocity of about 2 0,000 miles per 
second from the negative electrode of an exhausted bulb 
in which an electrical discharge is passing. These p.irti- 
cles are of such a size, that about 1,000 of them euual 
the atom of hydrogen, the smallest atom known. Some 
Investigators think that X-rays are ethereal and similar 
to light waves. They differ from cathode rays in that 
they are not deflected by a magnet or by bodies charged 
with static electricity, and do not impart negative 
charges to objects upon which they fall. X-rays origi¬ 
nate where the cathode rays strike the walls of the tube 
or any object within the tube. 

Radium rays and those emitted by uranium, thorium, 
polonium arc* ectinium, all radio-active, are identical in 
soma respects with cathode rays, but their veloc ity is 
much greater {nearly that of light, 18 6,000 miles a 
second), and they are spontaneously emitted. Radium 
rays in a strong magnetic field show various distinctive 
properties according to which they are divided into al¬ 
pha, beta and gamma rays. 

'Radium sends out rays to which no body is absolutely 
impenetrable. They produce phosphorescence in many 
bodies. They are self-luminous. The light of radium 
salts resembles that of the glow-worm. Radium salts 
constantly develop heat; one gram of radium develops 
eighty calori^p or. sufficient to raise the temperature of 
80 grams of water one degree. Radium in a paste¬ 
board or metal box affects the human eye. If radium 
In a tube is placed against the skin for a short time, a 
scab forms from 15 to 2 0 days later. Longer applica¬ 
tion causes a bad wound, lameness and even death. 
Radium seems to develop energy constantly. This is ex¬ 
plained on two theories, either that radium is an ele¬ 
ment in process of development, or that it absorbs cer¬ 
tain unknown rays and transforms them into radio-ac¬ 
tive energy. Possibly radium is an unstable chemical 
element and helium is one of the products of its disin¬ 
tegration. No loss of weight or activity has as yet been 
observed in radium. 

All these discoveries and observations seem to lead to 
the startling conclusion that in the case of certain ele¬ 
ments at least the dreams of the ancient alchemists are 
true, for those elements all appear to be slowly but spon¬ 
taneously transforming themselves into other elements. 
Is there a natural process which does for the atoms what 
the / life process does among the molecules, continually 
disintegrating them into simpler forms and building these 
up again into more complex ones? 


129 


Total Number of Pupils and Students of All Grades 
Receiving Education In the United States 
1903-04. 

(Compiled from the Report of the United States Bureau 
of Education.) 


Pupils receiving elementary instruction (pri¬ 
mary and grammar grades), public.l 

Pupils receiving elementary instruction (pri¬ 
mary and grammar grades), private. 

Pupils receiving secondary instruction (high 

school grade), public . 

Pupils receiving secondary instruction (in 
preparatory schools, seminaries), private.. 
Students receiving higher education: 

Universities and colleges . 

Professional schools . 

Normal schools . 


6,256,038 

1,392,776 

635,808 

103,40 7 

1 4 7.5 69 
48:647 
70.272 


Total number receiving education.18,654,517 


FOUNDING OF NOTED COLLEGES. 

The University of Oxford has the reputation of having 
been founded by King Alfred in 872; but it is not con¬ 
firmed by any documentarj^ evidence. 

The University of Paris was iounded by King Philip II. 
about 1200. 

The first college of the University of Cambridge was 
founded by Hugo. Bishop of Ely, in 1257, 

The first university in the German Empire was at 
Prague, Bohemia, 1348, 

Trinity College, Dublin, was incorporated by royal 
charter in 1591. 

The University of Edinburgh was founded in 1582 by a 
charter granted by King James VI. of Scotland. 

Harvard University had its beginning at Newtown, 
afterward Cambridge, Mass., in 1630. 

Yale University had its beginning at Saybrook, Ct., in 
1700, and was removed to New Haven ir. 1716. 

William and Mary College: first steps taken toward es- 
tablishing it in 1617, erected at Williamsburg, Va.. and 
charter granted in 1693. 

The first common schools established by legislation in 
America were in Massachusetts. 1645; but the first town 
school was opened at Hartford, Ct., prior to 1642. 


GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 

First formed in Decatur, Ill., April 6, 1 866, at sug¬ 
gestion of Dr. B. F. Stephenson. The membership, June 
30, 1904, 246.261, divided into 6,149 Posts. 












130 

OUR CENTURY OP GROWTH. 

Nx)w that the field work for the twelfth census is prac¬ 
tically finished, at least so far as the count of the popula¬ 
tion is concerned, there is some opportunity to make a 
comparison of the year 1800 with the last year of the 
century—the 19 th—and to show the enormous strides, 
not only in the number of our people, but also in the in¬ 
dustrial and material situation. 

It also affords to the speculative mind an opportunity 
to peer into the future, and prophesy, perhaps, with that 
delightful uncertainty which characterizes all prophecy, 
as to what is in store for us in the year 2000. 

We were fairly launched as a nation in 1800, with a 
trifle'over 5,000,000 people scattered throughout thestates 
and western territories. Most of the inhabitants engaged 
in pastoral pursuits. There were no cities of import¬ 
ance, and comparatively few of the leading statesmen 
had any idea of the tremendous growth that would come 
to us in the century just expired. It is hardly possible 
that the eminent statesman and democratic leader, Jeff¬ 
erson, who laid down such wise rules for the government 
of the country, could have had the slightest idea what 
would be the size or government of a great city like Chi¬ 
cago or New York in the year A. D. 1901. Some of the 
Mdse things attributed to him do not seem to be adapted 
to the present conditions. 

The count, which began June last, shows that we have, 
including Alaska and the Hawaian Islands, something 
more than 76,000,000 people. All this in a hundred 
years! The percentage of growth has been much larger 
In America than in any important nation that pretends 
to take a regular census. This is accounted for in many 
ways, practically by the invitation to all the countries of 
Europe to send their people here, that homes would be 
granted and equal opportunities afforded them. Thus 
immigration has largely accounted for a percentage of 
our increase. 

The movement toward the west has been constant. 
While all of the agricultural lands of the United States 
are not taken up, yet a considerable portion of them are, 
and the tide must soon turn back from the Pacific coast, 
checked on the western side of the country by the ocean. 

It is not likely that the percentage of growth w r ill be as 
great in the ten decades following as it has been in the 
past, As a matter of fact it is well known that the in¬ 
crease in the number of people in congested countries iis 
very much'less than in newer regions. For example, in 
Germany, one of the strongest of the great nations of 
the earth, the increase is something like 11 per cent, each 
decade; in England about the same, and in France not to 
exceed 2 per cent., so that it is very diffldult to make a 


131 

hard and fast rule of increase so far as population 
is concerned. 

I think it is safe to say that the per cent, of growth in 
America will diminish during the next hundred years 
If, however, a rate of 18 per cent, increase is continued, 
we may look for something like 490,000,000 people in 
the year 2000. 

Professor Pritchett, formerly superintendent of the 
geodetic survey, estimates that the year 2000 will find 
Uncle Sam’s children numbering about 330.000,000. It 
is possible that the latter figure is more nearly correct. 
There are so many elements that enter into the situation 
that it is not possible to prophesy the population of 2000 
with any degree of accuracy. 

The great cities of New York and Chicago will un¬ 
doubtedly continue to increase with great rapidity. New 
York is likely to have 30,000,000 people at the end of 
this century, and Chicago in proportion. 

The indications point to a remarkable expansion in our 
commerce, owing to the increase of trade with the Orient, 
and we may fairly indulge in the hope and belief that the 
western side of the continent will enhance in population 
and material growth in a proportionately larger way 
than heretofore. 

Naturally enough there should be great shipbuilding 
and vast manufacturing enterprises growing out of the 
trade with China and the Philippine Islands. 

I think one is justified in the belief that a great city, 
perhaps the equivalent of Chicago, will find a resting 
place on the sea on the western side of the continent in 
response to the commercialism that is now ahead of us. 

While we have new problems of governmental policy 
confronting us, I am one of those who believe that we 
shall solve them as we go along, and that our country 
will continue to offer the best opportunities in life for 
the greatest number of people, and that a century hence 
we shall still be the greatest republic of the world’s 
history, and continue in our material and intellectual 
growth as foretold by the fathers. 

W. R. MERRIAM, 

Director of the Census. 


How Looking Glasses Are Made. 

After the glass has been carefully polished on both 
sides it is laid on a firm table (usually of stone), with up¬ 
turned edges, and one or more sheets of tin-foil are laid 
upon the plate. Quick-silver is then spread over it, and 
at once forms an amalgam with the tin, making a re¬ 
flecting surface. 



132 


The Mayflower’s Passengers. 

A true list of the male passengers who landed at Plymouth 
in the Mayflower., 


Mr. Isaac Allerton, 

John Alden, 

John Allerton, 

Mr. William Bradford, 

Mr. William Brewster, 
John Billington, 

Peter Brown, 

Richard Britterage, 

Mr. John Carver, 

Francis Cook, 

James Chilton. 

John Crackston, 

Richard Clarke, 

Edward Dotey, 

Francis Eaton, 

Thomas English, 

Mr. Samuel Fuller. 
Edward Fuller, 

Moses Fletcher, 

John Goodman, 

Gilbert 


Richard Gardiner, 

John Howland, 

Mr. Stephen Hopkins, 
Edward Leister, 

Mr. Christopher Martin, 
Mr. William Mullins, 
Edmund Margeson, 
Degony Priest, 

Thomas Rogers, 

John Rigdaie, 

Captain Miles StandLsh, 
George Soule, 

Edward Tilly, 

John Tilly, 

Thomas Tinker, 

John Turner, 

Mr. Edward Winslow, 
Mr. William White, 

Mr. Richard Warren, 
Thomas Williams, 
Winslow. 


AND SERVANTS AS FOLLOWS; 


Carter, 

Coper, 

Ely, 

Ilolbeck, 

Hooke, 


Langemore, 

Latham, 

M inter, 

More, 

Prower, 


Sampson, 

Story, 

Thompson, 

Trevore, 

Wilder. 


THIRTEEN GREAT WONDERS IN AMERICA. 

Croton Aqueduct, in New York City. 

City Park, Philadelphia, Pa., largest in the wmrld. 

Yellowstone National Pai’k. 

Lake Superior, the largest lake in the world. 

Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. 

Colorado Canon, with walls 6,500 feet high. 

Niagara Falls, three-quarters of a mile wide, 175 feet 
high. 

Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, in Virginia. 

New State Capitol, at Albany, N. V. 

New York and Brooklyn Bridge. 

The Central Park, in New York City. 

Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., 555 feet 
high. 

Yosemite Valley, California; 5 7 miles from Coulter- 
ville. A valley from 8 to 10 miles long, and about one 
mile wide. Has very steep slopes about 3,500 , feet high; 
has a perpendicular precipice 3,089 feet high; a rock 
almost perpendicular. 3,270 feet high; and waterfalls 
from 7 00 to 1,0 00 feet high. 



133 

FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY. 

The weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. 
avoirdupois; that of the female is not quite 61 lbs. 
The maximum weight (140| lbs.) of the male is at¬ 
tained at the age of 40; that of the female (nearly 
124 lbs.) is not attained until 50; from which ages 
they decline afterwards; the male to 127£ lbs., the 
female to 100 lbs., nearly a stone. The full-grown 
adult is 20 times as heavy as a new-born infant. 
In the first year he triples his weight, afterwards 
the growth proceeds in geometrical progression, 
so that if 50 infants in their first year weigh 1,000 
lbs., they will in the second weigh 1,210 lbs.; in 
the third 1,331; in the fourth 1,464 lbs.; the term 
remaining very constant rp to the ages of 11-12 in 
females, and 12-13 in males, where it must be 
nearly doubled; afterwards it may be continued, 
and will be found nearly correct up to the age of 
18 or 19, when the growth proceeds very slowly. 
At an equality of age the male is generally heavier 
than the female. Towards the age of 12 years only 
an individual of each sex has the same weight. 
The male attains the maximum weight at about the 
age of 40, and he begins to lose it very sensibly 
towards 60. At 80 he loses about 13.2328 lbs., and 
the stature i diminished 2.756 inches. Ih males 
attain their maximum w T eight at about 50 The 
mean weight of a mature man is 140 lbs.,ami of ao 
average woman 94 lbs. In old age they lose about 
l2or 1 4 lbs. Men weigh most at 40, women at 60, 
and begin to lose weight at 60. The mean weight 
of both sexes in old age is that which they had 
at 19. / 

When the male and female have assumed their 
complete development they weigh almost exactly 
20 times as much as at birth, while the stature is 
about 3£ times greater. 

Children lose weight during-the first three days 
after birth; at the age of a week they sensidly in¬ 
crease; after one year they triple their weight, then 


9 


134 

they require six years to double their weight, and 13 to quad* 
ruple it. 

It has been computed that nearly two years’ sickness is ex¬ 
perienced by every person before he is 70 years old, and there¬ 
fore that 10 days per annum is the average sickness of human 
life. Till 40 it is but half, and after 50 it rapidly increases. 
The mixed and fanciful diet of man is considered the cause 
of numerous diseases from which animals are exempt. Many 
diseases have abated with changes of diet, and others are vir¬ 
ulent in particular countries, arising from peculiarities. 

Human Longevity .—Of 100,000 male and female children, in 
the first month they are reduced to 90,396, or nearly a tenth. 
In the second, to 87,936. In the third, to 86,175. In the fourth, 
to 84,720. In the fifth, to 83,571. In the sixth, to 82,526, and 
by the end of the first year to 77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. 
The next four years reduces the 77,528 to 62,448, indicating 37,- 
552 deaths before the completion of the fifth year. 

At 25 years the 100,000 are half, or 49,995; at 52, one-third. 
At 58% a fourth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth, at 76, a tenth; at 81, a 
twentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100. Children die in large 
proportions because their disease cannot be explained, and be¬ 
cause the organs are not habituated to the functions of life. 
The mean of life varies in different countries from 40 to 45. A 
generation from father to son is about 30 years; of men in 
general 5-6ths die before 70, and 15-16ths before 80. After 80 it 
is rather endurance than enjoyment. The nerves are blunted, 
the senses fail, the muscles are rigid, the softer tubes become 
hard, the memory fails, the brain ossifies, the affections are 
buried, and hope ceases. The 16th die at 80; except a 133d, at 
90. The remainder die from inability to live, at or before 100. 

About the age of 36 the lean man usually becomes fatter and 
the fat man leaner. Again, between the years 43. and 50 hie 
appetite fails, his complexion fades, and his tongue is apt to 
he furred on the least exertion of body or mind. At thispe- 
riod his muscles become flabby, his joints weak; his spirits 
droop, and his sleep is imperfect and unrefreshing, i^fter 
Buffering under these complaints a year, or perhaps two, he 
starts afresh with renewed vigor, and goes on to 61 or 62, 
when a similar change takes but with aggravated syrup- 


toms. When these grand periods have been successively 
passed, the gravity of incumbent years is more strongly 
marked, and he begins to boast of his age. 

In Russia, much more than in any other country, instances 
of longevity are numerous, if true. In the report of the Holy 
Synod, in 1827, during the year 1825, and only among the 
Greek religion, 848 men had reached upwards of 100 years ot 
age; 32 had passed their 120th year; 4 from 130 to 135. Out or 
606,818 men who died in 1826, 2,765 were above 90; 1,432 above 
95; and 848 above 100 years of age. Among this last number 
88 were above 115; 24 more than !20; 7 above 125; and one 
130. Riley asserts that Arabs in the Desertdive 200 years. 

On'the average, men have their first-born at 30 and women 
at 28. The greatest number of deliveries take place between 
25 and 35. The greatest number] of deliveries |take place in 
winter months, and in February, and the smallest in July,C* 
to February, as 4 to 5 in towns and 3 to 4 in the country. 
The night births are to the day as 5 to 4. 

Human Strength .—In Schulze’s experiments on human, 
strength, he 'found that men of’ five feet, weighing 126 lbs.* 
could lift vertically 156 lbs. 8 inches; 217 lbs. 1.2 inches. Oth* 
ers, 6.1 feet, weighing 183 lbs., 156 lbs. 13 inches, and 217 lbs. © 
inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158 lbs., 156 lbs. 16^ 
inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a great variety of experi¬ 
ments he determined the mean human strength at 30 lbs., 
with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second; or it is equal to the 
raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a minute. 

A good authority reckoned 1 horse equal to 5 men. Porters 
carry from 150 to 250 pounds. A man draws horizontally 70 to 
80 lbs., and thrusts at the height of his chest 28 or 30 lbs. In 

hot climates men cannot perform half the continued labor. A 
man’s mean labor is sufficient to raise 10 lbs. 10 feet in a sec* 
ond, for 10 hours per day, or 100 lbs. 1 foot in a second, or 36,* 
000 feet in 10 hor.s; that is, 100 pounds per day would be 
3,600,000 feet in a day, which he calls a dynamic unit. The 
force of a man in turning a winch is taken at 116 lbs.; or as 
much as would raise 256 lbs. 3,281 feet in a day; his force in 
pumping is as 190, or equal to 410 lbs. in 3,281 feet; in ring* 
ing, 259, or 572 lbs. in 3,281 feet; and in rowing 273, or 608 lbs. 
in 3,281 feet. In working a pump, a winch, a bell, and rowing, 
the effects are as 100. 167, 227 and 248. A mau with an augur 
exerts a force of 100 lbs., with a screw-driver of 84 lbs., with 
a windlass 60 lbs., a hand-plane 50 lbs., a hand-saw 36 lbs. 


136 



The Times (of London, England), in the issue of May 
18, 1819, thus announced the expected event: 

Great Experiment.—A new steam vessel of 3 00 tons 
has been built at New York for the express purpose of 
carrying passengers across the Atlantic. She is to come 
to Liverpool direct.” 

This steamer, named the Savannah, the first that 
crossed the Atlantic, was built at New York by Francis 
Picket. II er engines were made by Stephen Vail, of 
Morristown. She was launched on the 2 2d of August, 
1818. She could carry only seventy-five tons of coal and 
twenty-five cords of wood. Commanded by Captain 
Moses Rogers, of New London, Conn., the Savannah 
sailed from Savannah, Ga., on the 2 5th day of May, 
1S19, bound for St. Petersburg via Liverpool. She 
reached the latter port on the 2 0th of June, having used 
steam eighteen days out of the twenty-six. 











137 


United States Merchant Marine — 1904_ see page 97 . 


Class. 

ENGAGED IN 
FOREIGN TRADE. 

ENGAGED IN 
COASTWISE TRADE, 

Number. 

Tonnage. 

Number. 

Tonnage. 

Steamers. 

Sailing vessels. 

338 

} 

549,938 

8,115 

3,041,262 

Canal Boats_ 

Barges. 

- 828 

388,690 

13,744 

2,293,902 

Total ... . 

1,166 

888,628 

21,859 

5,335,164 


Tonnage of the Merchant Navies of the Principal 
Maritime Countries, 1850-1904. 


Countries.) 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

U. States ... 

3,485.266 

5,299.175 

4.194,740 

4,068.034 

Gt. Britain.. 

4,232,962 

5,710.968 

7,149,134 

8,447,171 

France. 

688,153 

996.124 

1,072.048 

919,298 

Norway.... 

298,315 

558,927 

1.022,515 

1,518,665 

Sweden. 



346,862 

542.642 

Denmark.... 



178,646 

249,466 

Germany.... 



982,355 

1.182,097 

Netherlands 

292,576 

433,922 

388.614 

328,281 

Belgium. 

34,919 

33,111 

30,149 

75,066 

Italy. 



1,012,164 

999,196 

Austria- 



Hungary 



329.377 

290,971 

Greece. 


263,075 

404,063 


Countries. 

1890 

1895 

1902 

1904 

U. States— 

4,424,497 

4,635,960 

5,797,902 

6,291,535 

Gt. Brlt’ain.. 

11,597,106 

13,424,146 

15,546.897 

16,969,014 

France. 

1,045,102 

1.154.783 

1,519,922 

1.760,609 

Norway. 

1,584.355 

1,713.611 

1,632,7o7 

1,779,991 

Sweden. 

475.964 

515,010 

690.173 

791,627 

Denmark.... 

280,055 

366,585 

538,493 

632,972 

Germany.... 

1.569,311 

1,8j65.490 

3,138,568 

3.393,140 

Netherlands 

378,784 

469,695 

612.920 

722,123 

Belgium. 

110,571 

116,331 

.171,201 

156,231 

Italy. 

816,567 

838,101 

1,159,082 

1,259,122 

Austria- 





Hungary 

269.648 

306,119 

556.103 

574.976 

Greece. 

307,640 

381,180 

343.157 

517.307 




































































133 

TJIE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1 George Washington, born Westmoreland Co., Va., 1732; E.; 

inaugurated 1789, age 57; Fed.; died Mt. Vernon, Va., 1799. 

2 John Adams, born Quincy, Mass., 1735; E.; inaugurated 1797, 

age 02; Fed.; died Quincy, Mass., 1826. 

3 Thomas Jefferson, born Shadwell, Va., 1743; W.; inaugurated 

1801, age 58; Rep.; died Monticello, Va., 1826. 

4 James Madison, born Port Conway, Va., 1751; E.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1809, age 58; Rep.; died Montpelier, Va., 1836. 

5 James Monroe, bom Westmoreland, Co., Va., 1758; S.; in¬ 
augurated 1817, age 59; llep.; died New York, N. Y., 1831. 

6 John Quincy Adams, born Quincy, Mass., 1767; E.; inaugu¬ 
rated 1825, age 58; Rep.; died Washington, D. C., 1848. 

7 Andrew Jackson, born Union Co., N. C., 1767; S.-I.; inau¬ 

gurated 1829, age 62; Dem.; died Hermitage, Tenn., 1845. 

8 Martin Van Buren, born Kinderhook, N. Y., 1782; D.; in¬ 

augurated 1837, age 55; Dem.; Lindenwold, N. Y., 1862. 

9 William H. Harrison, born Berkeley, Va., 1773; E.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1841, age 68; Whig; died Washington, D. C., 1841. 

10 John Tyler, born Greenway, Va., 1790; E.; inaugurated 1811, 

age 51; Dem.; died Richmond, Va., 1862. 

11 James K. Polk, born Mecklenburg Co., N. C., 1795; S.-I.; 

inaugurated 1345, age 50; Dem.; died Nashville, Tenn., 1849. 

12 Zachary Taylor, born Orange Co., Va., 1784; E.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1849, age 65; Whig; died Washington, D. C., 1850. 

13 Millard Fillmore, born Summerhill, N. Y., 1800; E.; inaugu- 

ed 1850, age 50; Whig; died Buffalo, N. Y., 1874. 

14 Franklin Pierce, born Hillsboro, N. Y., 1804; E.; inaugurated 

1853, age 49; Dem.; died Concord, N. H., 1869. 

15 James Buchanan, bom Cove Gap, Pa., 1791; S.-I.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1857, age 66; Dem.; died Wheatland, Pa., 1868. 

16 Abraham Lincoln, bora Larue Co., Ky., 1809; E.; inaugu¬ 
rated 1861, age 52; Rep.; died Washington, D. C., 1865. 

17 Andrew Johnson, born Raleigh, N. C., 1808; E.; inaugurated 

1865, age 57; Rep.; died Carter’s Depot, Tenn., 1875. 

18 Ulysses S. Grant, born Point Pleasant, O., 1822; S.; inau¬ 
gurated 1859, age 47; Rep.; died Mt. McGregor, N. Y., 1885. 

19 Rutherford B. . Hayes, Delaware, O., 1822; S.; inaugurated 

1877, age 54; Rep.; died Fremont, O., 1893. 

20 James A, Garfield, bom Cuyahoga Co., O., 1831; E.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1831, age 49; Rep.; died Elberon, N. J., 1881. 

21 Chester A. Arthur, bom Fairfield, Vt., 1830; S.-I.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1881, age 51; Rep.; died New York, N. Y., 1886. 

22 Grover Cleveland, born Caldwell, N. J., 1837; E.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1885, age ■ 48; Dem. 

23 Benjamin Harrison, born North Bend, O., 1833; E.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1889, age 55; Rep.; died Indianapolis, Ind., 1901. 

24 Grover Cleveland, bora Caldwell, N. J., 1837; E.; inaugu¬ 

rated 1893, 56; Dem. K 

25 William McKinley, born Niles, O., 1843; S.-I.; inaugurated 

1897, age 54; Rep.; died Buffalo, N. Y., 1901. 

26 Theodore Roosevelt, born New York, N. Y„ 1858; D. • inau¬ 

gurated 1901, age 43; Rep. 

E- EngHsh; S., Scotch; S.-I., Scotch-Irish; W., Welsh; D„ 
Dutch; led., Federal; Rep,, Republican; Dem., Democrat. 


139 

HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON—His death was the result of a se¬ 
vere cold, contracted while riding around his farm in a rain 
and sleet storm on December 10, 1799. The cold increased, and 
was iollowed by a chill, which brought on acute laryngitis. His 
death occurred on December 14, 1799. lie was 08 years of age. 

JOHN ADAMS—He died from old age, having reached his 
91st milestone. Though active mentally, he was nearly blind 
and unable to hold a pen steadily enough to. write. He passed 
away without a pain on July 4, 1820. 

THOMAS JEFFERSON-He died at the age of 83, a few 
hours before Adams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was chronic 
diarrhea, superinduced by old age, and, his physician said, the 
too free use of the waters of the White Sulphur Springs. 

JAMES MADISON—He, too, died of old age, and, peacefully, 
on June 28, 1836. His faculties were undimmed to the last. He 
was 85. 

JAMES MONROE—At the time of his death, which occurred 
in the 73rd year of his age, on July 4, 1831, it -was assigned to 
enftebled health. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS—He was stricken with paralysis on 
February 21, 1848, while addressing the Speaker of the House of 
Representatives, being at the time a Member of Congress. He 
died in the rotunda of the Capitol. He was 81 years of age. 

ANDREW JACKSON—He died on June 8, 1845, 78 years old. 
He suffered from consumption, and finally dropsy, which made 
its appearance about six months before his death. 

MARTIN VAN BIJREN-He died on July 24, 1862, from a 
violent attack of asthma, followed by catarrhal affections of the 
throat and lungs. He was 80 years of age. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON—The cause of his death was 
pleurisy, the result of a cold which he caught on the day of 
his inauguration. He died April 4, 1841, 68 years of age. 

JOHN TYLER—Tie died on January 17, ISC’, at, the age of 72. 

JAMES K. POLK—Died of cholera morbus on June 15, 1849, 
aged 54 years. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR-He died of cholera morbus in the 
White House, July 9, 1850, 65 years old. 

MILLARD FILMORE—He died from a stroke of paralysis on 
March 8, 1874, in his 74th year. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE—His death was due to abdominal 
dropsy, and occurred on Oct. 8, 1869, in the 65th year of his life. 

JAMES BUCHANAN—His death occurred on June 1, 1868, and 
was caused by rheumatic gout. He was 77 years of age. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN—Shot by .T. Wilkes Booth at Ford’s 
Theater, • Washington, April 14, "V865; died the following day, 
aged 56. 

ANDREW JOHNSON—He died from a stroke of paralysis, 
July 31, 1875, aged 67. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT—A cancer at the root of the tongue 
caused his death on July 23. 1885, at the age of 63 years. 

JAMES A. GARFIELD—Shot by a disappointed office-seeker 
on July 2, 1881; died Sept. 15; 49 years of age. 

CHESTER A. ARTHUR—Died of Bright’s disease Nov. 18, 
188 r ; 56 years old. $ 

WILLIAM McKINLEY—Shot by an anarchist Sept. S, 1901; 
died Sept. 14; 58 years of age. 

BENJAMIN HARRISON—Died of pneumonia, March 3, 1901; 
67 years of age. 


foreign Trade of the United States, Value of Imports and Exports of Merchandise, 1874-1900. 


140 






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Imports and Exports of Specie are not included in above table. (See page 125 .) 






































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142 


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800 

500 

8,‘290 

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143 

THE ARflY LAW OF 1901. 


Officers and Men in the Regular Service. 

The fight in Congress, lasting four years, has resulted 
in the passage of a law reorganizing the regular army, 
and putting the United States in line with the rest of 
the world in the matter of the organization of the mili¬ 
tary arm of the Government. 

In 1899, Congress directed the three-battalion organ¬ 
ization for infantry. Thus, a regiment consists of 12 
companies, divided into 3 battalions of 4 companies each, 
with 3 majors per regiment. But the act made the organ¬ 
ization temporary, by requiring the army, on the first 
day of July, 1901. to be reduced to about 27.000. 

The necessity for legislation by the 56th Congress was 
imperative. There were more than 60,000 soldiers in the 
Philippines alone. 35,000 of these had to be mustered 
out before the first ot July, 1901. There were over 400 
posts in the Philippines held by troops, and to remove 
them before others had taken their places would have 
been fraught with grave consequences, as the natives 
would hav': construed such a move as evidence of weak¬ 
ness. 

The new law gives us 1 lieutenant-general. 6 majors, 
general; 15 brigadiers-general; a corps of artillery num¬ 
bering 18,920 enlisted men: 15 regiments of cavalry and 
30 regiments of infantry. In addition to this we have an 
adjutant and inspector general's departments, where no 
permanent appointments shall be made, and where va 
cancies, in the future, shall be filled only by assigning an 
officer from the line. A corps of engineers is now pro¬ 
vided by law. There will be a medical corps, a judge 
advocate’s corps, a quartermaster and subsistence depart¬ 
ments, and a pay corps. Added to these, are a signal 
corps, with the system in full force after original vacan¬ 
cies are filled, an ordnance department and a record and 
pension bureau. Finally, the new law Las established 
a corps of women nurses. 

The army, at a maximum in all arms of the service, 
will he 100,000 men, and at the minimum 58,000; but 
there is no minimum of artillery. The full force is 
needed to man our coast defense batteries and supply 
our field artillery; deducting the 19,000 men of the ar¬ 
tillery corps, our cavalry atid infantry, on a peace foot¬ 
ing, will not number 40,000 men. Every lover of his 
country can rejoice that this act creates a small, perfectly 
organized force, which can, in time of need, be immedi¬ 
ately expanded, and under competent and experienced 
officers can form the first fighting line and hold an enemy 
in check until the volunteers can be mustered in the 
service. 



144 


THE WEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

According to the United States Census of 18 90. 

The value of real and personal property as actually 
assessed by the orlicials of the several states and terri¬ 
tories has always formed the basis of the decennial esti¬ 
mates of the wealth of the United States. The following 
table shows estimated true value of all property and the 
value of real estate and personal property as assessed, 
at various periods in the recent past. 


Estimated True 

Years. Assessed Valuation. Valuation. 

1860. $12,084,560,005 $16,159,616,068 

1 870. 1 4,1 78,986,732 30,068,518,507 

1880. 16,902,993,543 43,642,000.000 

1890. 2 4.249,589,804 62,610,000.000 

1900. 29,546,000,000 63,800.000 000 

1905.'. 34,78 3,000,000 65,000,000,000 


WHEAT CHOP OF THE WORLD, IN 


1902. 

45.827,495 

79,752,404 


Kansas. 

Minnesota. 

N. Dakota.... 
Washington... 

Illinois . 

U. S. 

Canada . 

Mexico . 

Chile . 

Argentine .... 
Gt. Britain.. 

Ireland . 

France . 

Spain . 

Italy . 

Germany . 

Aust. Hung.. 
Roumania .... 


Turkey in A.. 

Brit. Ind. 

Japan . 

Algeria . 

Egypt .. 

Australia . 


1900. 

82.488,655 
51,509,252 
13,176,213 
25,096,661 
17,982,068 
522,230,000 
53,701,000 
12,429,000 
12 . 000,000 
101,655,000 
5 4,2 9 9.0 00 
1,682,000 
326,083,000 
100,703,000 
1 33,741,000 
141,1 39,000 
194,91 6,000 
56,663,000 
20 , 000,000 


62,131,000 
30,000,000 
200 , 000,000 
21 , 688,000 
23,000,000 
13,000,000 
50,1 1 1,000 


62,872,241 
23,672.187 
32,601,932 
670,063,000 
98,654,000 
8,447,000 
12 ,. 000,000 
56.380,000 
58,463,000 
1,602,000 
327,841,000 
133,523,000 
159,000,000 
1 43,31 5,000 
234,856,000 
76.220,000 
25,000,000 
560,755,000 
84.718,000 
35,000,000 
227,380,000 
20 , 000,000 
33,804,000 
12 , 000,000 
43.927,000 


BUSHELS. 

1904. 

65,019.471 
6S,344.256 
53,892,193 
32,140.603 
21,542.421 
552,400,000 
76,427,000 
12 , 000,000 
13,000.000 
120 , 598.000 
38,043,000 
1,040,000 
296,606.000 
110 , 000.000 
150,400,000 
139,803,000 
203,998,000 
53,738,000 
23,000.000 
61 6.62S,000 
90,142,000 
33,000,000 
357,162,000 
21 , 000.000 
26,087,000 
1 2 , 000.000 
84,627,000 


Turkey in E 
Russia in E..396,022,000 
Russia in A.. 

























145 

THE NATION’S DEAD. 

A recent; report shows that the nation’s dead are buried 
3n seventy-nine national cemeteries, of which twelve are 
In the Northern States. Among the principal ones in the 
North are Cyrus Hill, Brooklyn, N.Y., with its 3,786 dead; 
Finn’s Point, N.J.. which contains the remains of 2,644 
unknown dead; Gettysburg, Pa„ with 1,067 known, and 
1,608 unknown dead; Mound City, Ill., with 2,505 known 
and 2,721 unknown graves: Philadelphia, with 1,909 
dead, and Woodlawn, Elmira, N.Y., with its 3,090 dead. 
In the South, near the scenes of terrible conflicts, are 
located the largest depositories of the nation’s heroic 
dead: 

Arlington, Va., 16,264, of whom 4,349 are unknown. 
Beaufort. S.C., 9,241, of whom 4,493 are unknown. 
Chalmette, La., 12,511, of whom 5.674 are unknown. 
Chattanooga, Tenn., 12,962, of whom 4,963 are urn 

known. 

Fredericksburg, Va., 15,257, of whom 12,770 are ua 

known. 

Jefferson Bai’racks, Mo., 11,490, of whom 2,906 are un 

known. 

Little Rock, Ark., 5,602, of whom 2.337 are unknown. 
City Point. Va., 5,122, of whom 1,374 are unknown. 
Marietta. Ga.. 10,151, of whom 2.963 are unknown 
Memphis, Tenn., 13,91^7, of whom 8,817 are unknown. 
Nashville, Tenn., 16,526. of whom 4,701 are unknown 
Popular Grove, Va., 6,199. of whom 4,001 are uc 
known. 

Richmond, Va., 6,542, of whom 5,700 are unknown. 
Salisbury, N.C., 12,126, of whom 12,032 are unknown. 
Stone River, Tenn., 5.602, of whom 288 are unknown. 
Vicksburg, Miss., 16,600, of whom 12,704 are unknown. 
Anttetam, Va., 4,671, of whom 1,818 are unknown. 
Winchester, Va., 4,559, of whom 2,365 are unknown. 

In all, the remains of 300,000 men who fought for the 
Stars and Stripes find guarded graves in our national 
cemeteries. Two cemeteries are mainly devoted to the 
brave men who perished in the loathsome prisons of the 
same name—Andersonville, Ga., which contains 13,714 
graves, and Salisbury, with its 12,126 dead, of whom 
12,032 are unknown. 


REMARKABLE WATERFALLS, 


Niagara Falls. North America. 164 feet 

Montmorency Falls, Quebec, Canada. 250 '• 

Natchikin Falls, Kamsehatka. 300 “ 

Lanterbaum, Lake Theen. Switzerland. 900 “ 

Falls of Arve, Savoy.1.100 “ 

Cerosola Cascade Alps, Switzerland...-.2.400 * 









146 


United States Pension Statistics. ri87i-i 

Number of Pension Claims, Pensioners and Disbursement, L1900 J 


Fiscal year end¬ 
ing June 30. 

Army and Navy. 
Claims allowed. 

Total num¬ 
ber of ap¬ 
plications 
filed. 

Total 
number of 
claims 
allowed. 

Inva¬ 

lids. 

Widows, 

etc. 

1871. 

7,934 

8,399 

43,969 

16,562 

1872.. 

6,468 

7,244 

26,391 

34,333 

1873. 

6,551 

4 073 

18,303 

16,052 

1874. 

5,987 

3,152 

16,734 

10,462 

1875. 

5,70$ 

4.736 

18,704 

11,152 

1876. 

5,36“ 

4.376 

23,523 

9,977 

1877. 

7,282 

3,861 

22,715 

11,326 

1878. 

7,414 

3,550 

44,587 

11,962 

1879. 

7,242 

3,379 

57,118 

31,348 

1880. 

10,176 

4,455 

141,466 

19,545 

1881. 

21,394 

3,920 

31,116 

27,394 

1882. 

22,946 

3,999 

40,939 

27,664 

1883.... 

32,014, 

5,303 

48,776 

38,162 

1884.. 

27,414 

6,366 

41,785 

34,192 

1885. 

27,580, 

7,743 

40,918 

35,767 

1886. 

31,937 

8,610 

49,895 

40,857 

1887. 

35,288’ 

11,217 

72,465 

65,194 

1888. 

44,893 

15,359 

75,726 

60,252 

1889. 

36,830 

11,924 

81,220 

51,912 

1890.. 

50,395 

14,612 

105,044 

66,637 

1891. 



696,941 

156.486 

1892. 



246,638 

224 047 

1893./.. 



119.361 

121 639 

1894. 



57,141 

39 085 

1895. 



45,361 

39 185 

1896. 



42 244 

40 374 

1897. 



50 585 

50 101 

1898. 



48,73? 

52 648 

1899. 



53.881 

37 077 

1900.. 



51,964| 

42,645 























































147 


United States Pension Statistics—Continued- 


Fiscal y’r 
ending 
June 30. 


1871.. .. 

1872.. .. 

1878.. .. 

1874.. .. 

1875.. .. 

1876.. .. 

1877.. .. 

1878.. .. 

1879.. .. 

1880.. .. 
1881..., 
1882..., 

1883.. .. 

1684.. .. 

1085.. .. 

1886.. .. 

1887.. .. 

1888.. .. 

1889.. . 

1890.. .. 
[891.. 

1892.. 

1893.. 

1894.. 

1895.. 

1896.. 

1897.. 
1898 . 

1899.. 

1900.. 

1905.. 


Number of pensioners on the roll and the amount 
paid for pensions, with cost of disbursements. 


Inva¬ 

lids. 

Widows, 

etc. 

Total. 

. 93,394 

114,101 

207,495 

. 113,954 

118.275 

232,229 

. 119,500 

118,911 

238,411 

. 121,628 

114,613 

236,241 

. 122,989 

111,832 

234,821 

. 124,239 

107,898 

232,137 

. 128,723 

103,381 

222,104 

. 131,649 

92.349 

223.998 

. 138,615 

104,140 

242,755 

. 145,410 

105,392 

250,802 

. 164,110 

104,720 

268,830 

. 182.633 

103,064 

285,697 

. 206,042 

97,616 

303,658 

. 225,470 

97,286 

322,756 

. 247,146 

97,979 

345,125 

. 270,346 

95,437 

365,783 

. 306,298 

99,709 

406,007 

. 343,701 

108,857 

452,557 

. 351,284 

173,241 

489,725 

. 415,654 

122,290 

537,944 

. 536,821 

139,339 

676,160 

. 703,242 

172,826 

876,068 

. 759,706 

206,306 

966,012 

. 754,382 

215,162 

969,544 

. 750,951 

219,567 

970,524 

. 747,967 

222,557 

970,678 

. 746,829 

229,185 

976,014 

. 760,853 

232,861 

993,714 

. 753,451 

238.068 

991,519 

.1751,864 

241,674 

983,529 

717,158 

281,283 

998*441 


Disbursements: 


33,077,384.00 

30,169,341.00 

29,185,290.00 

30,593,750.00 

29,683,117.00 

28,351,600.00 

28,580,157.00 

26,844,415.00 

33,780,526.00 

57,240,540.00 

50,626,539.00 

54,296,281.00 

60,431,973.00 

57,273,537.00 

65,693,707.00 

64,584,270.00 

74.815,486.85 

79.646,146.37 

88,275,113.28 

106,493.890.19 

118,548,959.71 

141,086,948.84 

158,144,342.51 

140.772,163.68 

140,959,361.00 

139,280,075.00 

140,845,772.00 

145,748,865.56 

139,482,696.00 

139,381,522.73 

142,099,286.05 




































WARS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

STATEMENT OF THE KUMEER OF I'NITEB STATES TROOPS ENGAGED 

















































150 


WATCS OF THE UNITED STATES —Continued. 

Killed in battle, 61.362; died of wounds, 34,727; died 
of disease, 183,287; total died, 279,3 76; total deserted, 
1 99.105. 

Number of soldiers in the Confederate service, who 
died of wounds or disease (partial statement), 13 3,8 21. 
Deserted (partial statement), 104,428. 

Number of United States troops captured during the 
war, 212,608; Confederate troops captured, 476,169. 

Number of United States troops paroled on the field, 
16,431; Confederate troops paroled on the field, 24 8,599. 

Number of United States troops who died while prison¬ 
ers, 29,725; Confederate troops who died while prison¬ 
ers, 2 6,774. 

The casualties on the American side in the last war 
with Great Britain, 1812-15, were: Killed, 1,87 7; 
wounded, 3,737; total, 5,614. 

The casualties on the American side in the war with 
Mexico, 184 6-48, were: Killed, 1,049; died of wounds, 
904; wounded, 3,42 0. 

The estimated cost to the United States of the Revo¬ 
lutionary War was $13 5,193,703; of the war of 1812 
with Great Britain, $10 7,159,003; of the Mexican War, 
$100,000,000; of the Civil War (including all expenses 
growing out of the war), $6,1S9,929,909. 

For Spanish-American War see pages 530-32. 

The height of the railway bridge at Niagara river, 
above the river, is 2 50 feet. 


AGGREGATE DEBT OF NATION, STATES AND 
C OUNTIES, 1SSO AND 185)0. 



1880 

1890 

PER 

HEAD 


1880 

1890 

The Unites States 

$1,922,517,364 

$915,962,112 

$38.33 

$14.63 

The Several States 





and Territories. 

290,326,643 

223,107,883 

5 69 

3.56 

The Several Coun- 





ties. 

. 124,105,027 

141,950,845 

2.47 

2.27 

Total. ... 

$2,336,949,034 

$1,281,020,840 

$46.59 

$20.46 






















DEBTS, REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF 
THE WORLD’S NATIONS IN 1003. 


Interest 
Total in and other 
United unnual 

Country States charges Revenue 

currency. (budget 
estimate.) 

Argentine . $479,765,265 $35,021,820 $62,723,000 

Australasia . 1,084,605,444 41,919,208 140,755,000 

New Zealand.. 275,439,126 9,251,114 31,376,000 

Austria-Hungary 1,107,464,025 50,910,903 75,896,000 

Austria . 739,020,208 34,279,394 350,009.000 

Hungary . 1,038,585,000 49,046,091 220,672,000 

Belgium . 544,052.979 27,702,551 122,657,000 

Bolivia . 6,180,602 253,661 3,614,000 

Brazil . 540,683,936 23,974,043 137,295,000 

British colonies.. 368,763,125 12,000,000 121,885,000 

Bulgaria . 62.428,200 5,094,670 18,917,000 

Canada . 271,829,090 13,808,565 58,051,000 

Chile . 107,304,151 4,727,871 38,684,000 

China . 613,140,000 30,452,000 62,710,000 

Colombia . 14,494,792 Default . 

Costa Rica. 14,603,556 623,496 2,820,000 

Denmark . 66,033,849 2,184,254 20,306,000 

Ecuador . 5,746,628 393,018 5,208,000 

Egypt . 600,743,871 21,712.993 60,051,000 

Finland . 25,897,277 1,156,583 25,555,000 

France . 5,856,706,403 227,761,491 695,276,000 

Tunis . 30,433,784 1,333,537 6,158,000 

German empire.. 698,849,400 23.582,000 495,853,000 

German states .. 2,687,621,000 111,121,700 904,287,000 

Greece . 159,787,136 4,473,046 14,664,000 

Guatemala . 12,142,334 704,621 2,046,000 

Hayti . 27,961,249 2,965,390 7,327,000 

Honduras . 96,249,771 229,826 1,373,000 

India—British ... 1,102,905,139 36,223,068 371,531,000 

Italy . 2,560,605,000 114,422,546 375,000,000 

Japan . 261,857,143 21,705,421 133,039,000 

Korea . 5,362,000 

Mexico . 175,915,345 9,070,028 29,171,000 

Netherlands . 463,150,904 13,963,005 61,526,000 

Nicaragua . 5,590,636 372,410 2,403,000 

Norway . 70,376,355 2,672,415 27,000,000 

Paraguay . 11,223,805 152,446 11,007,000 

Persia . 16,737,500 1,000,000 7,300,000 

Peru . 23,159,700 7,533,000 

Portugal . 819,886,580 22,709,806 57,336,000 

Koumania . 272,774,501 16,683,131 42,114,000 

Russia . 3,414,061.734 151,113,688 1,101,107,000 

Han .Salvador. 3,696,472 206,994 3,281,000 

Santo Domingo.. 26,219,449 Default 1,910,000 

Servia . 80,806,223 3,748,400 13,619,000 

Siam . 13,823,000 

Spain . 2,061,389,972 80,390,654 197,077,000 

Sweden . 92,833,336 3,207,960 49,712,000 

Switzerland . 17,400,567 838,016 20,691,000 

Turkey . 723,125,400 28,420,900 81,450,000 

United Kingdom. 3,885,166,333 138,376,412 737,526,000 

United States... 914.541.410 28,556,349. 694,621,000 

Philippines .... 6,000,000 240,000 15,326,000 

Uruguay . 127,362,827 6,741,800 16,703,000 

Venezuela . 112,241,399 Default 4,818,000 


Expend! 

ture. 


$60,757,000 

142,148,000 

30,241,000 

75,896,000 

350,124,000 

221,649,000 

116,500,000 

3,663,000 

99,366,000 

117,381,000 

18,853,000 

50,759,000 

44,001,000 

71,896,000 


2,812,000 

20,792,000 

4,540,000 

56,511,010 

24,993,000 

695,250,000 

6,481,000 

553,222,000 

903,990,000 

14,327,000 

2,169,000 

7,341,000 

I, 264,000 
346,440,000 
356,492,000 
132,895,000 

5,361,000 

27,819,000 

61,526,000 

2,393,000 

27,259,000 

II, 007,000 
7,300,000 
7,016,000 

62,170,000 

38,900,000 

1,116,095,000 

3,274,000 

1,722,000 

14,086.000 

13,640,000 

187,846,000 

49,593,000 

20,563,000 

81,089,000 

897,790,000 

644,621,000 

14,263,000 

15,032,000 

5,026,000 



















































152 

STEEL AND BRASS PLATES. 


Weight of steel and brass plates per sq. by American gauge. 


No. of 
gauge. 

Steel, 

pounds. 

Brass, 

pounds. 

No. of 
gauge. 

Steel, 

pounds. 

Brass, 

pounds. 

I 

IO -993 

12.382 

18 

I-53I 

1.725 

2 

9.789 

11.027 

H 

*•3*3 

*•53* 

3 

8.718 

9.819 

20 

1.214 

1.367 

4 

7-763 

8-744 

2 i 

1.081 

1.318 

5 

6.91.3 

7.787 

Vi 

.9631 

1 .084 

6 

6.156 

6-934 

2 3 

• 857 

.966 

7 

5.482 

6-175 

24 

.763 

.860 

8 

4.882 

5-499 

25 

.680 

.7 66 

9 

4-348 

4.897 

26 

.605 

.682 

JO 

3-871 

4.360 

27 

•539 

.607 

ii 

3-448 

3-883 

28 

.480 

-541 

12 

3 -° 7 ° 

3-458 

29 

.427 

.481 

13 

2-734 

3-°79 

3 ° 

.380 

.429 

14 

2-435 

2.742 

3 1 

■339 

.382 

15 

2.168 

2-442 

32 

.302 

• 340 

16 

* • 93 1 

2-175 

33 

.269 

-3°3 

*7 

1.719 

1-937 

34 

-239 

.269 


RAILWAY SIGNALS. 


One whistle signifies “down brakes.” 

Two whistles signify “off brakes.” 

Three whistles signify “back ttp.” 

Continued whistles signify “danger.” 

Rapid short whistles “a cattle alarm.” 

A sweeping parting of the hands on a level with the 
eyes signifies “go ahead.” 

Downward motion of the hands with exteuded ■vms 
signifies “stop.” 

Beckoning motion of one hand, signifies “back.” 

Red flag waved up the track signifies “danger.” 

Red flag stuck up by the roadside signifies “danger 
ahead.” 

Red flag carried on a locomotive signifies “an engine 
following.” 

Red flag hoisted at a station is a signal to “stop.” 

Lanterns at night raised and lowered vertically is a 
signal “to start.” 

Lanterns swung at right angles across the track means 
"“stop.” 

Lanterns swung in a circle signifies “baek the train.” 
















153 

COST OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF HAY. 


?RICE PER 

Ton. 

25 lbs. 
worth. 

40 lbs. 
worth. 

100 lbs. 
worth. 

200 lbs. 
worth. 

300 lbs. 
worth. 

1 4 00.. 

5 cts. 

IO 

cts. 

20 

cts. 

$ 

40 

$ 60 

5 00 • • 

6 

a 

12 

U 

25 

a 


50 

75 

6 00.. 

7 # 

« 

15 

« 

30 

a 


60 

9 ° - 

7 00.. 

8# 

a 

17 

« 

35 

« 


70 

1 05 

8 00.. 

10 

« 

20 

a 

40 

a 


80 

1 20 

9 00.. 

11 

« 

22 

u 

45 

u 


90 

1 35 

10 00.. 

12# 

a 

25 

a 

50 

a 

I 

00 

1 50 

HI 00.. 

13# 

a 

27 

a 

55 

a 

I 

19 

1 65 

12 00.. 

15 

« 

30 

u 

60 

a 

I 

20 

1 80 

13 00.. 

16 

« 

32 

a 

65 

« 

I 

30 

1 95 

H4 00.. 

i 7 # 

a 

35 

a 

70 

u 

r 

40 

2 IC 

15 00.. 

18# 

a 

37 

u 

75 

a 

* 

50 

2 25 


AMOUNT OF OIL IN SEEDS. 


Kind of Seed. Per cent. Oil. 

Bitter Almond. 55 

Barley. 2 ^ 

Clover hay. 5 

Hemp seed. 19 

Indian corn. 7 

Linseed.. 1 7 

Meadow hay. 3 # 

Oat-stiaw. 4 


Kind of Seed. Per cent OIL 

Oats.. 6 }£ 

Rapeseed.55 

Sweet Almond.47 

Turnip seed .........45 

White mustard.37 

Wheat bran.4 

Wheat-straw ..3 

Wheat flour. 3 


RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT c FOODS 
FOR STOCK. 


One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to; 


Articles. 


Pounds. 


Articles. 


Pounds. 


Beans............ 

. . 28 

Beets. 


Clover, red, green. 

■ ■373 

Carrots .......... 

..371 

Corn .. 

.. 62 

Clover, red, dry... 

.. 88 

Alfalfa. 

... 89 

M angolds . ...... 


Oat-straw 

. 'll7 


Oats. 

Oil-cake, linseed.... 

Peas, dry. 

Potatoes..... 

I Rye-straw. 

R ye. 

I Turnips... 

j Wheat ... 


59 

43 ✓ 
37# 

35° 

429 

53 # 

469 

44 # 











































154 

f*£ AVE8A6E VELOCITIES OF VARIOUS BODIES. 


man walks 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second 
ii horse trots 7 “ “ 10 “ “ 

A horse *uns 20 “ “ 29 “ “ 

Steamboat runs 20 “ “ 26 “ “ , 

Sailing vessel runs 10 miles per hour or 14 feet per second. 
Rapid rivers flow 3 “ “ 4 “ “ 

A moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per 
second. 

A storm moves 36 miles per hour or 52 feet per second. 
A hurricane moves 80 “ “ 117 “ “ 

A rifle ball 1000 “ “ 1466 

Sound 743 “ “ 1142 “ “ 

Light, 192,000 miles per second. 

Electricity, 288,000 miles per second. 


THE MORMON WAR. 


The Mormons call their religious body “the Church of 
Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints.” Founded in 183 0 by 
Joseph Smith, an American. Brigham Young succeeded 
after the death of Smith, to the post of prophet, and 
retained it until his death, at Salt Lake City, August 
2 9, 18 77. In February, 18 57, an armed body of Mor¬ 
mons dispersed the United States district court, in Utah, 
and openly defied the laws of the nation, because their 
territory was not admitted as a State. President Buchan¬ 
an appointed Colonel Cumming governor of the territory, 
and sent troops to suppress the rebellion. Young issued 
a manifesto, and determined on resistance to national 
authority, but when the governor arrived there, in April, 
1858, Young concluded to surrender, and so the “Mor¬ 
mon war” ended. After remaining for a time, the troops, 
in May, 18GO, left the territory. 


Uncle Sam.— The popular title for the United States 
In the year 1812, a large quantity of provisions for the 
army was purchased at Troy, N. Y., by Elbert Anderson 
a government contractor. The goods were inspected bv 
two brothers, Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson. The last- 
named was invariably known among the workmen as 
“Uncle Sam.” The packages were marked E JA.— U. S 
On being asked the meaning of these initials, a workman 
Jokingly replied that he did not know unless they meant 
Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam. So the title becam® 
current among workmen, soldiers and people, and the 
United States Government is known now by those who 
affectionately call it Uncle Sam. 




155 


LONGEVITY IN EUROPE. 

Servia contains more centenarians than any other 
country on the globe. In this little country, which has 
less than 1,300,000 inhabitants, there are actually 575 
persons, according to the last census returns, whose ages 
exceed 100 years. Ireland comes next in the list with 
578, but then her population is very much larger than 
that of Servia. Spain has 401 out of a population of 
17,000.000, and Prance counts 213 among her 38,000,000 
inhabitants. England, Scotland and Wales can only 
muster 192 between them, and Germany, with her enor¬ 
mous population of 55,000,000, has but 78. Norway has 
23 out of 2,500,000 inhabitants, and Sweden a population 
of nearly 5,000,000 and only 20 centenarians. Denmark 
has but two and in little Switzerland there is not a single 
person whose years number five-score. 


K WOW-NOTH I MGS. 

The name of a secret political party which originated in 
1853. The party, or rather society was first formed by 
a person of some notoriety, who called himself Ned Bunt¬ 
line—tho writer of sea stories. 

Ned was once a midshipman in the United States 
navy, but left the service and commenced the business of 
founding a secret order, of so exclusive a character that 
none were to be admitted as members whose grandfathers 
were not natives of the United States. Ned gave instruc¬ 
tions to his followers to reply to all questions in respect. 
to the movements of the new party “I don’t know.” So 
they were at first called don’t-knows, and then know- 
nothings, by outsiders. The Crusader , a party organ, 
printed the principles of the society as follows: Repeal 
of ail naturalization laws; none but native Americans for 
office: a pure American common school system; war to 
the hilt on Romanism. In the year 1855-6 the slavery 
question had assumed paramount importance, and the 
civil war between the free state men and the pro-slavery- 
ites in the territory of Kansas, so overshadowed the 
public mind, that foreign citizenship was forgotten, and 
the know-nothings as a body disappeared. The nearest 
approach to know-nothingism or Americanism, in 1856 (as 
indicated by the name), was the American party, whose 
nominees for President and Vice-President were Millard 
Fillmore and Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee. In’ that 
year there was a general excitement, and crush of polit¬ 
ical elements, which resulted in the complete annihila¬ 
tion of the American and Whig parties. Thereupon r ose 
the Renublican narty 



156 

ARCHIMEDEAN SCREW, OR SPIRAL PUMP. 

It is so-called for Archimedes, its inventor. It consists 
of a pipe twisted spirally round a cylinder, which, when 
at work, is supported in an inclined position. The lower 
end of the pipe is immersed in water, and when the 
cylinder is made to revolve on its own axis, the water is 
raised from bend to bend in the spiral pipe until it flows 
out at the top. 


A NEW AND PROFITABLE INDUSTRY. 

TROPIC AND SEMI-TROPIC FRUIT GROWING. 

In addition to the tropic and semi-tropic fruits and 
nuts grown for home and family use through the United 
States, there were, in the census year 1890, 13,515 acres 
of almond, 677.50 of banana, 109.88 of citron, 9,864 of 
cocoanut, 4,477 of fig. 550 of guava, 1.362.25 of kaki, 
7.256 of lemon, 495.58 of lime, 12,180 of madeira nut, 
7,097 of olive, 184,003 of orange, 2,189.50 of pineapple, 
171.89 of pomelo, and 27,419.50 of pecan trees, repre¬ 
senting 658,566 bearing and 800,010 nonbearing almond 
trees, 577.782 bearing banana plants, 4,237 bearing and 
14,110 nonbearing citron trees, 123,227 bearing and 1.- 
199.549 nonbearing cocoanut trees, 138,186 bearing and 
285.201 nonbearing fig trees. 32,943 bearing and 120.529 
nonbearing guava trees, 58,390 bearing and 124.522 non- 
bearing kiki trees, 167,663 bearing and 498,784 nonbear¬ 
ing lemon trees, 19,096 bearing and 44.255 nonbearing 
lime trees, 188,409 bearing and 411,248 nonbearing ma¬ 
deira nut trees, 278,380 bearing and 331,022 nonbearing 
olive trees, 3,885.890 bearing and 0.705.246 nonbearing 
orange trees, 21,750,000 pineapple plants, 3.279 bear¬ 
ing and 12.867 nonbearing pomelo trees, and 214.986 
bearing and 657,980 nonbearing pecan trees. 

Excluding pineapples and bananas, Which are all 
counted as bearing plants, as they commerce fruiting 
within a year of planting, it will be noted that the aver¬ 
age number of all non bearing trees is about double that 
of the bearing trees, the product of which in the census 
year, was as far as reported, valued at $14,116,226.59, 
divided as follows: almond, $1,525,109,80; banana, 
$280,653.75: cocoanut. $251,217.41; fig. $307,271.76; 
lemon, $988,099.92; lime, $62,496.90; madeira nut, 
$1,256,958; olive, $386,368.32; orange, $6,602,039.06; 
pineapple, $812,159.17: pomelo, $27,216. and pecan, 
$1,016,576.50. On the basis of present prices, with all 
the nonbearing trees in fruitage, the next census (1900) 
ought to show a value of prod uct of more than $r>o.ooo,ooo. 
As a, forecast of the future growth of these branches of 
horticulture, the above figures are most interesting. 



157 


ARTESIAN WELLS 

So called from the French province of Artois, whence 
they are supposed to originate. It is the name given to 
a peculiar kind of bored well, in which the water rises to 
the surface and overflows. In the United States any 
deep-bored well is called artesian , even if the water has to 
be pumped from a considerable depth. The geological 
conditions permitting an overflow without pumping are 
not general—since it is necessary that the region should 
have a more or less complete basin-structure, and that 
there should be a series of permeable, covered by im- 
perm eable, beds. Artesian wells vary in depth from less 
than 100 feet to nearly 4,000 feet, the deepest borings 
being for petroleum. The total number of artesian wells 
on farms, in June 1890, in the states and territories 
forming the western half of the United States, was 
8.097, representing an estimated aggregate investment 
of $1,988,461.20. Complete statistics, concerning the 
depth, cost, discharge, and other features of 2.971 of such 
wells, fairly distributed through the various states and 
counties from which they are reported, have been ob¬ 
tained from the owners, and from the averages derived 
from such statistics, the number of artesian wells used, 
for the purposes of irrigation is computed at 3,930; the 
average depth per well, 210.41 feet; the average cost per 
well, $245.58; the total discharge of water per minute, 
440,719.71 gallons, or 54.43 gallons per well per minute; 
the average area irrigated per well. 13.21 acres,^and the 
average cost of water per acre irrigated, $18.55. Over 
one-half of these wells are in the State of California, 
where 38,378 acres of agricultural land were irrigated 
by artesian water. Utah stands second in the number of 
artesian wells itsed for irrigation purposes and Colorado 
In the area of land thus irrigated. 


CURIOSITIES OF THE BIBLE. 

The Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words, 
31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters and 66 books. The word 
and occurs 46,277 times. The word lord occurs 1,855 
times. The word reverend occurs but once, which is in 
the 9th verse of the 111th Psalm. The. middle verse is 
the 8th verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of 
the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the 
alphabet,-except the letter J. The longest verse is the 
9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest 
verse is th£ 35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. John. 
There are no words or na mes of more than six syllables. 



158 








UNITED STATES FINANCES, 1903-1904. 

(The financial year closes June 30.) 


RECEIPTS. 
Custom House Duties. 


Foods and animals. 74,303,772 

Raw materials... 18,024,07 7 

Partly mnfr. goods. 18,67 5,995 

Finished goods. 73,9 74,413 

Articles of luxury. 72,413,7 98 

Divers . 3,88 2.510 


Total . 

Internal Revenue 

Liquor . 

Tobacco . 

Wine and beer. 

Divers . 


135,810,015 

44,655,809 

49,083,459 

3,354,836 


261,274,565 


Total . 232,904,119 

Pcstoffice . 143,582,624 

Divers . 45,621,493 


Total 


683,382,801 


EXPENSES. 


Legislative . 11,869,631 

Executive . 299,986 

Department of State. 4,3 74,503 

Department of the Treasury. 94,670,933 

Department of War. 117,5 2 5,16S 

Department of the Navy. 103,515,250 

Department of the Interior.16 7,016,094 

Department of Justice. 63 5,140 

Post office Department. 152,237,224 

Department of Agriculture. 5,614^407 

Department Commerce and Labor. 10,584,583 

Detached Bureaus. 7,4 7 7,52 7 

Panama Canal. 50,164,500 


Total . 725,984,946 


On June 30, 1905, Uncle Sam owed $897,115,085, 
©r, taking into consideration the difference between the 
paper currency issued and the cash on hand in the 
Treasury, $98 9,86 6,772. 





































159 


_. . , THE PANAMA CANAL. 

. o^P*] 0ra *i on rou te, 152 7. Advocated by Hum¬ 

boldt, 180J. Panama railroad built, 1S50-1855. De- 
Lesseps Canal Company formed 18 79, began work Feb. 
24, 1881, -ailed Dec. 11, 1888. New French Canal 
Co. formed Oct. 1 894. Hay-Pauncefote treaty l'atified 
P£^ ena L e , Dec ‘ 1G > by Great Britain Jan. 9, 

19 02. 1 he French Co. offered canal property to the 
United’* States for $40,000,000, Jan. 9, 1902; ac¬ 

cepted Feb. 10, 1903. Bill authorizing construction of 
canal approved June 2 8, 1902. Canal treaty with Co¬ 
lumbia ratified by Senate March 17, 1903, rejected by 
Columbia Aug. 12, 1903. Revolution in Panama Nov. 
3, 1903. Canal treaty with Panama ratified by Senate 
Feb. 2 3, 1904. Canal property transferred to U. S. in 
Paris April 22, 1904. Bill for government of canal 
zone approved April 2 5, 1904. 

The canal will traverse the isthmus by means of locks. 
The summit level will be 08.08 feet above mean sea 
level. Length of canal 4 0 miles, which it will take a 
vessel about 12 hours to traverse. Average width, 150 
feet. The total cost of constructing the canal, beside 
the payments for work done and the concession, has 
been estimated at $150,0 00,000. 

The French spent $2 0 0,000,000 on the canal, and 
were paid $40,000,000 for their interests. Panama 
was paid $10,000,000, and will receive $250,000 a 
year from 1912-2012. The IT. S. government controls 
the canal strip, ten miles wide. The canal will have 
locks. The water for the summit level will be supplied 
by the Chagres River, controlled by two great dams, 
forming two lakes of 2 1.5 and 10 sq. m. respectively. 


DISTANCE FROM ATLANTIC TO PACIFIC PORTS. 

Before and after the completion of the Panama canal. 


O 

H 


O 


es 

t> 


SaB 
a es.2 
AW 3 
c a 
a 

c > n 

t* h 


— o 
sgs 
,3 3 
WW'o 

fsS 

A ► , n 

w N 


New York. 13,244* 9,702 8,401 17,780 18,910 

5,299f 3,359 4,630 9,835 10,885 

New Orleans. 13,644 10,102 8.861 18,180 19,310 

4,698 2,758 4,029 9,234 10,284 

Hamburg . 14,244 10,702 9,461 18,780 19,910 

8,467 6,527 7,798 13,003 14,053 

Liverpool . 13,844 10,302 9,061 18,380 19,510 

8,038 6,098 7,369 12,574 13,624 

Bordeaux . 13,691 10,157 8.916 18.235 19,365 

7,938 5,998 7,269 12,474 13,524 

Antwerp . 13,979 .10,437 9,196 18,515 19,645 

8,188 6,248 7,519 12,724 13,774 

Note.—* First figures are present distances, f Second 
after completion of the Panama canal. 


o 

rj-U 

§®§ 
k—i co cS 

19.530 
11,585 
19,930 

10.984 

20.530 
14,753 
20,130 
14,324 

19.985 
14,224 
20,265 
14,474 


® >» 
sS ® 
b d 

g’Tt 
O >, 
AW 

s > 

15.135 
10,427 
15,535 

9,886 

16.135 
13,595 
15,735 
13,166 
15,590 
13,066 
15,870 
13,316 

figures 






160 


FORMULAE FOR WOOD SCREWS. 

N=number, 

D=diameter. 

D=(XX. 01 3 25)+-05 6. 

D—.056. 

.01325. 


DIAMETER AND NUMBER OF WOOD SCREWS. 


No. 


Diameter. 

No. 

Diameter. 

0 


.0 5 6 

1 6 

.268 

1 


.069 

17 

• 2S1 

2 


.082 

18 

.293 

3 


.096 

19 

.308 

4 


.109 

20 

.321 

5 


.122 

21 

.334 

6 


.13 5 

22 

.347 

7 


.149 

23 

.361 

8 


.162 

24 

.374 

9 


.17 5 

25 

.387 

10 


.188 

26 

.401 

11 


.201 

27 

.414 

12 


.215 

28 

.427 

13 

. 

.228 

29 

.440 

14 

15 


.241 
.2 5 5 

30 

.453 


MELTING POINT OF METALS. 


Platinum 

Wrought 

Steel 

Cast iron 
Gold 

Silver ... 


iron 


(Gray) 


Antimony 
Zinc .... 
Load .... 
Tin . 


3 08 0 degrees Fahr. (Pouillet), 

2822 

«« €t 

2462 “ 


2210 


2192 

«‘ II 

1832 

«« 

842 

(1. Lowt.liian 

78 2 " 


620 “ 


475 

“ 


WEIGHT OF GRINDSTONES. 

RULE.—Square the diameter (in inches): multiply by thick- 
ness fin mches); then by the decimal .00363; the product 
will be the weight of the stone in pounds. 
















161 


ALLOYS. 


Alloys. 


Brass, engine bearings.. 

Tough brass, engine work. 

Tough brass for heavy bearings 

Yellow brass, for turning. 

Flanges to stand brazing. 

Bell-metal. 

Babbitt’s metal. 

Brass, locomotive bearings. 

Brass for straps and glands. 

Muntz’s sheathing. 

Metal to expand in cooling. 

Pewter,.. 

Spelter. 

Statuary bronze. 

1'ype-metal, from. 

Type-metal, to. 


Solders. 

For lead... . 

For tin. 

For pewter. 

For brazing (hardest).. 

For brazing (hard). 

For brazing (soft). 

For brazing (soft). 


G 

H 


o 

3. 

O, 

o 

O 


13 

112 

15 

l()l 

25 

160 


2 


32 

5 

16 

10 

1 

7 

64 

ir» 

130 


6 

100 



o 

G 

N 


1 

DU 


K 

15 

5 

1 

1 


G 

O 

6 

4~i 

c 

< 


4 ) 


G 

3 

G 

.2 


3'. 


V/t 

2 

1 


SURE CURE FOR SMALL-POX AND SCARLET 

FEVER. 

Tire following small-pox remedy was given to the public by a 
correspondent of the Stockton (Cal.) Herald, who says: “I here¬ 
with append a recipe which has been used, to my knowledge, in 
hundreds of cases. It will prevent or cure small-pox, though the 
pittings are filling. It will also cure scarlet fever. Here is the 
recipe as I have used it to cure small-pox. When learned physi¬ 
cians said the patient must die, it cured: Sulphate of zinc, one 
grain; foxglove (digitalis), one grain; half a teaspoonful of sugir. 
Mix with two tablespoonfuls of water. When thoroughly mixed, 
add four ounces of water. Take a teaspoonful every hour. Either 
disease will disappear in twelve hours. For a child, smaller dose 
according to its age. If countries would compel physicians to 
use this, there would be uo need of pest-houses. If you value 
advice and experience, use this for that terrible disease.” 





































































DIFFERENT COLORS OF IRON CAUSED BY HEAT, 


Deg. 

Deg. 


Cen. 

Fah. 


261 

502 

680 

1 Violet, Purple and Dull Blue. Between 261 ° 

C to 370 ° C it passes to Bright Blue, Sea 

370 

( Green, and then disappears. 

1 Commences to be covered with a light coating 


Soo 

932 

< of oxide; becomes a deal more impressible 
( to the hammer, and can be twisted with ease. 

525 

977 

Becomes Nascent Red. 

700 

1292 

Somber Red. 

800 

1472 

Nascent Cherry. 

goo 

1657 

Cherry. 

1000 

1832 

Bright Cherry. 

IIOO 

2012 

Dull Orange. 

1200 

2192 

Bright Orange. 

1300 

2372 

White. 

1400 

2552 

Brilliant White-welding heat. 

1500 

1600 

2732 

2912 

j- Dazzling white. 


STANDARD SCREW THREADS. 


Diam. 

of 

Screw. 

Thread 

per 

Inch. 

Diam. 
at root of 
Thread. 

Diam. 

of 

Screw. 

Thread 

per 

Inch. 

Diam. 
at root ol 
Thread. 

K 

20 

.185 

2 

4}4 

I. 712 

5-16 

18 

.240 

2 x 4 


1.962 

H 

16 

.294 

2 1 ?2 

4 

2175 

7-16 

14 

-344 

2 K 

4 

2-425 

% 

13 

.400 

3 , 

3/4 

2.628 

9-16 

32 

•454 

3'A 

3%. 

2.878 

H 

XT 

•507 

3/4 

3 % 

3.100 

% 

IO 

.620 

3 V\ 

3 

3 - 3 i 7 

7 /s 

9 

•73i 

4 

3 

3-566 

I 

8 

•837 

4 # 

2% 

3 ■ 825 

1% 

7 

.940 

4/4 

2% 

4.027 


7 

1.065 

4 y 

2^4 

4-255 


6 

1.160 

5 , 

2/4 

4.480 


6 

1.384 

5 J X 

2^ 

4-73° 

I A 

5/4 

1.389 

5^4 

2^4 

5-053 


5 

1.490 

5 % 

2^4 

5 203 

1% 

5 

1-615 

6 

2/4 



Angle of Thread 6 o°. 

Flat at top and bottom % of pitch. 





















COPARTNERSHIPS. 


Partnerships may be either general or special. In genets 
partnerships, money invested ceases to be individual property. 
Each member is made personally liable for the whole amount of 
debts incurred by the company. The company is liable for all 
contracts or obligations made by individual members. 

Sp"ecial partners are not liable beyond the amount contributed. 

A person may become a partner by allowing people generally to 
presume that he is one, as, by having his name on the sign or par¬ 
cel, or in the bills used in the business. 

A share or specific interest in the profits or loss of a business, 
as remuneration for labor, may involve one in the liability of a 
partner. 

In case of Bankruptcy, the joint estate is first applied to the 
payment of partnership debts, the surplus only going to the credit¬ 
ors of the individual estate. 

A dissolution of partnership may take place under express stipu¬ 
lations in the articles of agreement, by mutual consent, by the 
death or insanity of one of ti.e firm, by award of arbitrators, or by 
court of equity in cases of misconduct of some member of the 

firm. 

l_ partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, 
which is for the use of the partnership firm, binds all the partners 
thereby. Negotiable paper of the firm, even though given on 
private account by one of the partners, will hold all the partners 
ef the firm, when it passes into the hands of the holders, who are 
ignorant of the fact attending its creation. 

Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner; he 
may make contracts; may receive money; indorse, draw and 
accept bills and notes, and, while this may be for his own private 
account, if it apparently be for the use of the firm, his partners 
will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing with him 
were ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and 
thus representation or misrepresentation of a partner, having 
relation to business of the fmm, will bind the members in the 
partnership. 

i tase of death, the surviving partner must account to the 
representatives of the deceased. 



164 

RULE TO CALCULATE THE HORSE-POWER IN AN ENCRNE. 

This rule will prove correct for; all ordinary engines; 
but there may be a very slight variation in the oase of an 
extra long or extra short stroke. 

Rule.—M ultiply the diameter of the cylinder in inches 
by itself—in other words, square the diameter in inches, 
and divide by four. 


Size of Lakes, Seas and Oceans. 


lakes. 


Miles 
Long. 

Cayuga. 36 

George. 36 

Constance. 45 

Geneva. 50 

Lake of the Woods.. 70 

Champlain. 123 

Ladoga. 125 

Maracaybo. 150 

Great Bear. 150 

Ontario. 180 

Athabasca. 200 

Winnipeg. I ... 240 

Huron. 250 

Erie.. 270 

Great Slave. 300 

Michigan. 330 

Baikal. 360 

Superior. 380 


Miles 

Wide. 

4 

3 

10 

10 

25 

12 

75 

60 

40 

40 

20 

40 

90 

50 

45 

60 

35 

120 


SEAS. 


Mile* 
Long. 

Aral.. 250 

Baltic. 600 

Black. 932 

Caribbean. 1,800 

China. 1,700 

Caspian. 640 

Japan. 1,000 

Mediterranean. 2,000 

Okhotsk. 600 

Red. 1,400 

White. 45a 

OCEANS. c MIles 

Square. 

Arctic. 5,000,000 

Southern. 10,000,000 

Indian.20,000,000 

Atlantic. 40,000,000 

Pacific. 80,000,000 


Carrying Capacity of a Ten Ton Freight 

Car. 


Flour ....... 


Butter. 


pounds. 

Lime. 

. ...70 “ 

Lumber. 


Salt. 

. 70 “ 

Wheat. 


bushels. 

Whisky ..... 


Barley. 


« 

Flour . 


Apples . 


U 

®ggs . 

. .130 to 160 barrels. 

Corn . 


M 

Wood . 


Potatoes . 


U 

Sheep . 


Bran . 


u. 

Hogs ....... 


Oats . 


m 


,, .18 to 20 K 

Flax Seed ... 


m 

























































165 

GREATEST BATTI.ES, ANCIENT AND MODERN. 


The Battle of Actium, B. C. 31, in which the cozn- 
|>ined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by 
Octavius, and imperialism established in the person of 
Octavius. 

The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Persian* 
under Tarius, were defeated by the Macedonians and 
Greeks under Alexander the Great. 

The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the 
Athenians, under Mietiades, defeated the Persians, under 
Datis. 

The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the 
Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and their 
allies. 

The Battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which the Car-* 
thagenians, under Hasdrubul, were defeated by the 
Romans, under the Consuls, Caius, Claudius, Nero and 
Marcus Livius. 

The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus and 
Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate 
of the Republic was decided. 

The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the 
French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were 
defeated by the English and their allies, under Marlbor¬ 


ough. 

The Battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which the Huns, 
under Attila, called the “ Scourge of God,” were de¬ 
feated by the confederate armies of Romans and Visi¬ 
goths. 

Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold, 
commanding the English army, was defeated by William 
the Conquerer of Normandy. 

The Battle of Lutzen, 1632, which decided ths 
religious liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adolphus was 
killed. 

The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which Charles 
XII. of Sweden, was defeated by the Russians, under 
Peter the Great. , 

The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the Saracens 
were defeated by Charles Martel. Christendom was res¬ 
cued from Islam. 

On the 21st of October, 1805, the Great Naval Battle 


166 


of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the 
French and destroyed the hopes of Napoleon as to a 
successful invasion of England. 

The Battle of Waterloo, 1815, in which the French, 
under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of 
England, under the Duke of Wellington, and of Prussia, 
under Prince Blucher. 

The battles around Metz, August 14, 16, 18, 18 70. 
Bazaine, with 2 00,000 men, thrown into the fortress 
by the Germans. 

The Battle of Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870. Napoleon III., 
with 80,00 0 men, surrendered to the allied Germans. 

The naval battle in Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. The 
American squadron, under Dewey, annihilated the Span¬ 
ish fleet under Montejo. 

The battle of Mukden lasted from Feb. 2 4 to March 
12, 1905. About 450,000 Japanese under Oyama de¬ 
feated 410,0 00 Russians under Kuropatkin. The Rus¬ 
sians lost 100,000 men, the Japanese 60,000. 

The Russian fleet under Rojestvensky was annihilated 
by the Japanese fleet under Togo on May 27 and 28, 
1905, in the Korean Strait, near Tsu Island. 


SOME GOOD MAXIMS. 

There Is nothing better in heaven than religion. 

Our actions of to-day are the thoughts of yesterday. 

A truthful woman is the greatest adornment of a home. 

If you live in impure thoughts you will be impure in 
your lives. 

Profanity is more or less a profession of your loyalty 
to the devil. 

Nobody ever went to sleep indifferent to religion and 
woke up* in heaven. 

A child is loved by God because it has no opinions 
and wa.nts to learn something. 

Don’t get into anybody’s way with your naturalness, 
but try to be yourself wherever you go. 

Run into heaven barefooted and bareheaded rather 
than miss it on account of anything in the world. 



167 


HOW TO PRESERVE, EGGS. 

To each pailful of water, add two pints of fresh slacked lime 
and one pint of common salt; mix well. Fill your barrel half full 
with this fluid, put your eggs down in it any time after June, 
and they will keep two years if desired. 

FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 

There are 2,7 54 languages. 

America was discovered in 14 92. 

A square mile contains 64 0 acres. 

Envelopes were first used in IS39. 

Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds. 

A barrel of flour weighs 19 6 pounds. 

A barrel of pork weighs 2 00 pounds. 

A firkin of butter weighs 5 6 pounds. 

The first steel pen was made in 18 30- 

A span is ten and seven-eighth inches. 

A hand (horse measure) is four inches. 

Watches were first constructed in 147 6. 

The first iron steamship was built in 1 8 30. 

The first lucifer match was made in 182 9. 

Gold was discovered in California in 1848. 

The first horse railroad was built in 182 6-7. 

The average human life is thirty-one years. 

Coaches were first used in England in 15 69. 

Modern needles first came into use in 15 45. 

Space has a temperature of 200 degrees below zero. 

Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 18 26. 

The first newspaper was published in England in 1588. 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 16 52. 

Robert Bonner refused $100,000-00 for the famous trottW 
Maud S. 

Until 17 7 6 cotton-spinning was performed by the hand¬ 
spinning wheel. 

Measure 2 09 feet on each side and you will have a square 
acre within an inch. 

The first sewing machine was patented by Elias Howe, Ji., m 
1846. 

The first steam engine on this continent was brought from 
England in 17 53. 

The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled 
carriages in France in 15 59. 

The national colors of the United States were adopted by 
Congress in 17 7 7. 

The cost of coal burned by an ocean steamer on a trip Will 
average $13,000. 

The sun is 92,500,000 miles from the earth. The latter 
receives only one two-billionth of the solar heat. 

The nearest fixed star is 16,000,000,000 miies distant? and 
its light takes three years to reach the earth.' 


108 

NAVAL SUPREMACY. 


In October. 190 0, the London “Mail” wrote as fol¬ 
lows: A year ago the monster battleship armed solely 
with the heaviest guns made its first appearance in the 
shape of the Dreadnought. This vessel carries ten long- 
range twelve-inch guns on a displacement of 18,000 tons, 
and is so powerfully armed and so well protected that 
she may be said to have rendered all earlier battleships 
obsolete. Her appearance marked the. accomplishment of 
as great a revolution as when the first armorclad was laid 
down with the consequence that all the earlier wooden 
ships became forthwith useless. It was the beginning of 
a new epoch in naval construction. 

To illustrate the powerlessness of the older ships 
against the Dreadnought, let us suppose that the eight 
King Edwards, three of which are still completing, were 
matched against her. The Dreadnought is faster, so that 
she can choose her position. She has armor on the aver¬ 
age two inches thicker than theirs, so that she can select 
a range at which she can pierce their plating while her 
own armor remains invulnerable. She has twelve-inch 
guns which shoot a mile farther than theirs and hit 
harder, and she carries ten of them to the four which 
each of the King Edwards brings into battle. 

Her guns fire faster; her hull is steadier, which means 
that accurate shooting is easier for her gunners. Under 
such conditions she should, if skillfully handled, be able 
to destroy all the King Edwards piecemeal, one after 
another, and nothing but want of ammunition could pre¬ 
vent her from doing this. 

What applies to the Dreadnought applies also with the 
same force to the new German improvements upon the 
Dreadnought, laid down in September, and to the new 
French ships, of which six were to be laid down in 1906 
and 190 7. Any of these vessels could destroy, probably 
without damage to herself, a whole squadron of battle¬ 
ships of the oldest patterns. 

Thus the Dreadnought’s coming has rung the knell of 
the older ships, whether British or foreign, and so to 
speak wiped the naval slate clean. All powers have had 
to begin afresh, for to whichever power constructs most 
of the type in the least time will the palm of material 
strength, and, if the personnel fighting the monster ship 
be well trained and brave, also the command of the sea. 
With one accord the great naval powers have abandoned 
their previous plans, and determined to build ships which 
should be the equals or superiors of the British monster. 
The day of small ships has passed, and a fierce competi¬ 
tion has begun to decide who shall have most of the new 
pattern. 

England laid down the first of the type in October, 
190 5 Japan followed with two of the class, which are 


169 


to be succeeded by two more. Germany at once, in the 
autumn of 1905, reconstructed her naval program, and 
last winter the German government applied to the reichs- 
tag for a large supplementary grant to build monster 
battleships and armored cruisers instead of the small and 
comparatively ineffective ships which she had up to that 
point laid down. 

After having put its hand to the plow, the British ad¬ 
miralty looked back and attempted to recross the Rubi¬ 
con. By its original plans the one Dreadnought, which 
it had begun in 1905, was to be followed by four more 
in 1906, and these by yet another four in 1907^ That 
would have given England nine of the monster ships in 
hand or completed in January, 190S. Suddenly, at the 
bidding of the Liberal government, or on its own initia¬ 
tive, the admiralty last July decided that three monster 
ships would be all that would be required in 190 6, and 
that two, which were not to be laid down until early in 
19 08, would be all that would be wanted for the fol¬ 
lowing year. 

In the fateful years 190 6, 1907 and 1908 Germany 
will be building^big ships in as great number as Eng¬ 
land, and not on* this, but also, unless the vaunts of the 
German press are entirely without foundation, the Ger¬ 
man big ships will be individually more than a match 
for the British. If we do not allow w r ith Germans that 
the new German vessels Ersatz Bayern and Ersatz Sach¬ 
sen are as superior to the Dreadnought as she in her 
turn was superior to all her predecessors, the fact still 
remains that on paper the German battleships have a 
marked apparent advantage. On this new and improved 
German Dreadnought class two will be laid down this 
autumn, two next summer or autumn, and two or pos¬ 
sibly more in 1908. In January, 1908, there will be 
four monster German ships building to the four British, 
and both powers will be equally matched. England will 
not have maintained her lead against a single powder. She 
will have fallen far below the two-power standard, as 
France will have six Dreadnoughts in hand in 1908, 
Japan four and the United States two or three. 

In the new type of armored cruiser, again, England 
will have no advantage against a single power, Germany. 
She laid down three last year and under the government 
program she will lay down no more in 1906, 190 7 and 
early 19 08. Germany, on the ether hand, lays down one 
this year, one in mid-190 7 and a third in mid-1908. 
Thus in monster ships of the two most important classes 
the two powers will be evenly matched. England will 
still in 1908 be to the good by a-large number of old 
battleships and old armored cruisers, but the value of 
these older ships will, as has been previously stated, be 
small and will diminish rapidly with each year that passes. 


170 




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EXPLOSIVE POWER OF LIQUID AIR. 

In 1898, it was shown that cotton waste, when soaked 
with liquid air and fired with a match, developed an ex¬ 
plosive power greater than that of gun cotton, and small 
pieces of copper pipe and steel bicycle tubing were shown 
in which cotton so treated had been placed without pack¬ 
ing. Both were split and torn as if they had beeh-'simply 
pasteboard. As to the practical use of liquid air, many 
startling propositions are already attracting capital. Its 
intense cold (its temperature being about 591 deg. below 
zero, Cent!.) will make it an unexcelled refrigerating 
agent. It may be an important power-developer, as wat¬ 
er poured into a tea-kettle three parts Jfull of the liquid 
causes an evolution of power apparently as great as 
would be given off by a pot of boiling water. It is also 
proved that metals treated with liquid air offer no resist¬ 
ance to electricity, and thus by treating dynamos accord¬ 
ingly, their power can be enormously increased 


PROVISIONING A SHIP. 

The food needed for a twenty-days’ trip of an ocean 
greyhound, from Bombay to London, with about 550 
passengers on board consists of : Eggs, 32,000: meat, 
23,000 pounds: vegetables, 8,200 pounds; potatoes,i 9 
toss; ducks, 1.200: game and poultry, 1,400 head; fish. 
11,00 0 pounds; flour, 33 barrels. 


POINTS OF LAW. 

{By a Supreme Court Lawyer .) 

The advice on matters in the follow pages has 
been acquired at a great expense, and is absolutely 
correct. It can be relied upon as such. 

Lawyers’ fees can be saved, and ■much annoy¬ 
ance and expense avoided by acting on the advice 
given here.* 

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS. 

Introduction .—The laws governing mercantile 
transactions, and particularly such as relate to 
negotiable instruments, are, in the main, of 
very ancient origin, and are derived for the 
most part from the well established usages of mer¬ 
chants, which have been adopted, sanctioned and 
confirmed by the courts, and in many instances 




*73 

redeclared by statue. These usages and customs constb 
tute what is called, in the language of the books, the 

law-merchant. 

Promissory Notes .—A note of hand, as it is called, is 
a written promise to pay to a person certain, his order, 
or bearer, at a specified time, a given sum of money. To 
render it negotiable, that is, so that it may be transferred 
by endorsement or delivery, it must be payable to “order” 
or “bearer,” and unless these words appear it will not be 
negotiable. Further, the promise must be absolute and 
uncoupled with any condition, and the time of payment 
must becertainand not dependent upon any contingency. 
Again, the promise must be for a definite sum and must 
be payable in money. These are all of the essence of 
negotiability. Failing many of the foregoing particu¬ 
lars, the note may still be good as a contract, but it will 
not be a negotiable instrument. 

It may be written upon anything capable of receiving 
written characters, in any language susceptible of trans¬ 
lation, and with any substance that will leave a perma¬ 
nent mark; hence a note written in pencil is just as valid 
as one written with ink. It need not be dated, for deliv¬ 
ery gives it effect, although a date is customary and 
proper, and when no time is specified it is payable on 
demand. It need not be signed at the bottom, provided 
the name of the maker elsewhere appears and was writte n 
with intent to bind, as: “ I, John Smith, promise,” etc., 
but the better way is to subscribe the note. 

The payee must be named or designated, unless the 
note is drawn to bearer, and if drawn to the maker’s own 
order possesses no validity until he has indorsed it. A 
note payable to bearer is transferable by simple delivery 
and passes from hand to hand without anything 
further, and the same is true of a note payable to the 
pavee’s order after he has indorsed it. In such a case 
any holder may write over such indorsement an order to 
pay to himself. But if indorsed in full, that is to pay to 
some person certain, it can only be transferred by the 
subsequent indorsement of such designated person. 

It is customary to write notes for “value received,” 
but this is not necessary, for a negotiable note imports a 
consideration, and, except as between the parties, want 


174 


of consideration cannot be shown if the note was negoti¬ 
ated in good faith and before maturity, while as between 
the parties consideration may always be disproved, even 
though expressed. The better- practice, however, is to 
write them as expressing consideration. 

One who places his name on the back of a note as an 
indorser thereby enters into an undertaking with his 
assignee, as well as others into whose hands the note 
may come, that he will pay it if the maker does not; 
but he may protect himself against the claims of subse¬ 
quent indorsers by making his endorsement “without 
recourse.” On the other hand, a party, by simply re¬ 
ceiving and passing a note while under a blank indorse¬ 
ment, and without putting his name to it, assumes no 
responsibilty in relation to it. 

The holder or indorsee of a note has a right of action 
against every one whose name appears on the same, 
whether as maker or indorser, but it is his duty to present 
the note promptly at maturity and demand payment; if 
payment is refused, he should immediately notify the 
indorsers, and a failure so to do will, in most cases, dis¬ 
charge the indorser from liability. He should further use 
all reasonable means to compel payment by the maker 
before resorting to the indorsers, and the law only excuses 
him from this duty where at the time of maturity the 
maker is hopelessly insolvent and a suit against him 
would be unavailing. 

Prior to maturity, any person who takes a note with¬ 
out notice of any defect, and pays therefor a valuable 
consideration, will be protected against any equities 
existing in favor of the maker; but one who takes it as a 
mere volunteer, paying no value therefor, or one who 
receives it after it has become due, even though in good 
faith, and for value, will take it subject to all its infirm¬ 
ities, and any defense that would have been availing as 
against the payee may be interposed as to them. 

DUE BILLS are not distinguishable in general effect 
from promissory notes, and are governed by the same 
rules and assignable in the same manner. 

CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT are, in effect, promis¬ 
sory notes, and subject to the same rules and principles 
applicable to that class of paper. 


175. 

Warehouse Receipts are not technically negotiable, bm\t 
irtand in the place of the property itself; the delivery of thfe 
receipts has the same effect, in transferring the title to th© 
property, as the delivery of the property itself. They are^ 
however, frequently declared negotiable paper by statute* 

Drafts .—The draft, or bill of exchange, is the oldest 
form of negotiable paper, and is said to have existed as 
early as the first century. Drafts are governed by the 
same general rules as notes, and all the remarks of the 
foregoing paragraphs concerning negotiability are equally 
applicable here. 

It is the duty of the holder of a bill to present it for 
acceptance without delay, and if it is payable at sight, or 
at a certain time after sight, no right of action will, 
accrue against any person until it has been sc presented* 
Sf it be not accepted, when properly presented, or, if 
accepted, be not paid when due, the further duty devolves 
on the holder to have it regularly protested by a notary 
public. This is essential, however, only in case of foreign 
bills, and is not required for inland exchange or notes. 
Simple notice in the latter case is sufficient. 

Checks .—A check on bank is a species of bill of ex¬ 
change, but is governed by somewhat different rules from 
the ordinary bill. It need not be presented for acceptance, 
for a bank is bound to pay at any time if it have funds < 
the drawer on deposit; nor is it material that the hold 
delay presentment for payment. A check should, how¬ 
ever, be presented immediately*; this the drawer has fc 
right to expect, and the delay is at the holder’s risk, for 
if the bank fails in the meantime, the loss falls on him, if 
the drawer had funds on deposit sufficient to have paid 
the check had it been timely presented. 

Certifying a check practically amounts to an acceptance 
and binds the bank as an acceptor. 

Checks should be drawn to order to guard against loss 
&ad theft, and at the same time it acts as a receipt of the 
payee. A check is not a payment until it has been cashed. 

■ In paying a forged check the loss falls on the bank, 
which is bound to know the signature of its own deposit 
or% and, in like manner, if the check has been fraudu 
kntly raised, the drawer is chargeable only with the 
original amount 


176 

INNS AND INN-KEEPERS. 

An Inn is a public house for the lodging and enter¬ 
tainment of travelers for compensation, and the person 
who conducts such house is called an inn-keeper. To 
enable him to obtain his compensation the law invests an 
inn-keeper with peculiar privileges, giving him a lien upon 
the personal property brought into the inn by the guest, 
and on the other hand holds him to a strict degree of 
responsibility to the guest if the goods are lost or stolen. 

»The essential character of an inn is, that it is open for 
all who may desire to visit it; .hence, a mere private 
boarding-house, or lodging-house, cannot, in any proper 
sense, be regarded as an inn; nor will a coffee-house or 
restaurant come within the term. A person who enter* 
$ains travelers occasionally, although he may receive com* 
'sensation, is not an inn-keeper, nor liable as such, pro 
■dieted he does not hold himself out in that character. 

An Inn-keeper is bound to receive all travelers and 
wayfaring persons who may apply to him, and to provide 
entertainment for them, if he can accommodate them, 
unless they are drunk, or disorderly, or afflicted with con¬ 
tagious diseases. If a person be disorderly he may not 
only refuse to receive him, but feven after he has received 
him may eject him from the house. 

He is further bound to exercise a high degree of care 
over the person and property of his guests, and is held to 
a strict responsibility for all loss or damage which may 
occur through his negligence. This responsibility exfteocsc 
’iiot only to his own acts, and the acts of his servants, but 
«lso to the acts of his other guests. The liability of an 
hm-keeper commences from the time the goods are 
brought into the inn or delivered to any of the inn-keep 
servants; and a delivery into the personal custody o? 
the inn-keeper is not necessary in order to make him re- 
sponsible. He is not liable for what are termed the acts 
of God, or the public enemy; nor for property destroyed 
without his negligence by accidental fire; and, generally,, 
the inn-keeper will be exonorat ed if the negligence of the 
guest occasion the loss in such a way that tire loss would 
not have happened if the guest had used the ordinary care 
that a prudent man may be reasonably expected to have 
taken under the circumstances. 


177 


The strict liability of an inn-keeper has been muck 
modified by statute, particularly in regard to money and 
valuables, and where the inn-keeper provides, in the office 
or some other convenient place in the hotel, an iron safe 
for the keeping of money, jewels, etc., and notifies his 
guests of that fact, and the guest neglects to avail himself 
of the opportunity thus afforded, the inn-keeper will not 
be liable for the losses sustained by the guest by theft or 
otherwise. 

A guest , in the restricted and legal sense of that term, 
is the only person who is entitled to the privileges of 
protection, and to entitle him to this he must have the 
character of a traveler, a mere sojourner or temporary 
lodger, in distinction from one who engages for a fixed 
period, and at a certain agreed rate; but if a party is in 
fact a wayfarer, and his visit is only transient, it matters 
not how long he remains, provided he retains this charac¬ 
ter Thus, regular boarders by the week or month are 
not guests, nor are they entitled to the privileges of guests; 
and on the other hand, in the absence of an enabling 
statute, the landlord is not, as to them, an inn-keeper, 
and as such entitled to a lien on their effects for his com¬ 
pensation. 

COMMON CARRIERS. 

Generally .—A common carrier is one who undertakes 
for hire to transport the persons or goods of such as 
choose to employ him, from one point to another, and 
who does this as a business. The law compels him to 
take the goods or persons of all who may apply and to 
make due transport of them; it gives him a lien on such 
goods or on the baggage of passengers for his compensa¬ 
tion, but at the same time holds him liable for all loss or 
injury, even though occurring without any fault oi neg¬ 
lect on his part. Included under this head are dray and 
truckmen, hackmen, stage coach, railway and steamboat 
companies, and indeed all who hold themselves out as 
transporters, either of persons or goods, whether by land 

r water. 

Carriers of Passengers .—.A carrier of passengers is 
bound to receive all who apply; to treat all alike; to 
provide proper carriages and not to overload them; to 


Stop at proper intervals for rest or food; to carry Ma 
passengers over the whole route contracted for, ana to 
exercise the utmost care in protecting them from peril 
while on the journey. Failing in any of these particulars 
he is responsible, not only to the extent of the actual 
damage caused thereby, but frequently for pain and 
injury to the feelings. 

In the sale of a ticket for transportation the foregoing 
Is the implied agreement on the part of the carrier, and 
the passenger on the other hand accepts such ticket and 
contracts for passage subject to the reasonable regulations 
of the company. 

A carrier of passengers is liable for any loss or damage 
to the baggage of his passengers, but only to the extent 
of what may reasonably and naturally be carried as bag¬ 
gage. This w ould not include large sums of money, nor 
merchandise, and, as a rule, damages in this respect are 
limited to such articles of necessity and personal conve¬ 
nience as are usually carried by travelers. Nor will the 
carrier be liable for any baggage not delivered to him or 
his servants; and hence, if the passenger keeps his bag¬ 
gage about his person, or in his own hands, or within his 
sight and immediate control, he assumes the risk of loss, 
and the carrier will not be held liable unless himself in 
fault. 

Carriers of Goods .—A common carrier is an insurer 
of the safe transportation and delivery of all property in¬ 
trusted to him for carriage, except as against such losses 
as are caused by the immediate act of God or the public 
enemy, and this liability continues until the goods have 
arrived at their destination and for a reasonable time after 
ihey are unloaded. But after safe delivery in the freight 
depot of the carrier and a reasonable time has elapsed for 
their removal, and particularly if notice of their arrival 
has been given to the consignee, the liability of the carrier 
as such ceases, and he will hold the property as a ware¬ 
houseman only. In this latter event he will be boi.-id ic 
no more than ordinary care. 

The acts of God are held to extend only to such inevit¬ 
able accidents as occur without the intervention of man’s 
agency. Hence, the carrier is not responsible for losses 
occurring from natural causes such as frost, ferment*. 


179 

'don, evaporation or natural decay of perishable article^ 
nor for tne natural and necessary wear in iche course o£ 
transportation, provided he exercises all reasonable car* 
to have the loss or deterioration as little as practicable. 

Carriers, both by land and water, are bound to take- 
the goods of all who offer, and if they refuse, without 
just excuse, are liable to an action; yet they may restrict 
their business within such limits as they may deem expe¬ 
dient, and are not bound to accept goods out of the usual 
line of their business. They may also qualify thei 1 
responsibility by notice brought to he knowledge of the 
shipper and assented to by him, but cannot even then 
excuse gross negligence on their part 

Warehoitsemen are persons who eceive goods and 
merchandise to be stored for hire, ai^ l is the character 
sustained by a carrier after the goods 1. ive reached their 
destination. A warehouseman is bouno to use ordinary 
care in preserving such goods and merci -andise, and his 
neglect so to do will render him liable for any damage 
that may accrue. His liability commences as soon as the 
goods arrive at the warehouse. 

Sleeping Cars .—Though sleeping cars are, compara- 
tively, a modern invention, their wide use and general 
adoption by the public has already created quite a vol¬ 
uminous mass of law upon the subject, and the rights, 
both of the companies and the public, have become tol¬ 
erably well defined. The service of the railway com¬ 
panies and of the sleeping car companies, though 
rendered in connection, are entirely separate and distinct. 
The business of the former is to furnish transportation, 
of the latter to provide accommodations that travelers 
may sleep, and in so doing they deal only with persons 
who are provided with tickets entitling them to trans¬ 
portation by the railway company over whose lines they 
operate 

The Sleeping car companies are not common carriers, 
like the railway companies, nor are they subject to the 
duties or responsibilities of carriers, nor can they be con¬ 
sidered as inn-keepers, though performing many of their 
offices. They are not, therefore, insurers of the safety 
of all property taken into the car by one who has pur 
chased the use of a berth. They are, however bmxnd 


afford protection to a sleeping passenger, and to exercise { 
3 reasonable care that he does not suffer loss. The tj 
faithful performance of this undertaking is the limit of 1 
their duty in this respect. They must keep a watch dur- ^ 
ing the night to see that no unauthorized persons intrude \ 
themselves into the car, and take reasonable care to 

{ >revent thefts by the occupants; failing in this, they are 1 
iable for neglect. 

The measure of their liability is limited to the value of .] 
such articles as are usually and ordinarily carried for \ 
comfort and convenience: the small articles usually 
carried in the hand, the clothing and personal ornaments 
of the passenger, and a reasonable sum of money for 
traveling expenses. 

The nature of the employment of the sleeping car | 
companies is public, and in this respect is the same as a 
common carrier or inn-keeper. They must treat all j 
persons with fairness, and without unjust discrimination. 
Where there are berths not engaged, it is their duty to 
furnish them to unobjectionable applicants on tender of ' 
the customary price. 

The passenger, when he is assigned a berth, impliedly 
agrees to conduct himself in a quiet and orderly manner, J 
to take good care of the berth while in his possession, ’ 
and surrender the same at the end of his journey in as 
good condition as when assigned to him, necessary wear a 
excepted. The company, on the other hand, impliedly -• 
agrees that it will use ordinary and proper means to pre¬ 
serve order in the car during the journey, and especially j 
during the sleeping hours: that it will furnish such con¬ 
veniences as are necessary to the health and comfort of 
the passenger and permit him to quietly and peaceably 
occupy the berth engaged by him during the journey. 

THE LAW OF THE ROAD. 

General Principles. —To prevent collisions, and to se- \ 
cure the safety and convenience of travelers meeting and 
passing each other upon the highway, a code oi rules has ,, 
been adopted which constitutes what is called the law of 
the road. These rules, originally established by custom, 
have, in many instances, been re-enacted and declared by 
.statute., and are cf general and uniform observance in all 


parts of the United States. In general, they apply t.o 
private ways, as welkas public roads, and, indeed, extend 
to all places appropriated, either by law or. in fact, foi 
the purposes of travel. 

The fundamental rule, applicable alike to all who use a. 
traveled way, is, that every person must exercise reason* 
able care, adapted to the place and circumstances, to 
prevent collision and avoid accidents, and to this all other 
rules are subsidiary. No one will be entitled to redress for air. 
injury sustained on the highway where his own negligence 
contributed to such injury, nor will the fact that a fellow- 
traveler fails to observe the law in the use of the road 
absolve another who is in the right from the duty of ex¬ 
ercising ordinary care to avoid injury to himself or to 
prevent injury to the party who is in the wrong. At the 
same time, a person lawfully using a public highway has a 
right to assume that a fellow-traveler will observe the law 
and exercise‘ordinary care and prudence, and to govern 
his own conduct in determining his use of the road 
accordingly. This' assumption he may rely on, not to 
justify carelessness on his own part, but to warrant him in 
oursuing his business in a convenient manner. 

Vehicles .—It is a primary rule that vehicles meeting on. 
a highway must bear or keep to the right. This, how¬ 
ever, applies only to passing vehicles, for a person having' 
before him the entire road free from carriages or other 
obstructions, and having no*notice of any carriage behind 
him, is at liberty to travel upon any part of the way as 
suits his convenience or pleasure, and no blame can be 
imputed to him. But while a traveler may well occupy 
any part of the road if no other is using any portion of it, 
he must, upon, all occasions of the meeting of another, 

. reasonably turn to the right; and in all cases of a crowdec. 
condition of a thoroughfare must keep to the right of the 
center or traveled part of the way. A driver may, indeed, 
pass on the left side of the road, or across it, for the pur¬ 
pose of stopping at a house, a store, or other object on 
that side; but he must not interfere or obstruct another 
lawfully passing on that side; and if he does, he acts at 
inis peril, and must answer for the consequences of his 
violation of duty Jn such case he must pass before or 
until the nerson on that side of the wav has passed r. 


Where two drivers are moving in the same direction, 
the one in advance is entitled to the road, provided he 
dloes not obstruct it, and is not bound to turn out for the 
other if there is room for the latter to pass on either 
side ; if, however, there is not sufficient room to pass, the 
foremost traveler should yield an equal share of the road, 
on request made, if that is practicable. If it is not prac¬ 
ticable, then they must defer passing until they reach 
more favorable grounds. If the leading traveler then 
refuses to comply with the request to permit the other to 
pass him, he will be answerable for such refusal. Ordi¬ 
narily, when a driver attempts to pass another on a 
public road, he does so at his peril, and will be held 
'responsible for all damages which he causes to the one 
whom he attempts to pass, and whose right to the proper 
use of the road is as great as his, unless the latter is 
guilty of such recklessness, or even gross carelessness, as 
would bring disaster upon himself. 

The rule requiring persons meeting upon the highway 
4o keep to the right is not impera rive, however, and where 
a driver cannot safely turn to the right on meeting another 
vehicle, the law will absolve him from negligence in not 
attempting impossibilities; but where it is not practica¬ 
ble to pass to the right, either of the travelers should 
stop a reasonable time until the other passes ; nor will 
the rule apply in the winter season, when the depth of 
'Snow renders it difficult or impossible to ascertain where 
.be center of the road is. In such cases the center of the 
road is the beaten or traveled track, without reference to 
the worked part of the road. Again, the rule does not 
apply when one vehicle is passing along one street and 
another is passing into said street from a cross street. 

A traveler is bound to keep his harness and carriage in 
good condition, and is liable for any damage that may 
result from a failure to do so; he must not drive at an 
immoderate rate of speed, and must yield the road to a 
heavier or loaded vehicle. 

Equestrians are not governed by the same stringent rules 
that apply to drivers of vehicles, and usually all that is 
required of them is to exercise prudent care under the 
existing circumstances. They need not turn out in any 
wticmar direction on meeting another horseman op * 


1 ftp 


vehicle, but in crowded thoroughfares must keep to the 
proper side in passing, and must yield the traveled part 
of the road to a wagon. 

PEDESTRIANS have a right to use the carriage-way 
as well as the sidewalk, and drivers must exercise reason¬ 
able care to avoid injuring them, but a foot-passenger in 
crossing the street of a city has no prior right of way 
over a passing vehicle; both are bound to act with 
prudence to avoid an accident, and it is as much the 
duty of the pedestrian to look out for passing vehicles as 
it is for the driver to see that he does not run over 
any one; nor does the rule requiring vehicles to keep to 
the right apply to carriages and foot-passengers, for. as 
regards a foot-passenger, a carriage may go on either 
side. 


LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

THE RELATION of landlord and tenant exists by 
virtue of a contract for the use or occupation of lands r 
tenements, either for a definite period, for life, or at will. 
It is usually created by express contract, but its existence 
wall be implied by law whenever there is an ownership 
of land on the one hand and an occupation of it by per¬ 
mission on the other. In every such case it will be pre¬ 
sumed that the occupant intends to compensate the owner 
for such use. While the relation may be inferred from a 
variety of circumstances, the most obvious acknowledg¬ 
ment is the payment of rent. If a tenant under an ex¬ 
press contract hold over after the termination of his term, 
the landlord may consider him as a tenant, and, indeed, 
is so understood, unless he takes some steps to eject him. 
If the landlord receives rent from him, or by any other 
act admits the tenancy, a new leasing begins, and can 
only be terminated by a proper notice to quit. 

The rights and obligations of the parties are usually 
considered as having commenced from the date of the 
lease, if there be one, and no other time has been desig¬ 
nated as the commencement of the tenancy, or, if there 
be no date from the delivery of the papers, and if there 
be no writings, from the time the tenant entered into 
possession. 

THE LANDLORD is bound to protect the possession of 


134 

&s tenant, and to defend him against every one asserting 
a paramount right. Nor can the landlord do any act 
himself calculated to disturb the enjoyment of the tenant 
He must, unless otherwise agreed, pay all taxes and assess¬ 
ments on the property, and all other charges of his own 
creation; and if the tenant, in order to protect himself in the 
enjoyment of the land, is compelled to make a payment 
which should have been made by the landlord, he may 
call upon his landlord to reimburse him,, or deduct the 
amount from the rent. 

The landlord has no right of possession during the con¬ 
tinuance of the lease, nor indeed any substantial rights 
in the property further than such as may be necessary to 
protect his reversionary interests. He may go upon the 
premises peaceably and during reasonable hours, for the 
purpose of viewing same and ascertaining whether any 
waste or injury has been committed, and may make such 
repairs as are necessary to prevent waste; but he is under 
no obligation to make any repairs, nor does he guarantee 
that the premises are reasonably fit for the purposes for 
which they were taken. Nor can the tenant make any 
repairs at the expense of the landlord in the absence of a 
special agreement. 

The tenant is entitled to all the rights incident to 
possession, and to the use of all the privileges appendant 
to the land, and, on the other hand, is personally liable 
for any misuse of same, or any nuisance or obstruction 
be may erect. He must use the premises in such a man¬ 
ner that no substantial injury shall be done them, and 
that they may revert to the landlord at the end of the 
term unimpaired by any negligent or willful conduct on 
his part. He must keep the premises in fair repair at his 
own expense, but is not bound to rebuild structures which 
have accidentally become ruinous during his occupation; 
nor is he answerable for incidental wear and tear, nor 
accidental fire, or flood. 

He must further punctually pay the rent reserved, or 
if none have been specifically reserved, then such reason¬ 
able compensation as the premises are fairly worth. In 
the absence of special agreement he must pay only for the 
ime he has had the beneficial enjoyment, but if he has 
titfreed to pay for an entire term, as a rule nothing- short 


185 

■of an eviction will excuse him from such payment. If 
he is evicted by a third person, or if the landlord annoys 
him by the erection of a nuisance, or renders the prem¬ 
ises untenantable, or makes his occupation so uncomfort¬ 
able as to justify his removal, he will be discharged from 
the payment of rent. 

The rights and liabilities of the relation are not con¬ 
fined to the immediate parties, but attach to all persons 
to whom the estate is transferred, or who may succeed to 
the possession of the premises. A landlord may not 
violate his tenant’s rights by a sale of the property, nor 
can the tenant avoid his responsibility by assigning his 
term. The purchaser of the property becomes, in one 
case, the landlord, with all his rights and remedies, while 
in the other the assignee of the tenant assumes all the 
responsibilities of the latter, but the original lessee is rot 
thereby discharged from his obligations. 

The tenancy may be terminated in a variety of ways. 
If for a definite time, or conditioned on the happening of 
a certain event, it exp’ftes by its own limitation, and 
usually, when depending upon the express conditions of & 
lease, no notice to quit is necessary. If from year to 
rear, or at will, a notice is always necessary. This must 
oe in writing, and explicitly require the tenant to surren¬ 
der up the premises. It must be served upon the tenant 
and afford the statutory notice in regard to time. A 
breach of any of the covenants of the lease will forfeit 
the tenant’s rights, and when a tenancy has been termi¬ 
nated, by whatever cause, the landlord’s right to re-enter 
becomes absolute. 


The largest bell in the world is the great bell of Mo$= 
cow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at 
the bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its height more than 
feet. In its stoutest part it is 23 inches thick, and its 
weight has been computed to be 443,772 ’lbs. It has 
never been hung, and was probably cast on the spot 
where it now stands. A piece of the bell is broken off. 
The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned by 
water having been thrown upon it'when heated by the 
■buildmi# erected ever *t being on fire. 



LO ! THE POOR INDIAN ! 

The total Indian population of the United States, ex¬ 
clusive of Alaska, but including 32,567 counted in the 
general census, being the taxed or taxable Indians, num¬ 
bers 249,273. The following table gives the division of 
the Indians in detail: 

Indians on Reservations or at Schools, under Control of 

• the Indian Office (not taxed or taxable). 13)1,382 

Indians Incidentally under the Indian Office, and Self- 
supporting : _ ( 

The Five Civilized Tribes, Indians and Colored: 

CIVILIZED TRIBES. | COLORED. | TOTAL. 


Cherokee Indians... 

.. 25.357 

4,242 

29 

599 

Chickasaw Indians . 

.. 3.464 

3,718 

7 

182 

Choctaw Indians .. 

.. 9,996 

4.401 

14 

397 

Creek Indians. 

. 9.291 

5.341 

1 4 

632 

Seminole Indians.. 

.. 2,539 

22 

2. 

,561 


68,371 

Deduct number of colored persons 
probably not members of tribes 

(estimated). 3,500 

- 64.871 

Indians other than Chickasaws in that Nation. 1,161 

Indians other than Choctaws in that Nation. 257 

Population of the Five Civilized Tribes: 

Indians. 52,065 

Colored Indian Citizens and Claim¬ 
's ants . 14,224 


Total . 66,289 

Pueblos of New Mexico. 8,278 

Six Nations. Saint Regis, and other Indians of New 

York... . 5.304 

Eastern Che±.okees of North Carolina. 2,885 

Indians Taxed or Taxable, and SeW sustaining Citizens, 
counted in the General Census (98 per cent not on 

resevations). 32,567 

Indians under Control of the War Department, Prisoners 

of War (Apaches at Mount Vernon Barracks). 384 

Indians in State or Territorial Prisons. 184 


Total 


249,273 


HIGHER EDUCATION FOR MEN AND WOMEN. 

There are in the United States (1904): 

56 4 Universities and Colleges of Uiberal Arts; 
20,0 7 9 Instructors are employed by them; 

16 4,868 Students attending them. 

$10,000,000 is the value of Scientific Apparatus; 
$100,000,000 the value of Grbur .13 and Buildings; 
$33,491,000 their total Yearly Income. 




















187 


THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 


FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIPS. 



. * 

© a 

4-i 



-M 



o o 

cS 

'S'* 

aa 3 

s i 



Maximi 
draft, f 

■o S 


Name 

tic 

t -1 

s 

Cw 

© 

CQ 

<L 

®-C 

4-> 

Battery, guns. 

Alabama . 

.12.543 

373 

72 

25 

17.01 

4 13-in., 14 6-in. 

Illinois . 

.12,595 

382 

72 

26 

17.45 

4 13-in., 14 6-in. 

Indiana . 

.11.238 

350 

09 

26 

15.55 

4 13-in., 8 8-in., 4 6-in. 

Iowa . 

.12,310 

362 

72 

26 

17.09 

4 12-in., 8 3-in., 6 4-in, 

Kearfarge — 

.12.817 

375 

72 

26 

16.82 

4 13-in., 4 8-in., 14 5 : in. 

Kentucky 

.12.817 

375 

72 

26 

16.90 

4 13-in., 4 8-in., 14 5-in, 

Main> (New) 

.13,713 

393 

72 

26 

18.00 

4 12-in,, 16 6-in. 

Massachusetts 

11.238 

350 

69 

26 

16.21 

4 13-in., 8 8-in., 4 6-in. 

Missouri . 

.13.271 

393 

72 

25 

18.15 

4 12-in., 16 6-in. 

Ohio . 

.13.500 

393 

72 

23 

17.82 

4 12-in., 16 6-in. 

Oregon . 

.11.573 

351 

69 

27 

16.79 

4 13-in.. 8 8-in., 4 6-in. 

VV isconsin ... 

.12,417 

373 

72 

26 

17.17 

4 13-in., 14 6-in. 


ARMORED CRUISERS. 


Brooklyn _ 

. 9,797 

400 

61 

26 

21.91 

8 8-in., 

12 5-in. 

Colorado 

.15,042 

502 

69 

24 

22.24 

4 8-in., 

14 6-in. 

Maryland ..... 

.15,138 

502 

69 

24 

22.00 

4 8-in., 

14 6-in. 

New York _ 

, 9,021 

380 

64 

27 

21.00 

6 8-in., 

12 4-in. 

Pennsyi vania 

.15.042 

502 

69 

24 

22.00 

4 8-in., 

14 6-in. 

West Virginia, 

,15.138 

502 

69 

24 

22.00 

4 8-in., 

14 6-in. 


PROTECTED CRUISERS. 


Albany .. 


346 

43 

20 

20.50 

6 

6-in., 

4 

4.7-in. 

Atlanta . 


271 

42 

20 

15.60 

2 

8-in., 

6 

6-in. 

Baltimore .... 

5,436 

327 

48 

23 

20.09 

12 

6-in., 

6 

14-pdr. 

Boston . 

.. 3,195 

271 

42 

20 

15.60 

2 

8-in., 

G 

G-in. 

Charleston ... 

,.10.839 

424 

66 

22 

22.00 

14 

6-in. 



Chattanooga .. 

. 3,524 

292 

44 

15 

16.50 

10 

5-in. 



Chicago . 


352 

48 

23 

18.00 

4 

8-in., 

11 

5-in. 

Cincinnati ... 

. 3,562 

300 

42 

20 

19.00 

11 

5-in. 



Cleveland .... 

. 3.521 

292 

44 

17 

16.45 

10 

5-in. 



Columbia .... 

. 8.142 

412 

58 

25 

22.80 

1 

8-in., 

2 

6-in., 8 4-in. 

Denver . 

. 3.526 

292 

41 

17 

16.75 

10 

a-in. 



Des Moines 

,.3,524 

292 

44 

16 

16.65 

10 

5-in. 



Galveston .... 

. 3.521 

292 

44 

15 

16.50 

10 




Minneapolis .. 

. 8,878 

412 

52 

25 

23.07 

1 

8-in., 

2 

6-in., 8 4 in. 

Newark . 

. 4,844 

311 

49 

23 

19.00 

12 

6-in. 



New Orleans . 

. 4,001 

316 

43 

19 

20.00 

6 

6-in., 

4 

4.7-in. 

Olympia . 

. 6,602 

340 

53 

24 

21.68 

10 

D-m., 

4 

8-in. 

Raleigh . 


300 

42 

20 

19.00 

11 

o-in. 



San Francisco, 

.. 4.868 

310 

49 

22 

19.52 

12 

G-in. 



Tacoma . 

.. 3,524 

292 

41 

17 

16.58 

10 

5-in. 




UNPROTECTED 

CRUISERS. 



Detroit . 

.. 2.271 

257 

37 

16 

18.70 

10 

5-in. 



Marblehead .... 

.. 2,219 

257 

37 

17 

18.44 

10 

5-in. 



Montgomery .. 

.. 2,235 

257 

37 

16 

19.05 

10 

5-in. 


























1 S 8 


THE UNITED STATES NAVY.—(Continued.) 


SECOND-CLASS BATTLESHIP. 

* ■ B ■ 


Name. 


a 

tc 


tS 
© - 


Battery, guns. 



q a 

.J 

(3 

S'* 


1 

Texas . 

. 6,672 

301 64 25 17.80 

MONITORS. 

2 12 -in„ 6 6 -in. 

Amphitrite 

. 3.990 

259 

55 

14 

10.50 

4 10-in., 2 4-in. 

Arkansas 

. 3,175 

252 

50 

13 

12.03 

2 12-in., 4 4-in. 

Florida . 

. 3,176 

252 

50 

12 

12.40 

2 12-in., 4 4-in. 

Miantonomoh. 

3,990 

259 

55 

15 

10.50 

4 10-in. 

Moyadnock 

. 3,990 

259 

55 

14 

12.00 

4 10-in., 2 4-in. 

Monterey 

. 4,084 

256 

59 

15 

13.60 

2 12 -in., 2 10 -in. 

Nevada . 

. 3.258 

252 

50 

12 

13.04 

2 12-in., 4 4-in. 

Puritan . 

.. 6,060 

290 

60 

18 

12.40 

4 12-in., 6 4-in. 

Terror . 

. 3.990 

259 

55 

15 

10.50 

4 10-in., 4 4-in. 

Wyoming ... 

. 3,231 

252 

50 

13 

11.80 

2 12-in., 4 4-in.* 


TORPEDO 

BOAT DESTROYERS. 

Tor, tubes Gi 

Bainbridge .. 

.. 644 

240 

23 

9 

28.45 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Barry . 


240 

23 

9 

28.13 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Chauncey ... 

... 644 

240 

23 

9 

28.64 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

L>ale . 


240 

23 

9 

28.00 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Decatur _ 


240 

23 

10 

28.10 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Hopkins .... 

.. 672 

238 

24 

6 

29.02 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Hull . 

.. 672 

238 

24 

10 

28.04 

2 18-in, 2 3-in., 

Lawrence 

.. 512 

240 

22 

9 

28.41 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Macdonough 

.. 512 

240 

22 

6 

28.03 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Paul Jones 

.. 645 

240 

23 

9 

28.91 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Perry . 

.. 645 

240 

23 

9 

28.32 

2 18-in. '2 3-in., 

Preble . 


240 

23 

9 

28.03 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Stewart . 

.. 610 

245, 

23 

9 

29.69 

2 18-in. 2 3-in., 

Truxtun . 

.. . 692 

248 

23 

10 

29.58 

2 18-in. 2 3-in.' 

'Whipple . 

.. 692 

248 

23 

10 

28.24 

2 18-in. 2 3dn., 

Worden . 


248 

23 

10 

29.86 

2 18-in. 2 3dn„ 


5 6- 


6 6 


pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. . 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 

pdr. 


SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOATS. 

i .»_ 

■ £> 

SS . JS 

© X r* 

Name fa' K g 

•. ii® j 

jgfc* ^ ~ ^ 

Tons Ft. In. 

Adder . 122 63 9 

Grampus . 125 63 10 

Holland ........ 74 53 11 

Moccasin . 122 63 9 

Pike . 125 63 10 

Plunger . 122 63 9 

Porpoise ....... 122 63 9 

Shark . 122 63 9 

There are 34 torpedo boats, 43 gunboats, 4 wooden cruisers, etc,, 


0 ) 

3 

c5 

5 

Ft.In 
11 10 
11 10 

10 3 

11 10 
11 10 
11 10 
11 10 
11 10 


•/. © 

rr» 

r ** 

B © 

Kb 

oo 

Knots 

7.08 

7.60 

7.24 
7.44 

7.25 
7.12 
7.28 


-r © 

© © 
w cS 

X 

Knots 

8*73 

8.45 

8.00 

8.41 

8.51 

8.87 

8.41 

8.27 


Battery 


1 45-c, m. 
1 45-c. m. 
1 45-c. m. 
1 45-c. m. 
1 45-c. m. 
1 45-c. m. 
1 45-c. m, 
1 45-c. m. 



























ISO 

INTEREST LAWS AND STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. 


STATES AND TKRRI- 
TOR1ES. 

INTEREST LAWS. 

STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. 

Legal 

Rate. 

per et 

Rate 

Allowed by 
Contract. 
per ct. 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Notes, ! 
Years. 

Open 
Ac¬ 
counts* 
‘Y ears. 

Alabama. 

8 

8 

20 

15 

8 

Arkansas . 

6 

10 

10 

5 

8 

Arizona. 

10 

Any rate. 

9 

8 

o 

M 

California. 

7 

Any rate. 

5 

4 

2 

Colorado. 

10 

Any rate. 

ti 

6 

ti 

Connecticut. 

6 

6 

17 

17 

t; 

Delaware. 

0 

0 

21 

0 

8 

District of Columbia... 

0 

10 

12 

8 

8 

Florida. 

s 

Any rate. 

20 

5 

8 

Georgia. 

7 


7 

7 

4 

Idaho. 

10 

18 

0 

5 

4 

Illinois. 

15 

8 

7 

20 

5 

Indiana. 

0 

8 

20 

10 

t> 

Iowa. 

0 

10 

20 

10 

5 

Kansas . 

7 

12 

5 

5 

8 

Kentucky..,... 

0 

10 

15 

15 

' 2 

Louisiana. 

5 

8 

10 

5 

3 

Maine. 

0 

Any rate. 

20 

0 

t> 

Maryland. 

6 

(5 

12 

3 

3 

Massachusetts. 

ti 

Any rate. 

20 

0 

0 ' 

Michigan. 

7 

10 

0 

(5 

2 

Minnesota. 

7 

10 

10 

0 

t> 

Mississippi. 

6 

10 

7 

15 

3 

Missouri. 

0 

10 

5 

10 

5 

Montana . 

10 

Any rate. 

15 

6 

2 

Nebraska. 

7 

10 

5 

5 

5 

Nevada . 

10 

Any rate. 

ti 

(5 

4 

New Hampshire. 

ti 

0 

20 

6 

0 

New Jersey. 

6 

0 

20 

0 

ti 

New Mexico. 

6 

12 

15 

(5 

4 

New York *. 

t. 

6 s 

20 

ti 

(i 

North Carolina. 

6 

>. 

10 

3 

8 

North Dakota. 

7 

10 

20 

ts 

0 

Ohio. 

6 

8 

5 

15 

ti 


7 

1 2 




Oregon. 

8 

10 

10 

0 

1 

Pennsylvania. 

ti 

0 

5 

- 

o 

Rhode Island. 

(5 

Any rate. 

20 

0 

ti 

South Carolina. 

7 

Any rate. 

10 

ti 

ti 

South Dakota. 

7 

12 

20 

ti 


Tennessee. 

0 

10 

10 

ti 

ti 

Texas. 

8 

12 

15 

4 


Utah. 

10 

Any rate. 

5 

4 

2 

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0 

0 

H 

6 

ti 

Virginia . 

Washington. 

(5 

10 

8 

Any rate. 

10 

6 

5 

(5 

3 

West Virginia. 

6 

0 

10 

10 

3 

Wisconsin. 

7 

10 

20 

(5 

*5 

Wyoming. 

12 

Any rate. 

. 5 

5 

4 


* New York has. by a recent law, legalized any rate of interest; 
on call loans of $5,000 or upward, on collateral security. 















































































190 


THE ELEMENTS OE ALGEBRA. 


Arithmetic is the science of numbers, or the science of 
numerical equivalents. It teaches how to calculate or 
compute quantities by the means of numbers. 

Sir Issac Newton called algebra “universal arithmetic,” 
meaning by this term, that algebra teaches the rules 
which apply to any and all numbers. 

In arithmetic we have only 10 characters with which 
to work: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 9— and which, besides, 
have a limited meaning, variable by position only. In 
algebra, quantities of every kind may be denpted by any 
characters whatever. The known quantities in each case 
are generally denoted by the first letters of the alphabet, 
a, b, c, etc., and the unknown quantities to be found 
are represented by the last letters of the alphabet, z, 
y, x, w, etc. 

They represent any number chosen. If we assume a 
to represent 9, and b to represent 3, then a-fb=12; and 
in a-f b=c we would put c=l 2. 

In a—b=c we would have c=6; in aXb=c, c would be 
= 2 7;, in a-f-b=c, c would be =3. 

In a-f-b=c-4-x, x is the required answer, a, b and c 
being known quantities. 

The following signs are used in arithmetic: Plus (-f) 
for addition, minus (—) for subtraction, times (X) for 
multiplication, by (-4-) for division, and equals (=) to 
show equality. 

The signs used in algebra are: -f, — and =, as in 
arithmetic. The X is rarely used. Instead of axb the 

a 

form a b is employed, or a. b. Instead of a-4-b we write — 

b 

In arithmetic any operation that is readily performed 
is at once executed and tjie result substituted, as 10 for 
7-4-3, 3 for 10—7, 2 1 for 3x7, 7 for 21-4-3; but in 
algebra this is not done; a-fb is called a sum; a —b is a 
quantity equal to the excess of a over b; a b is a product; 
a 

— is a quotient; (a-fb) (c+d) is the product of the two 
b 

sums a-fb and c-fd; a (b-fc) is the product of a and the 
b b 

sum b-fc; a — is the product of a and the quotient —, 
c c 


etc. 

The parenthesis, ( ), means that the term enclosed in 
n is to be treated as one quantity. If a=9, b=8, c=4, 
and d=3, then (a-fb) (c-fd)=(9-f 8) (4 + 3)=1 7x7 = 11 9 , 

b 

a (b-fc)=9xl 2=1 08; a — =9x2=18. 


c 

a-fa is written 2 a; ab-fab-fab=3 ab. etc. The definite 
numbers in this case are called numerical coefficients, 
or for short, coefficients. 

aXa is written a a or a 2 , which is read “a square.” 
aXaXa is written a 3 , which is read “a cube.” etc. In 
this ca<5p the figure indicates how many times a quan- 


101 


tity is to be multiplied by itself, 
ponent; a is the square root of 

of a 3 . 


and is called the ex- 
a 2 , and the cube root 


The meaning of a—b+ — —(2 ab+d)+6 ac de- 

d 

pends on the definite numbers to be substituted for the 
characters. If all the + quantities (positive quantities), 

a + t* +6 ac added together give a larger quantity 

U 

than the — quantities (negative quantities), b+ 2 ab+d 
added together, then the arswer is positive, otherwise it 
will be negative. 

The difference between a—b+c and a—(b+c) is as 
follows: In the first case b is to be subtracted from the 
sum of a and c; in the second case the sum of b and c 
is to be subtracted from a. The difference becomes clear 
by substituting definite numbers: 20—9+4=15: 20— 
(9 + 4)=7. 

The meaning of a—(b+c)=a— b—c is that additions 
and subtractions may be performed in any order. We 
may either subtract the sum of b-J-c from a, or we may 
subtract first b from a and then subtract c from the 
remainder. The result is the same. 

If a+b=c—b. then a+2 b=c. Taking —b away on one 
side is the same as adding +b. because +b—b=o. To 
keep the two terms at the sides of the = sign of the 
same value, we must add +b at the other side, too, 
which gives 2 b. 

a(—b)= —ab signifies that “multiplication by a nega¬ 
tive quantity” (—b) nieans “starting from the zero point 
in the opposite direction.” If John has $500 assets, 
and Frank has ten times as much liabilities, he owes 
$5,000. Also: If John owes $500, (—a), and Frank 
owes ten (b) times as much, he owes (—a) b= —ab or 
$5,000. 

(—a) (—b)= +ab signifies the reverse of the above. 
The same principle applies. If John is $5 00 short, and 
Fred has ten times as large an amount of cash on hand, 
he has $5,000. Expressed as a rule, this simple truth 
presents itself as follows: Minus mutiplied by minus 
produces plus, or, in other words, the product of 2 
negative factors is positive. , 


FURTHER ILLUSTRATION OF THIS RULE. 

One ship sailed 200 miles due east from a port, 
while another steamed 3 times as far due west. They 
were consequently 800 miles apart, one being 200, and 
the other 6 00 miles, from the port, in opposite direc¬ 
tions. 

The great advantage that algebra gives, is that it 
gives short characters instead of long numbers, and 
avoids tedious multiplications, etc., as no such opera¬ 
tions need to be executed, except in the answer, where 
the given values are substituted. 


192 


IMPORTANT ITEMS CONCERNING OCEAN TRAVEL. 

Number of Steamers.— There are about 10,000 
steamers at present afloat on the various great rivers, 
seas and oceans. 

Mail Steamships.— The Cunard Line has carried the 
ocean mails since 1840. The earlier steamers of this 
line, for several years, were all side-wheelers. 

A Knot.—I n sailor phrase a knot is a nautical mile, and 
includes 6,080 feet. By United States surveyors’ meas* 
ure a mile includes 5,280 feet. 

First Ocean Propeller.— The method of moving ves¬ 
sels by screw propulsion, was invented by Ericsson, in 
1836, and was practically applied on the Great Britain, 
which made the trip from Liverpool to New York in 14 
days, 21 hours, in 1845. 

First Steamer Crossing Ocean.— The Savannah, 380 
tons, launched at Corlear's Hook, New York, in 1818, was 
the first vessel using steam to cross the ocean, the jour¬ 
ney from Savannah to Liverpool being made in 1819 in 
25 days, using steam 18 days. 

Fog.—T he passenger should not grumble at fog. It 
should be understood that this dense mist is the method 
pursued by Nature in taking up moisture from the ocean 
into the atmosphere to be wafted into clouds thousands 
of miles inland, to fall upon the earth in refreshing rain. 

Crossing Ocean—Time in 1838.— The Great Western, 
750 tons, the largest steamer at that time, made the jour¬ 
ney from Bristol, England, to New York in 15 days, 
April, 1838; brought over 7 passengers; carried back 66 
passengers, and made return trip in 14 days. Coal con¬ 
sumed on westward trip, 655 tons; consumed on return 
trip, 392 tons. 

Speed and Danger.— Experience has proved that the 
greater the speed the greater the safety, rapid sailing 
vessels being able to escape the area of the fog and storm 
more quickly than the slow ship. The rapid sailor can 
be more easily manoeuvred than the slower vessel, and if 
collision becomes unavoidable, the great impetus of the 
rapid sailing ship will cause it to cut the opposing vessel 
in two, with but little damage to Itself. 

The Great Eastern.— Designed by Brunet, was begun 
at Millwall, London, in 1854. and was launched in 1858 
was 680 feet- long. 83 feet broad, draught of 2^ feet; had 
screw engines of 4.000 horse- power, and paddle engines, 
of 2,600 horse-power. Served in the iaying of the Atlau 
tic cable, but was unfitted for ocean use in competition 
with the more rapid sailing vessels, which made their 
journeys at less expense. Was sold in 1887 for $40,006, 
and was broken up, 


183 

ITEMS CONCERNING OCEAN TRAVEL.—Continued. 

Speed and Distance. —The rapidity with whtek a rapid 
sailing propelling steamer travels is ascertained by Che 
cumber of revolutions or movements made per minute 
in certain portions of the machinery. It is also learned 
by the dropping of an object attached to a line into the 
water at the side of the stern of the vessel, which, re¬ 
maining nearly stationary, allows the operator to know 
the speed by the number of knots which the line runs out 
in a certain number of seconds. The drop line, called the 
log line, contains a small string tied into a knot at a dis¬ 
tance of every 47 feet and 3 inches; hence the name 
“knot.” 

Steamship Names. —The bow is the extreme forward 
part of the ship. The stern is the % after part. Forward is 
the fore part of the vessel. Aft is the rear part. Amid¬ 
ships is the central part of the vessel. Starboard is the 
right side of the ship, looking forward. Port, the left 
side. The Index Guide gives the following description of 
sails, namely: That the masts are the fore mast, main 
mast and mizpen mast. The parts of the masts are the 
tore mast, fore-top mast, fore-top gallant mast, fore-royal 
mast, and similarly for the other masts; thus, main mast, 
main-top mast, mizzen-top mast, etc. Booms are round, 
heavy wooden spars to which the sails are attached—the 
jib-boom extending from the bowsprit, the flying jib- 
boom being attached to. but extending beyond, the jib- 
boom.. The main and mizzen booms are attached to the 
main and mizzen masts, the spanker boom extends aft 
from the mizzen mast. Yards are strong, horizontal, 
wooden spars, extending crosswise the ship, to which 
the sails are attached along, up the masts. The principal 
sails are the jib and flying jib, long triangular sails ex¬ 
tending from the fore mast to the jib-booms, and along 
the masts upward from the deck to the try-sail, the lore- 
course or fore-sail, or fore-top sail, fore-top gallant sail, 
fore-royal sail, fore-sky sail, and similarly for each ot the 
other masts; thus, main try-sail, main sail, main top-san, 
mizzen top-sail, etc., and spanker, the stern-most sail, 
extending from the spanker boom to the gaff, lhe 
ensign or ship’s colors are attached to the gaff. Shi ouds 
are t he ropes used to sustain the masts, and extend from 
the fore-top to the sides of the ship (the rope ladders) 
The other ropes, used as supports to the masts, are 
designated stays, aud are named from that part of the 
mast to which to which they are attached, as fore-stay, 
mizzen-stav, fore royal-stay, mizzen-top gallant-stay, etc. 
The jib-boom, flying jib-boom and several of the sails 
here mentioned, are not required and are not used on the 
large modern steamers. 


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l^ay out the dimensions in the form of a cross and put a pin in the end of one of tb. 
short arms, now put a pin in each of the long arms a sufficient distance from the end that a 
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your oval 




























































196 


THE $10,000 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 
STEEL TEMPERING PROCESS. 

The following process and mixtures, patented by Gar- 
man and Siegfried, and owned by the Steel Refining and 
Tempering Co., of Boston, Mass., cost the U. S. Govern¬ 
ment $10,000 for the right of using in their shops, and is 
said to impart extraordinary hardness and durability to 
the poorest kind of steel. Siegfried’s specification reads 
as follows “ I first heat the steel to a cherry red in a 
clean smith’s fire, and then cover the steel with chloride 
of sodium (common salt), purifying the fire also by 
throwing in salt. I work the steel in this condition, and 
while subjected to this treatment, until it is brought into 
nearly its finished form. I then substitute for the salt a 
compound composed of the following ingredients, and in 
about the following proportions: One part by weight of 
each of the following substances: Chloride of sodium 
<salt), sulphate of copper, sal-ammoniac, and sal-soda, 
together with y 2 part by weight of pure nitrate of potassa 
<saltpetre), said ingredients being pulverized and mixed. 
I alternately heat the steel and treat it by covering with 
this mixture and hammering it until it is thoroughly re¬ 
fined and brought into its finished form. I then return 
it to the fire and heat it slowly to a cherry red, and then 
plunge it into a bath composed of the following ingre- 
idents, in substantially the following proportions for the 
required quantities: Of rain water, 1 gal.; alum, sal-soda, 
sulphate of copper, of each 1% ozs.; of nitrate of potassa 
(saltpetre), 1 oz., and of chloride of sodium (salt), 6 ozs. 
These quantities and proportions are stated as being 
what I regard as practically the best, but it is manifest 
that they may be slightly changed without departing 
from the principles of my invention,” 


s 


197 


SIZES OF NEWSPAPER SHEETS. 

We herewith present a Tabular Statement showing 
the different sizes of Newspaper Sheets, and the number 
of columns to each size: 


WIDTH OF COLUMN, 

13 EMS PICA. PAPER. 

5 Column Folio.20x2(3 

6 “ “ .22x31 

6 “ “ (wide margin;.22x32 

7 “ “ .24x35 

7 “ “ (wide margin). 24x3(3 

8 “ “ .2(3x40 

9 “ “ .28x44 

4 “ Quarto.22x31 

4 “ “ (wide margin).22x32 

5 “ “ ...26x40 

6 “ “ .30x44 

7 “ “ .35x48 


SIZES OF FLAT PAPER. 


Flat Foolscap. 

..13x16 

Cap. 

..14x17 

Crown. 


Demy. 

..16x21 

Folio Post. 

..17x22 

Medium. 

..18x23 

Double Fiat Foolscap.... 


Royal. 

..19x24 

Double Cap. 

..17x28 

Super Roy a. . 

.20x28 

Double Demy . 

..21x32 


Double Demy. .. 

Imperial. 

Double Medium. 
Double Medium. 

Elephant.. 

Colombian. 

Atlas. 

Double Roj’al.... 
Double Elephant 
Antiquarian. 


NATION AJL BANKS. 


COLUMN 

RULES. 


17 % inches, 
19 ^ “ 

19j£ “ 

21X “ 
21* “ 

23 & “ 

26 “ 


13^ 

17 * 
19 * 
21 * 


ii 

16 

ii 

<« 

ii 


.16x42 

.23x31 

.23x36 

.18x46 

23x28 

23x34 

.26x33 

.24x38 

.27x40 

.31x53 


In ISO5 Congress laid a tax of 1 0 per cent, per annum 
on the notes of state banks, thus hampering the latter 
and encouraging the formation of national banks, wnicu 
for a time did most of the banking business of the coun¬ 
try. In recent years note issue has become a less im¬ 
portant feature of banking, and since 189 0 there has 
been a marked revival of state banks and trust com-, 
panies. In 19 04 there were 5,457 national banks, with 
a capital of $7 7 0,00 0,0 0 0, circulating notes up to 
.$456,000,000, and deposits amounting to over $5,000,- 

National banks may issue notes secured by Lnxted 
States bonds deposited in the treasury. 




































198 


SALARIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS, PER ANNUM, 

President, Vice-President and Cabinet.— President, $50,000.• 
Vice-President, $8,000; Cabinet Officers, $8,000 each. 

United States Senators.—$ 5,000, with mileage. 

C6ngress. —Members of Congress, $5,000, with mileage. 

Supreme Court. —Chief Justice, $10,500; Associate Justices, 

$ 10 , 000 . 

Circuit Courts. —Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000. 

Heads of Departments. —Supt. of Bureau of Engraving and 
Printing, $4,500; Public Printer, $4,500; Supt. of Census, $6,000; 
3upt. of Naval Observatory, $5,000; Supt. of the Signal Service, 
$4,000; Director of Geological Surveys, $6,000; Director of the 
Mint, $4,500; Commissioner of General Land Office, $4,000; Com¬ 
missioner of Pensions, $5,000; Commissioner of Labor, $500; 
Commissioner of Indian Affairs. $4,000; Commissioner of Educa¬ 
tion, $8,000; Commander of Marine Corps, $8,500; Supt. of 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, $6,000. 

United States Treasury. — Treasurer, $6,000; Register of 
Treasury, $4,000; Comptroller of Customs, $4,000. 

Post-Office Department Washington.— Four Assistant Post¬ 
master-Generals, $4,000; Chief Clerk, $2,500. 

Postmasters. —Postmasters are divided into four classes. First 
tlass, $8,060 to $4,000 (excepting New York City, which is 
$8,000); "Second class, $2,000 to $8,000; third class, $1,000 to 
$2,000; fourth class less than $1,000. The first three classes are 
appointed by the President, and confirmed by the Senate; those of 
fourth class are appointed by the Postmaster-General. 

Diplomatic Service. — Ambassadors at $17,500- France, Ger¬ 
many, Great Britain, Mexico, Russia; at $12,000: Italy. Ministers 
Plenipotentiary: at $12,000, Austria Hungary, Brazil, China, 

Japan and Spain; at $10,000: Argentine, Belgium, Guatemala, 
Chili, Nicaragua. Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Netherlands and 
Turkey; at $7,500: Denmark, Hayti, Paraguay and Uruguay, 
Sweden and Norway, and Switzerland; at $6,500; Greece; at 
$5,000 Bolivia and Ecuador. Ministers Resident at $7,500: Corea 
and Siam; at $5 000: Persia; at $4.000: Liberia. Then four Con- 
suls-Gtnerals at $6 000; three at $5,000; six at $4,000; and eight 
at $8,500 to $2,000; also 72 Consuls at $1,000 up to $8,400. 

Army Officers — General, $13,500; Lieut.-General, $11,000; 
Major-General. $7,500: Brigadier-Genera' $5,500, Colonel, $8,- 
600: Lieut.-Colonel. $3,000: Major. $2,500; Captain, mounted, 
$2 000; Captain, not mounted, $1,800; Regimental Adjutant, 
$1,800; Regimental Quartermaster. $1,800; 1st Lieutenant, 
mounted, $1,600; 1st Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieu¬ 
tenant. mounted $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,400; 
Chaplain, $1,500. 

Navy Officers.— Admiral, $13,500; Rear-Admirals, $6,000; Cap¬ 
tains. $4,500; Commanders, $3,500; Lieut.-Commandeis, $2,800; 
Lieutenants. $2,400; Masters, $1 800; Ensigns, $1 200; Midship¬ 
men, $1,000; Cadet Midshipmen, |500:oMates, $900; Medical ai-rl 
Pay Directors and Medical and Pay Inspectors and Chief Engineers, 
$4,400; Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters and Fleet Engineers, 
$4,400; Surgeons and Paymasters, $2,800; Chaplains; $2,500. 


199 


POPULATION OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 

CONTAINING 25,000 INHABITANTS AND OVER, WITH THEIR 
POPULATION IN 1900, IN 1890 AND 1880. 


CENSUS OF 1900. 



1900. 

1890. 

1680. 

Akron, O. 


27 601 

16.512 

Albany, N. Y.. 

.... 94.151 

94,923 

90,758 

Allegheny, Pa. 

....129 890 

105,287 

78.682 

Allentown, Pa. 

_ 35 41(5 

25,228 

18.063 

Altoona, Pa. 

.... 38 973 

30.337 

19,710 

Atlanta, Ga. 

.... 89.872 

65.533 

37,409 

Atlantic City, N. J. 

.. 27,838 

13.055 

5,477 

Auburn, N. Y . 


25,858 

21,925 

Augusta, Ga. 


33.300 

21.891 

Baltimore, Mil. 

.508,957 

434.439 

332,31^ 

Bay City, Mich. 

.... 27.628 

27,839 

20,693 

Bayonne, N. .1. 


19.033 

9.372 

Binghamton, N. Y. 


35.005 

17.317 

Birmingham, Ala. 

.... 38,415 

26,178 

400 

Boston, Mass. 

... 560.892 

448,477 

362,839 

Bridgeport, Conn. 

.. . 70,996 

48,866 

27,643 

Brockton, Mass. 

.... 40.063 

27,294 

13,608 

Buifalo, N. Y. , 

_352,387 

255.664 

155.134 

Butte City, Mont . 

. 30,470 

10,723 

3.366 

Cambridge, Mass. 

.... 91,886 

70,028 

52.669 

Camden, N. J.. 


58.313 

41,659 

Canton, O. 


26,189 

12.258 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 


18,126 

10.104 

Charleston, S. C. 

_ 55,807 

54,955 

49,984 

Chattanooga, Tenn . 

... 32.490 

29,100 

12,892 

Chelsea, Mass. 

.... 34.072 

27.909 

21,782 

Chester, Pa. 


19,791 

14,997 

Chicago, Ill. 

..1.698,575 

1,099 850 

503.185 

Cincinnati, O. 


296.908 

255.139 

Cleveland, O. 

....381,768 

261*353 

160,146 

Columbus, O. 

... 125,560 

88,150 

51,647 

Council Bluffs, Iowa. 

.... 25.802 

21,474 

181063 

Covington, Ky. 

.... 42.938 

37.371 

29,720 

Dallas, Tex. 

.... 42.638 

38,067 

10.358 

Davenport, Iowa. 

.... 35,254 

26,872 

21.831 

Dayton, O.. 

.... 85.333 

61.220 

38,878 

Denver, Colo. 

... 133,859 

106.713 

35,629 

Des Moines, Iowa. 

.... 62.139 

50.098 

22.428 

Detroit, Mich. 

....285,704 

205.876 

116,340 

Dubuque, Iowa. 

.... 36.297 

30.311 

22.254 

Duluth, Minn. 

.... 52.969 

33115 

5,415 

Easton, Pa. 

.. . 25,238 

14.481 

11,124 

E. St. Louis, Ill. 

.... 29.655 

' 15.169 

9.185 

Elizabeth, N. J. /. 

.... 52130 

37.764 

28,229 

Elmira, N. .. 

.... 35,672 

30 893 

20.541 

Itvie, Pa... . . 


40.634 

27,737 










































1 V. ' ' 4 

Evansville, Ind. 

200 

... 59-007 

50,756 

29,280 

Fall River, Mass. 


74,398 

48,961 

Fitchburg, Mass. 

... 31.581 

22.037 

12,429 

Fort Wayne, Ind. 

... 45,115 

35,392 

26,880 

Fort Worth, Tex. 

... 26,688 

23,076 

6,6G3 

Galveston, Tex. 

.. 37,789 

29.084 

22,248 

Gloucester, Mass. 

... 26,121 

24,651 

19,329 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 

... 87,565 

60.278 

32,016 

Harrisburg, Pa... 

... 50,167 

39,385 

30,762 

Hartford, Conn. 

... 79.850 

53,230 

42,015 

Haverhill, Mass... 

... 37,175 

27,412 

18,472 

Hoboken, N. J. 

... 69,364 

43,648 

30,999 

Holyoke, Mass. 

... 45,712 

35,637 

21,915 

Houston, Tex. 

... 44,633 

27,557 

16,513 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

...169,164 

105,436 

75,056 

Jackson, Miss. 

... 25,180 

5,920 

5.204 

Jacksonville, Fla. 

.. 28.429 

17,201 

7,650 

Jersey City, N. J. 

. ..206,433 

163.443 

120.722 

Johnstown, Pa. 

... 35,936 

21,805 

8 380 

Joliet, Ill. 

... 29.353 

23.264 

11,657 

Kansas City, Mo. 

.. 163,752 

132.716 

55,785 

Kansas City, Kans. 

... 51.418 

38.316 

3.202 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

... 32.637 

22,535 

9.693 

La Crosse, Wis. 

... 28,695 

25,090 

14 505 

Lancaster, Pa. 

.... 41.459 

32,011 

25.769 

Lawrence, Mass...*. 


54.654 

39.151 

Lexington, Ky. 


21.567 

16-655 

Lincoln, Neb. 

... 40 169 

55.154 

13,003 

Little Rock, Ark. 

... 38 307 

25.874 

13,138 

Los Angeles, Cal. 

... 102 479 

50,395 

11.183 

Louisville, Ky. 


161,129 

123 758 

Lowell, Mass. 

... 94 969 

77,096 

59 475 

Lynn, Mass. 


55,727 

38.274 

Malden, Mass. 

... 33 664 

23,031 

12 017 

Manchester, N. H. 

... 56 987 

44.126 

32 630 

McKeesport, Pa. 

... 34 227 

20,741 

8 213 

Memphis, Tenn. 


64.495 

33.592 

Milwaukee, Wis. 


204.268 

115.587 

Minneapolis, Minn . 

...202.718 

164.738 

46 887 

Mobile, Aia... 

... 38 469 

31 076 

29.132 

Montgomery, Ala. 

Nashville, Tenn . 


21 883 

16 713 

.... 80.865 

76 168 

43 360 

Newark, N. J. 

... 246.070 

181 830 

136.501 

New Bedford, Mass . 

... 62.442 

40.733 

26.845 

New Bt train. Conn. 

.... 25 998 

19 007 

11,800 

Newcastle, Pa. 


11.600 

8.418 

New Haven, Conn. 

.. 108.027 

81.299 

. 62.882 
' 216.090 

New Orleans, La..... 

...287.104 

240.039 

Newport, Kv. 

.... 28.301 

24,918 

20.433 

Newton, Ma^s. 


21.379 

16,995 

New York, N. Y.. 

..3,437.202 

1,515.301 

1,206 299 

Norfolk, Va. .. 

... 46.624 

34.871 

21.966 

Oakland, Cal. 


48.862 

34.555 

Omaha, Neb. 


140.452 

30.518 

OsLkosh, Wis. 


22.836 

15.748 

Passaic, N. J... 


13,028 

0.532 



















































201 


Paterson, N. .1. 

.105,171 

78.347 

51 031 

Pawtncket, K. I. 

. 39,231 

27.633 

19 030 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

....1.2.93.097 

1,046 96 4 

847.170 

Pittsburg, Pa. 


238 617 

156-389 

Portland, Me. 


36,425 

33 810 

Portland, Ore. 

. 90,426 

40.385 

17.577 

Providence, R. I. 


132.346 

104.857 

Pueblo, Col. 

. 28.157 

24.558 

3.217 

Quincy, Ill. 

. 36.252 

31.494 • 

27.268 

Racine, Wis.. 

. 29 102 

21.014 

16.031 

Reading, Pa. 

. 78.961 

58,061 

43,278 

Richmond, Va. 

. 35 050 

81.380 

66.600 

Rochester, N. Y. 

..162.608 

133 896 

89,36(5 

Rockford, Ill. 

. 31.051 

23.584 

13.129 

Sacramento, Cal. 

. 29.282 

26.336 

21.420 

Saginaw. Mich. 

. 42.345 

46.322 

10 525 

Salem, Mass. 


30.801 

27.563 

Salt Lake Citv. Utah... 

.. .. 53 531 

44.843 

20.768 

San Antonio, Tex. 


37.573 

20.550 

San Francisco, Cal. 

.342.782 

298.997 

233 959 

Savannah. Ga. 

. 54.244 

43.189 

30.709 

Schenectady, N. Y. 

. 31.682 

19,902 

1 3 655 

Scranton, Pa. 

.102.026 

75.215 

45 850 

Seattle, Wash_,. 

. 80.671 

42.837 

3 533 

Sioux City, Iowa. 

. 33.111 

37 806 

7 366 

Somerville, Mass. 

. 61.643 

40.152 

24 933 

Souih Bend, Ind. 


21.819 • 

13.280 


. 26 001 

8 062 


Spokane, Wash.,. 

. 36.848 

19 922 

350 

Springfield, Ill., f. . 

. 34,159 

24 963 

19 743 

Springfield, Mass. 

. 62 059 

44.179 

33,340 

Springfield, 0. 


31 895 

20,730 

St. Joseph, Mo. 

.102 979 

52 234 

32 431 

St. Louis, Mo.... 

.575 238 

451,770 

350,518 

St. Paul, Minn. 

.163.065 

133156 

41.473 

Superior, Wis. 

. 31 691 

11 983 

655 

Syracuse, N. Y. 

.108.374 

88.143 

51.792 

Tacoma, Wash. 

. 37.714 

36 006 

1,098 

Taunton, Mass. 

. 31036 

25 4 18 

21 .213 

Terre Haute, Ind. 

. 36.673 

30 217 

20 642 

Topeka, Kans. 

. 33.608 

31 007 

15 452 

Toledo, O. 

. .13' 822 

81 434 

50 13 7 

Tien ton, N. J. 

. 73 307 

57 458 

29.91 0 

Troy, N. Y. 


60 056 

56 “47 

Utica, N. Y...... 

. 56 383 

44 007 

33.914 

Waltham, Mass. 

.... ... 33 481 

lb' 707 

11.712 

Washington. 1). C. 

.278 718 

18s 932 

147.293 

Waterbary. Conn. 

. 45 859 

28.646 

17.806 

Wheeling. W. Va. 

. 38.878 

34 552 

30.737 

Wilkesbarre, Pa. 

. 51 721 

37-718 

23 396 

Williamsport, Pa. 


27 132 

18 934 

Wilmington, Del. 

. 76 508 

61 431 

-42.478 

Woonsocket, R. I. 

. 28 204 

20 830 

16 050 

Worcester. Mass. 

.118 421 

84.655 

58 291 

Yonkers, N. Y. 


32 033 

18 892 

York. Pa. 


20 793 

13.940 

Youngstown, O . 

. 44.885 

33,220 

15 435 

















































202 


Summary of the Above List of 159 Cities with. 25,000 
Inhabitants or Over. 

The percentage of increase in population from 1890 to 
1900 was 32.5, as against 49.5 for the same cities in the 
previous decade. The absolute increase in the popula¬ 
tion from 1890 to 1900 was 4,839.136, or 82,426 less than 
the absolute increase from 1880 to 1890, when it was 
4.921.562. The 159 cities combined have a population 
in 1900 of 19,694.625, against 14,855,489 in 1890, and 
9.993,927 in 1880. Of these 159 cities, divided into four 
classes; 19 had 200,000 and over, 19 had 100,000 and 
under 200,000. 40 had 50,000 and under 100,000, and 81 
had 25,000 and under 50,000. 

In 1880 there were only 20 cities which contained more 
than 100,000 inhabitants, but in 1890 this number had 
increased to 24 and in 1900 to 38. 


Manufacturing Increase. 1899—1901. 


The activity of American manufacturers is illustrated 
by the statistics of the imports of manufacturers’ mater¬ 
ials and exports? of manufactured goods. In the eight 
months ending \tfith August, 1900, imports of raw mater¬ 
ials for use in manufacturing amounted to $200,000,000, 
against a little over $100,000,000 in the corresponding 
months of 1896, and the exports of manufactured goods 
w r ere $304,00’0,000, against $163,000,000 in the corres¬ 
ponding months of 1896. Thus in both importation of 
raw materials for use in manufacturing and in export¬ 
ation of the finished product, the figures of the present 
year are nearly double those of 1896. 

The total imports of the eight months ending September 
1900exceeded by $93,000,000 the imports of the corres¬ 
ponding months of 1896. 

The following table shows the principal exports of man¬ 
ufactures in the eight months of 1896 and 1900, respect¬ 
ively : 

Eight months ended Aug. 31. 


1886. 1900. 


Iron and steel. 

Oils. 

Copper. 

Leather. 

Cotton manufactures .... 
Agricultural implements. 

Chemicals . 

Wood manufactures. 

Scientific implements.. . 
Paper and mfr. of.. 


$20,957,090 
37,329,246 
17,872,807 
12,635,358 
10,782,950 
. 4,070,772 
. 5,889,797 
. 5,037,265 
. 1.762,855 

. 1,861,868 


$87,174,389 

45,635,660 

41,830,330 

17,697,762 

15,263,167 

13,854,774 

9,188,129 

7,899,857 

4,171,561 

4.508,766 












203 


U. S. CONGRESS. 

House of Representatives Reapportionment. 

Under the terms of the apportionment hill passed by 
the House on Jan. 8, .1901, the new, total membership of 
386 goes into effect after the 3d day of March, 1903. The 
Congress elected November, 1900, went into office the¬ 
oretically on March 4, 1901, and expires by limitation 
with the conclusion of the 3d day of March, 1903. That, 
which is the Fifty-seventh Congress, of course, has a 
membership of 357. The Congress to be chosen under 
the new apportionment of 386 will be elected in Novem¬ 
ber, 1902, and although the term of office will begin on 
March 4, 1903, the first regular meeting will be held the 
first Monday in December following. 

The number of 336 is arrived at by taking the ratio of 
one representative to 194,182. This gives 360 Represen¬ 
tatives on an even division, but it leaves four States with 
no Representatives at all and twenty-two having remain¬ 
ders which are more than one-half of the ratio. 

These are added so as to make the total membership 
386. This is not the system recommended by the Census 
office. It is what is known as the compound ratio, which 
recognizes all majority fractions and which entirely 
eliminates all the curious paradoxes seen in the Census 
office method. 

The official membership of the House by States under 
the new apportionment is as follows : 


Alabama.. 9 

Arkansas. 7 

California. 8 

Colorado . 3 

Connecticut. 5 

Delaware. 1 

Florida. 3 

Georgia..11 

Idaho. 1 

Illinois. 25 

Indiana.13 

Iowa.,.11 

Kansas. 8 

Kentucky.11 

Louisiana. 7 

Maine ’. 4 

Maryland. 6 

Massachusetts.14 

Michigan .12 

Minnesota. 9 

Mississippi. 8 

Missouri. 16 

Montana. 1 


Nebraska. 6 

Nevada. 1 

New Hampshire. 2 

New Jersey.10 

New York.37 

North Carolina.10 

North Dakota. 2 

Ohio. 21 

Oregon. 2 

Pennsylvania.32 

Rhode Island. 2 

South Carolina. 7 

South Dakota . 2 

Tennessee....10 

Texas.16 

Utah. 1 

Vermont. 2 

Virginia .10 

Washington. 3 

West Virginia'. 5 

Wisconsin.11 

Wyoming. 1 


















































204 


HAWAII. 

Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, 
annexed Aug. 12, 1898 to the territory of the United; 
States, were discovered in 1778 by Captain Cook, and 
united into one kingdom under King Kamehameha I. A 
constitution was granted to the people by King Kame¬ 
hameha III, in 1852. On the death of King Kalakua h© 
was succeeded January 20, 1891, by his eldest sister, 
Liliuokaiini. 

A disagreement between the Queen and her Cabinet in 
January 1893. was taken advantage of by white American 
residents and descendants of American settlers, who 
formed a Committee of Safety, seized the government, 
deposed and imprisoned the Queen, and established a 
provincial government. They were sustained by United 
States Minister Stevens, who caused the marines from, 
the United States war vessels in the harbor of Honolulu 
to be landed, ostensibly for the protection of American 
interests. On July 4, 1894 a republic was proclaimed 
and a constitution adopted. But the annexation agitation 
ended as above stated. April 30,1900, Hatvaii was con- 
stiuted as a regular territory. 

The area of the several islands composing the group 
is as follows: Hawaii, 4,210 square miles: Maui. 760; 
Oahu, 600: Kauai, 590: Molokai. 270: Lanai. 250; Nilhau, 
97; Kahoolawe, 63. Total, 6740 square miles. 

At the time of the discovery of the islands by Captain 
Cook in 1778 the native population was about 200,000. 
This has steadily decreased, so that at the last census the 
natives numbered but 31,019, which was less than that of 
the Japanese and Chinese immigrants settled in the islands 
A census taken early in 1897 revealed a total population 
of 109,020, distributed according to race as follows : 

Males. 

Hawaiians. . 16.399 

Part Hawaiians. 

Japanese. 19,212 

Chinese. 19,167 

Portuguese. 8,202 

Americans ... 1.975 

British.. 

The remainder were German, French, Norwegians, 
South Sea Islanders, and representatives of other nation¬ 
alities. The American population -was 2.73 of the whole. 
The official U. S. Census of 1900, declares the total popu¬ 
lation to be 154,001. 

There are 71 miles of railroad and about 250 miles of 
telegraph in the islands. All forms of religion were tol¬ 
erated, but nearly all the natives are Christians. Hono¬ 
lulu, the. capital, with a population of 39,306 (1900), ha© 
most of the local features of an American city. 


Males. 

Females 

Total. 

16.399 

14,620 

31,019 

4,249 

' 4,236 

8,485 

19,212 

5,195 

24,407 

19,167 

2,449 

21.616 

8,202 

6,898 

15,100 

1.975 

1,111 

3,086 

1,406 

844 

2,250 


v : 










205 


The production of the islands are sugar, coffee, tropical 
fruits and rice. We import.from foreign countries more 
than $200,000,000 of this class of goods annually, and 
while the quantity produced in Hawaii amounts to less 
than one-tenth of this sum, it may he materially in¬ 
creased. and our expenditures for this class of articles be, 
in future, kept within our own borders. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

This large archipelego is lying between the China Sea 
on the west, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. It was 
ceded by Spain to the U. S. by the treaty of peace of Paris, 
Dec. 10, 1898; consideration: $20,000,000, gold and 
special trade conditions The islands number about 
2,000. The land area is over 120,000 miles. The island 
of Luzon, on which the capital city (Manilla) is situated, 
is the largest of the group. Mindaneo is nearly as large. 
A conservative estimate of the population is 8,000,000. 
Racially the inhabitants are principally Malays. The 
country has been in the possession of Spain since 1565, 
and the religion introduced by the proprietors has long 
been that of the natives on the coast, so that the Roman 
church has been a strong ruling power. There is also a 
large number of Mahometans. 

There is considerable variety in the climate, and for the 
tropics it is not excessively hot. On the western side of 
Luzon the hot season is from March to June, May being 
the hottest month, when the temperature ranges from 80 
to 100 degrees. The mean temperature for the month is 
84 degrees, 2 degrees above the Summer temperature of 
New Orleans and 9 degrees above the hottest month in 
Washington. From October to March is a cool, dry sea¬ 
son. There is but one railway in the islands—from Man¬ 
illa to Dagupin—a distance of 123 miles, It is single- 
track and weil built and has paid more than 10 per cent, 
per annum to shareholders. The Compania Transatlan- 
tica (Manila-Liverpool) maintains a monthly service to 
Europe: there are four lines of steamers to Hong Kong, 
and many local lines plying between Manila and the 
provinces, the largest having twenty-eight steamers of 
25.000 tonnage. 

There are about 25,000 Europeans re&ident in the 
islands, of course, not counting the troops and the Amer¬ 
icans recently attracted to Manila. Some 12.000 are es¬ 
tablished in the capital, Manila. English, Spanish, and 
German houses are engaged in trade, advancing money 
to the natives on their crops. Such business methods in¬ 
volve risks, but the profits are immense. The land is 
fertile. Adaca Cmanila hemp) is one of the chief sources 
of wealth- Sugar cane does not give as satisfactory re¬ 
turns. The average production is 175.186.96 tons The 


206 


cultivation of tobacco is one of the most important in¬ 
dustries. The native coffee has a flue aroma. Cocoa 
trees grow in abundance, and the oil is used for lighting 
houses and streets. The indigo is famous for its superior 
qualities. Cotton spinning and work in bamboo are 
among the chief industries. Manila hemp is perennial 
and requires little cultivation. About a million bales are 
exported annually, nearly all of it going to England or 
coming to this country, and our importation of the fibre 
has been increasing. The tobacco is as well known in 
Europe and Asia as the tobacco of Cuba is in this country; 
it is extensively cultivated and its manufacture is the 
staple business'of the capital city. There are also many 
kinds of fancy woods for furniture, etc., purposes. 

In 1891 the Philippines' exports to Spain amounted to 
$*22,479,000 ($18,095,595 in United States money). In 
1891 the Philippines’ imports from Spain amounted to 
$17,126,000 ($1.1786,460). The total exports from the 
Philippine in 1892 consisted of 95.016 tons of hemp: 
3.951',060 piculs (553.148.400 pounds) of sugar; 21,223 
piculs (2,971,220 pounds) of coffee: 61,459 piculs 
(8.604,260 pounds) of sampanwood; 5,570 piculs (779,800 
pounds of indigo: 254.428 quintals (56.091,197 pounds) 
of tobacco leaf: 137.050.000 cigars. The total exports 
in 1892 were of the value of $33,479,000 ($23,803,569). 
Total value of imports in 1892 were of the value of 
$273)000.000 ($19,197,000). 

PORTO RICO- 

•\ West Indian island over which the flag of the United 
States was raised on October 18, 1898, and which the 
Treaty of Paris has finally awarded us. is the most east¬ 
ern of the Greater Antilles and separated on the east 
from the island of St. Thomas by a distance of about 
fifty miles, and from Hayti on the west by the Mona pas¬ 
sage. seventy miles wide. 

The island is 108 miles from E. to W,, and from 37 to 
43 miles across; the area 3,600 square miles. The popu¬ 
lation in special census of 1899 was 953,243, of which 
3-5 were white. Most of the population is situated on the 
lowlands at the sea front. For lack of roads, the interior 
is accessible only by mule trails and it is covered with 
vast forests. .Forty-seven very considerable rivers have 
been enumerated; they are short and rapid. The moun¬ 
tains intercept the northeast trade winds blowing from 
the Atlantic so that the rainfall of the north section is 
very copious. South of the mountains severe droughts 
occur and agriculture demands irrigation. 

The climate is hot, but the temperature seldom exceeds 
97 degrees Fahrenheit in the shade during the hottest 
hours. At night it sinks to 68 or 69 degrees. The mean 


207 


annual average rainfall is 64*4 inches. The prevailing 
diseases are yellow fever, elephantiasis, tetanus, marsh 
fever and dysentery. 

Porto Rico is unusually fertite, and its dominant in¬ 
dustries are agriculture and lumbering. There are more 
than 500 varieties of trees found in the forests, and the 
plains are full of palm, orange and other trees. The 
principal crops are sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, maize, 
bananas, rice, rice, pineapples, and many other fruits. 

The principal mineral found in Porto Rico are gold, 
carbonates, and sulphides of copper and magnetic oxide 
of iron in large quantities. There are salt works at 
Guanica and Salinac on the south coast, and at Cape Rojo 
on the west, and these constitute the principal mineral 
industry in Porto Rico. 

There are 137 miles of railway, with 170 miles under 
construction, and 470 miles of telegraph lines. Submar¬ 
ine cables run from Sau Juan to St. Thomas and Jamaica. 

The capital of Porto Rico is San Juan Bautista, found¬ 
ed by Ponce de Leon. It is situated on the small island 
of Morro, now connected with the mainland by the San 
Antonio Bridge. The district of its name contains 27,000 
inhabitants. "Besides the capital. San Juan, there are 
some sixty or seventy towns and villages of considerable 
size in the island. Of these the most important are Ponce 
and Arecibo, each with a larger population than San 
Juan (that of Ponce being about 35.000 or 40,000, while 
that of San Juan is estimated at. 25,000); Mayaguez (also 
larger than the capital) and Aguadilla.on the west coast; 
Fajardo and Humacao, on the east coast; Guanica and 
Aroyo, oil the south, and Pepino and Cayey, in the 
interior. 

SMALLER INSULAR POSSESSIONS OF THE U. S. 

GUAM the largest of the Padrone Archipelago, ceded 
by Spain, 1898, lies 5,2 00 miles from San Francisco 
and 9 00 miles from Manila, on a direct line between the 
two points. It is 3 2 miles long. Population 8,0 00, of 
whom 5,250 are in Agana, the capital, with an excellent 
harbor. Productions, tropical fruits, cacao, rice, tobacco, 

sugar cane. , , . ... 

TUTU1LA* with three islets, acquired by treaty with 
Germany and Great Britain, 1899, covers 54 sq. miles, 
with 5,8 00 inhabitants. Pago-Pago is the finest harbor 
in the South Pacific. The other Samoan Islands belong 
to Germany. Distance from San Francisco, 4,000 miles; 
from Hawaii. 2.2 0 0. .. 

WAKE ISLAND. 2,000 miles from Hawaii, on the 
direct route to Hong Kong, was taken 1899 by hoisting 
the U. S. flag over it. In a similar way a number of 
small islets have been acquired: Santa• Barbara Group, 
Midway Islands (relay of cable line to Philippines), 
Christmas, Gallego. Penrhyn, Marcus Islands, etc. 


208 


COINAGE AT THE UNITED STATES MINTS, IN 
HOUND NUMBERS. 

Gold. Silver. 


1792-1849. $ 150,000,000 $ 92,000,000 

1850-1874_... 800,000,000 80,000,000 

1875-1900. 1,316,000,000 660,000,000 

1901-1903. 192,1)00,000 80,000,000 


Gold and Silver Production in 500 Years— 


(1380-1880.) 




Gold. 



Silver. 


Countries. 

Tons 

Value. 

Ra¬ 

tio. 

Tons 

Value. 

Ra¬ 

tio. 

A f ri 03 , - - - - 

740 

1,840 

460 

$ 520,000.000 
1.290.000.000 
325 000.000 
725,000,000 

7.l|. 




17.8_ 



Austria. 

4.4 

7,930 

$ 805,000,000 

4 1 

Rra 7.i 1. 

1,040 

10.0 

Germany. 

8,470 

325.000.000 

4.4 

Mexico. 




78.600 

3.040.000.000 

40.7 

Pprn, fife... . 




72, (XX) 
3,200 

2,770.000,000 

37.3 

Russia. 

1,235 

2,220 

2,042 

778 

865,000,000 

1,550.000,000 

1,430,000,000 

535.000,000 

12.0 

120 .000,doO 

1.7 

Spanish Am.. 
United States 
Others . 

21 5 

19.7 

7.5 

. 

11.600 
11.200 

415,000,000 

430,000.000 

60 

5.8 


The World, 

10,355^7,240,000,000 

100.0193,000 

$7,435,000,000 

100.0 


The Correct Thing in Correspondence. 

To fold and direct a letter neatly, and to put on a stamp 
evenly, and in the right-hand corner. 

To put on as many stamps as the weight of the letter or 
parcel demands. 

To enclose a stamp when writing to a stranger on your 
own business. 

To use postal cards for business communications only. 

To write legibly and straight. 

To spell correctly. 

To write numbers, dates, and proper names with special 
care and distinctness. 

To date a letter at the beginning, on the right-hand side, 
but a note at the end on the left-hand. 

To give one s full address when writing to a person who 
does not know it. and from whom an answer is desired. 

To sign a letter with the full name, or with the la.s^ 
name and initials. 

To write “Rev. and Mrs. J. T. Sawyer/’ or “Dr. and Mrs. 
Paul Jones.” 









































200 


15 Rules for Running an Automobile. 

I.—General Road Rules. 

1. Remember that the front wheel of an auto do 
work like those of an ordinary carriage. They turn more 
sharply, therefore.go slowly, or the machine might turn 
over. Too short a turn is liable to strip the tires. 

2. A sudden stop is liable to throw one over the dash¬ 
board and to damage the rear tires, A motor vehicle can 
be stopped far more quickly than a horse vehicle, but it 
is foolhardy to indulge in high speeds where a violent 
stop may be necessary. 

3. When you.meet a timid horse, stop the machine and 
try to have the horse led quietly up to it. 

4. Carry a spare tire. Tools should never be neglected, 
A steam carriage should have one or two spare gauge 
glasses. 

5. Observe the rules of the road. Don’t forget that 
pedestrians and horse owners are entitled to some rights 

II, — Rules For An Electric Carriage. 

f 6. Watch the curreht-indicating instruments. Don’t 
discharge the batteries to a voltage of 1.8 volts per cell, 
as this will damage the battery. 

7. If you need to go as far as possible on one charge, 
run at a moderate speed and avoid stopping and starting 
frequently. 

8. Inspect the batteries frequently, testing the density 
of the solution in each cell with a hydrometer, and fol¬ 
lowing the maker’s directions as to the density to be 
maintained. 

9. Don’t reverse the electric motor except in extreme 
emergency, as it is liable to injure the motor. 

III. —Rules For A Gasoline Carriage. 

10. Be sure that the igniting apparatus is in order and 
inspect it whenever in doubt. 

11- Be sure that the mixture of gasoline vapor and air 
is correctly proportioned. A good vaporizer is less iiable 
to get out of order than the igniting apparatus, but noth¬ 
ing but experience will make you master of your partic¬ 
ular form of vaporizer. 

12. Inspect the machinery often. The mechanism of a 
gasoline vehicle is more complex than that of thejelectric 
or steam vehicle, and it demands some mechanical know¬ 
ledge of its ope;ator. The oil cups should be kept filled, 
the pump should be watched, and the nuts, screws, etc., 
should be looked after. 

IV—Rules For A Steam Carriage. 

13. See that your gasoline tank and pipes do not leak. 
As there is an exposed flame (under, the boiler) on all 
these carriages, any leaking gasoline is liable to take 
fire and perhaps blow up the tank. 


210 

A REMARKABLE NUMBER. 

The number 14 2S57 is one of the most r'emarkable in 
the entire unlimited realm of numbers. If you multiply 
it with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, you get the following products: 
285714. 428571, 571 428, 714285, 857142. Notice 
that these figures are composed of the same single figures 
as the original one, and in the same order, as is evident 
from the following arrangement: 


2 

X 

142857 = 

2 8 

5 

7 

i 

4 



3 

X 

142857 = 4 

2 8 

5 

• 

i 

X 




4 

X 

142857 = 


5 

7 

1 

4 

O 

8 

5 

X 

142857 = 



7 

1 

4 

2 

8 

6 

X 

142S57 = 

8 

5 

•7 

1 

4 

o 



Multiplied by 7, our number gives 0 0 99 99. And here 
lies the key to the mystery; our number is really a 
decimal fraction, equal to one-seventh of one, and 7X1-7 
must be 1, or 0.99 9 999 999, etc. 

Multiplied by 8, our number gives 11428 50; if we cut 
off the first place, adding the figure (1) to the last (6) 
we have again the original figures. 

Multiplied by 9, the number gives 1285713 
By cutting off the first two figures (12> and adding 
them in this way 8 5 713 

12 


857142 

we have again the original figures. 

This wonderful property adheres to the figure, no mat¬ 
ter how large the other factor. For instance: 
24428547X142857=3,489,788,938,770. 

If we cut this product in 2 parts and add them, thus: 

3,489,788 
93 8,7 79 


4|428.5G7 

4 

and if we cut the first figure off and add- 

it to the last we have again: 4 2 8,571 

If the other factor is a multiple of 7 (14, 2 1, 28, 
etc.) the result is always easily reduced to 999999. 
56X142857=7999992. 

And now the most remarkable quality of all. If we 
arrange the original number differently, without disturb¬ 
ing their sequence, we still get the same results of mul¬ 
tiplication. One example must suffice: 

2 0X857,14 2=2 2.2 8 5,092 

285,092 + 22=285,714 

and 21X857,1 42=1 7,999,982 

999,982 + 1 7=999,999 

Analogous properties pertain to the figure represent¬ 
ing the decimal equivalent of one-seventeenth of one. 
This figure has more places, of course, than the decimal 
equivalent of one-seventh of one. 





211 


Standard Table Showing Velocity and Force of Winds. 


Description. 
Just perceptible.... 

Gentle breeze..__ 

Pleasant breeze. 

Brisk wind. 

High wind . 

Very high wind .. 

Storm. 

Great storm. 

Hurricane. 


Mi. per 

Feet per 

Feet per 

Force in lbs. 

Hour. 

Minute. 

Second. 

per Sq. Foot. 

$ 2 

.176 

2.93 

.000 

( 3 

.264 

4.4 

.044 

5 4 

.352 

5.87 

.079 

l 5 

.440 

7.33 

.123 

S io 

.880 

14.67 

.492 

\ 15 

1.320 

22.0 

1.107 

i 20 

1.760 

29.3 

1.968 

\ 25 

2 200 

36.6 

3.075 

< 30 

2.640 

44.0 

4.428 

\ 35 

3,080 

51.3 

6.027 

l 40 

3,520 

58-6. 

7.872 

\ 45 

3,960 

66.0 

9.963 

50 

4.400 

73.3 

12.300 

i 60 

5,280 

88.0 

17,712 

\ 70 

6,160 

102-7 

24,108 

5 80 

7,040 

117.3 

31,488 

\ 100 

8.800 

146.6 

49.200 


THE NATIONAL 

PARKS IN THE 

UNITED STATES. 


Name 

Location 

Created 

Acres 

1 

Y ellowstone. 

Montana and Wyo.. 

March 1, 1872 

2,142,720 

2 

Hot Springs Res..... 
Zoological. 

Arkansas. 

June 16, 1880 

912 

3 

Dist. of Columbia.. 

March 2, 1889 

170 

4 

Chickamauga and 
Chattanooga. 

Georgia and Tenn.. 

Aug. 10, 1890 

6,195 

5 

Antietam. 

Maryland. 

Aug. 20, 1890 
Sept. 27, 1890 

43 

6 

Rock Creek .... 

Dist of Columbia.. 

1,606 

7 

General Grant. 

California. 

Oct. 1, 1890 
Oct. 1, 1890 

2,560 

160,000 

967,680 

8 

Sequoia. 

California. 

9 

Yosemite. 

California. 

Oct. 1, 1890 
June 22, 1892 

10 

Casa Grande Ruin.. 

Arizona. 

480 

11 

Shiloh. 

Tennessee. 

Dec. 27,1894 
Feb. 11,1895 
Feb. 21,1899 
May 22, 1899 
May 22, 1902 
Jan. 9, 1903 

3,000 

877 

1,233 

207.360 

159.360 

12 

13 

14 

Gettysburg. 

Vicksburg. 

Mt. Rainier. 

Pennsylvania. 

Mississippi.. 

Washington. 

15 

Crater Lake. 

Oregon. 

16 

Wind Cave. 

South Dakota. 
































































212 


IMMIGRATION FROM THE VARIOUS FOREIGN 
COUNTRIES. 


Countries. 

1821-1903. 

1904. 

Great Britain.. 


87,590 

Germany . 

.... 5,234,290 

4 6,3 8 0 

Italy . 

.... .1,79 6,207 

19 3,296 

Austria-Hungary . 

.... 1,718,908 

177,156 

Sweden and Norway.. 

.... 1,486/293 

51,571 

Russia . 

... 1,406,82*3 

145,141 

France . 

4 26,705 

9,406 

Denmark . 

22 3,58 6 

8.52 5 

Switzerland .’. 

221,083 

5,023 

Netherlands . 

148,090 

4.910 

Spain and Portugal. 

1 0 6,8 47 

10,71 1 

Belgium . 


3,9 7 6 

•Other European Countries... 

127,501 

24,242 

Total (Europe) . 

.... 20*284,58 3 

767,933 

Countries. 

1S21-1903. 

1904. 

China . 


4,309 

Other Asiatic Countries. 

153,104 

21,877 

English America. 

.... 1,054,782 

2,837 

Africa . 

2,971 

686 

West Indies. 

15 5,167 

10,193 

Mexico . 

30,374 

1,009 

Central America. 

4,798 

714 

South America. 


1,667 

Australia and Polynesia. 

37,504 * 

1,555 

Other Countries . 

240,658 

90 

Total . 

....22,305,477 

812,870 


NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS ARRIVED IN THE U. S. 


Decade 

1821-1 830.. 
1831-1840.. 
1841-1850.. 
1851-1 800.. 
18 61-187 0 .. 
1371-1 880.. 
1 881 - 1800 .. 
18 01 - 1900 .. 


Population at 
beginning of 
decade 

9,633,822 
12 , 866.020 
17,069,453 
23,191,876 
31,44 3,321 
38,5 5 S', 3 7.1 
50.1 55,7 8 3 
62.022,250 


Total no. 
of 

immigrants 
143,439 
599,125 
1,71 3,251 
2,598,224 
2,31 4,824 
2,812,191 
5.246,613 
3,687,564 


No. per 1000 
of initial 
population 

1 5 
47 
100 
110 
7 3 
73 
104 
59 


i 
































213 


THE NOBEL PRIZES. 

The inventor of dynamite, Alfred B. Nobel, a Swedish 
scientist, died in 1896. His fortune, about $9,000,000, 
he bequeathed to the founding of a fund, the interest to 
be yearly distributed to those who had most contributed 
to “the good of humanity.” The interest is divided im 
five equal shares, each amounting to $40,000. The dis¬ 
tribution takes place on Dec. 10, the anniversary of the 
founder’s death. The five realms in which the prizes are 
awarded, are: Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, 
Peace. 

The following awards have been made: Physics, 1901, 
W. C. Roentgen. German; 1902, H. A. Lorentz and P. 
Zeeman, Holland; 1903, H. A. Becquerel, P. Curie and 
Marie Curie, French; 1904, Lord Rayleigh, English; 
190 5, Philipp Leonard, Kiel; 190 6, J. J. Thompson, 
Cambridge, Eng. Chemistry: 1901. J. H. van Hoff, 
Berlin; 1902, E. Fisher, German; 1903, S. A. Arrhen¬ 
ius, Swede; 1904, Sir William Ramsay, English; 19 05, 
Adolph von Boeyer, German; 190 6, Prof. Henri Moissan, 
French. Medicine: 1901, E. A. von Behring, German; 
1902, R. Ross, English; 1903. N. R. Finsen, Dane; 
1904, Pavloff, Russian; 1905, Robert Koch, German; 
190 6, Ramon y. Cajal, Spanish; Golgi, French. Litera¬ 
ture: 1901, R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme, French; 1902, 
Th. Mommsen, German; 1903. Bjornstierne Bjornson, 
Norwegian; 190 4, Frederic Mistral, French, and Jose 
Echegaray, Spaniard; 1905, Henry Sienkiewicz. Pole; 
1906, Carducci, Italian. Peace: 1901, Henri Dunant, 
Swiss, and Fr. Passy, French; 1 90 2, E. Ducommun and 
A. Gobat, both Swiss; 1903. W. R. Cremer, English; 
1904, The Institution of International Law; 1905, 
Baroness von Suttner, Austrian; 190 6, President Theo¬ 
dore Roosevelt, American. 

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. 

The founder of Christian Science has made the following 
statement: “I claim for healing scientifically the follow¬ 
ing advantages: 1. It does away with all material medi¬ 
cines and recognizes the antidote for all sickness, as well 
as sin, in the immortal mind; and mortal mind is the 
source of all the ills which befall mortals. 2. It is more 
effectual than drugs, and cures when they fail, or only 
relieve, thus proving the superiority of metaphysics over 
physics. 3. A person healed by Christian Science is 
not only healed of his disease, but he is advanced mor¬ 
ally and spiritually. The mortal body being but the ob¬ 
jective state of the mortal mind, this mind must be reno¬ 
vated to improve the body.” . . 

Creed, dogma, materialism, mysticism, superstition 
are foreign to Christian Science, and those who practice 
hypnotism, mesmerism, spiritualism, theosophy, faith- 
cure, etc., are denied admission to the Christian Science 

church. . ' . , . ... 

In 190 6 there were 9 49 churches and societies of this 
denomination in the U. S. with 4,000 members. 


214 


THE RELATIVE RANK OF OUR LARGEST CITIES. 
(Census of 1900.) 

In 1880 there was but one city. New Yoik. which had a popula¬ 
tion in excess of a million. In 1900 there were three. New York, 
Chicago and Philadelphia, and there would have been four if Brook¬ 
lyn had not been merged into Greater New York. 

In 1880 there were but twenty cities, each containing more than 
100.000 inhabitants. In 1890 this number had increased to txoenty- 
eight, and in 1900 to thirty-eight. 

The number and relative rank of cities having a population of 
100.000 or more at the date of each of these censuses are set forth 
in the following table: 

CITIES BY NAME 


BANK. 

190O 

1890 

1880 

1 

New York, N. Y. 

New Y r ork, N. Y_ 

New York, N. Y. 

2 

Chicago, 111. 

Chicago, Ill. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

3 

Philadelphia, Pa .... 

Philadelphia, Pa... 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

4 

St. Louis, Mo. 

Brooklyn, N. Y.... 

Chicago, Ill. 

5 

Boston, Mass. 

St. Louis, Mo....... 

Boston, Mass. 

St. Louis, Mo. 

6 

Baltimore, Md. 

Boston, Mass. 

7 

Cleveland, O.• • • • 

Baltimore, Md. 

San Francisco, Cal. 

Baltimore, Md. 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 

8 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

9 

San Francisco, Cal... 

Cincinnati, Chio... 

San Francisco, Cal. 

10 

11 

12 

Cincinnati, O. 

Cleveland, O. 

New Orleans, La. 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
Pittsburg, Pa. 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

New Orleans, La.... > 

New Orleans, La... 

13 

14 

Detroit, Mich . 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Milwaukee, Wis .... 

Washington, D. C.. 

Washington, D. C. 

15 

Washington, D. C_ 

Detroit. Mich. 

Newark, N. J. 

16 

Newark, N. J. 

Milwaukee, Wis.... 

Louisville, Ky. 

17 

Jersey City, N. J. 

Newark, N. J. 

Jersey City, N. J. 

18 

Louisville, Ky. 

Minneapolis. Minn. 

Detroit, Mich. 

19 

Minneapolis, Minn... 

Jersey City. N. J ... 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

20 

Providence, R. I. 

Louisville, Ky. 

Providence, R. I. 

21 

Indianapolis, Ind.... 

Omaha, Neb. 


22 

Kansas City, Mo_ 

Rochester, N. Y_ 


23 

St. Paul, Minn. 

St. Paul. Minn .... 


24 

Rochester, N. Y. 

Kansas City, Mo... 

- 

25 

Denver, Colo. 

Providence, R.I. . 


26 

Toledo, O. 

Denver, C!ol. 


27 

Alleghenv, Pa. 

Indianapolis, Ind.. 


28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

Columbus, O. 

Worcester, Mass. 

Syracuse, N. Y. 

New Haven, Conn ... 

Paterson, N. J. 

Fall River, Mass. 

Alleghenv, Pa. 


34 

St. Joseph. Mo. 



;->5 

Omaha, Neb. 



36 

,37 

38 

Los Angeles. Cal. 

Memphis, Tenn. 

Scranton, Pa. 
































































215 


THE NEW COPYRIGHT PAW. 

PASSED MARCH 4, 1891. 

The author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any hook, map, 
chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving,, cut, print, or 
photograph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chrome, 
statue, statuary, and of models or designs intended to be perfected 
as works of the tine arts, and the executors, administrators,or 
assigns of any such person shall, upon complying with the provi¬ 
sions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, 
publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending 
the same; and in the case of dramatic composition, of publicly 
performing or representing it or causing it to be performed or 
represented by others; and authors or their assigns shall have ex¬ 
clusive right to dramatize and translate any of their works for 
which copyright shall have been obtained under the law's of the 
United States. 

The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living, or his 
widow or children, if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive 
right continued for the further term of fourteen years, upon re¬ 
cording the title of the work dr description of the article so se¬ 
cured a second time, and complying with all other regulations 
in regard to original copyrights, within six months before the ex¬ 
piration of the first term; and such persons shall, within two 
months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers printed in the 
United States, for the space of four weeks. 

No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, on or 
before the day of publication in this or any foreign country, de¬ 
liver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the- 
mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Con¬ 
gress, at Washington, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the 
title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, 
engraving, cut, print, photograph, or ehromo, or a description of 
the painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or a model or design for a. 
work of the fine arts for which he desires a copyright, nor unless 
be shall also, not later than the day of the publication thereof in 
this or any foreign country, deliver at the office of the Librarian 
of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, or deposit in 
the mail w'lthin the United States, addressed to the Librarian of 
Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, two copies of 
such copyright book, map, chart, drarnatic or musical composi¬ 
tion, engraving, ehromo, cut, print or photograph, or in case of a 
painting, drawing, statue, statuary, mpdel, or design for a work 
Of the fine arts, a photograph of the e: Provided, that in the 


216 


case of a hook, photograph, chromo, or lithograph, the two copies 
of the same required to be delivered or deposited as above shall 
be printed from type set within the limits of the United States, or 
from pla.tes made therefrom, or from negatives, or drawings on 
stone made within the limits of the United States, or from 
transfers made therefrom. During the existence of such 
copyright the importation into the United States of any book, 
chromo, lithograph, or photograph, so copyrighted,or any edition 
or editions thereof, or any plates of the same not made from type 
set, negatives or drawings on stone, made within the limits of the 
United States, shall be, and it is hereby prohibited, except in the 
cases speciiied in paragraphs 512 to 2tt0 inclusive, in section 2 of 
the act entitled “An act to reduce the revenue and equalize the 
duties on imports and for other purposes,” approved Oct. 1, 1890; 
and except in the case of persons purchasing for use and not for 
sale, who import, subject to the duty thereon, not more than two 
copies of such book at any one time, and except in the case of 
newspapers and magazines not containing, in whole or in part, 
matter copyrighted under the provisions of this act, Unauthorized 
by the author, which are hereby exempted 1'rom prohibition of 
importation: Provided, nevertheless, that in the case of foreign 
languages, of which only translations in English are copyrighted, 
the prohibition of importation shall apply only to the translations 
•of the same, and the importation of t lie books in the original lan¬ 
guage shall be permitted. 

The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, (lie following fees: 

First. For recording the title or description of any copyright 
book or article, fifty cents 

Second. For every copy under seal of such record actually 
given to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty 
cents. 

Third. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing 
for the assignment of a copyright, one dollai. 

Fourth. For every copy of an assignment, one doll*r. 

All fees so received shall be paid into the Treasury of the United 
States: Provided, that the charge for recording the title or de¬ 
scription of any article entered for copyright, the production of a 
person not a citizen or resident of the United States, shall be one 
dollar, to be paid as above into the Treasury of the United States, 
to defray the expenses of lists of copyrighted articles as herein¬ 
after provided for. 

And it is hereby made the duty of the Librarian of Congress to 
furnish fcc the Secretary of the Treasury copies of the entries of 
•titles of all books and other articles wherein the copyright haa 


217 


been completed by the deposit of two copies of such book printed 
flora type set within the limits of rhe United States, iu accord* 
ance with the provisions of this ac* - and by the deposit of tw© 
copies of such other article made or produced in the United 
States; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed t® 
prepare and print, at intervals of not more than a week, cata/* 
logues of such title entries for distribution to the collectors of 
customs of the United States and to the postmasters of all post* 
offices receiving foreign mails, and such weekly lists, as they are 
Issued, shall be furnished to all parties desiring them, at a sum 
not exceeding five dollars per annum; and the Secretary and the 
Postmaster-General are hereby empowered and required to make 
and enforce such rules and regulations as shall prevent the im¬ 
portation into the United States, except upon the conditions 
above specified, of all articles prohibited by this act. 

The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the 
mail, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 
District of Columbia, a copy of every subsequent edition wherein 
any substantial changes shall be made: Provided, however, that 
the alterations, revisions and additions made to books by foreign 
authors, heretofore published, of which new editions shall appear 
subsequently to the taking effect of this act, shall be held and 
deemed capable of being copyrighted as above provided for in this 
act, unless they form a part of the series in course of publication 
at the time this act shall take effect. 

Section 4963. Every person who shall insert or Impress such 
notice, or words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, 
chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or 
photograph, or other article, for which he has not obtained a 
copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred doLlars, re¬ 
coverable one-half for the person who shall sue for such penalty 
and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Every person who, after the recording of the title of any book 
and the depositing of two copies of sucli book, as provided by this 
act, shall, contrary to the provisions of this act, within the term 
limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of the copy¬ 
right first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more 
witnesses, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or import, ox 
knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, tr&ns 
lated, or imported, sell or expose to sale any copy of such book 
shall forfeit every copy thereof to such proprietor, and shall also 
forfeit and pay such damages as may be recovered, in a civil ac¬ 
tion by such proprietor in any court of competent jurisdiction. 

U any person, after the recording of the till*' of any map, chart. 


218 


dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photo* 
graph, or chromo, or of the description of any painting, (^rawing, 
statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and 
executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this act, shall 
within the term limited, contrary to the provisions of this act, 
and without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first 
obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, 
engrave, etch, work, copy, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or 
Import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the main design 
with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, dramatized, translated, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such map or other article as afore¬ 
said, he shall forfeit to the proprietor all the plates on which the 
same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, either copied or 
printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet of the 
same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub¬ 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale, and ir* case of a painting, 
Statue, or statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of 
the same in liis possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; 
one-half thereof to the proprietor and the other half to the use of 
the United States. 

Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript what¬ 
ever without the consent of the author or proprietor first ob¬ 
tained, shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 
occasioned by such injury. 

Sec. 11. That for the purpose of this act each volume of a book 
in two or more volumes, when such volumes are published sepa¬ 
rately, and the first one shall not have been issued before this act 
shall take effect, and each number of a periodical, shall be con¬ 
sidered an independent publication, subject to the form of copy¬ 
righting as above. 

Sec. 12. That this act shall go into effect on the first day of 
July, anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 

Sec. 13. That this act shall only apply to a citizen or subject of 
a foreign state or nation when such foreign state or nation per¬ 
mits to citizens of the United States of America the benefit of 
copyright on substantially the same basis as its own citizens, or 
when such foreign state or nation is a party to an international 
agreement which provides for reciprociiy in the granting of copy¬ 
right, by the terms of which agreement the United States of 
America may, at its pleasure, become a party to such agreement. 
The existence of either of the conditions aforesaid shall be deter¬ 
mined by the President of the United States by proclamation 
oiade from time to time as the purposes of this act may require 


210 

“’OSTLER JOE.” 


l'lie recitation of the following poem by Mrs. James 

Brown Potter before a large aud cultured audience at 

Washington, D.C.. was the insx>iration and starting point 

of that distinguished lady's career as an actress: 

I stood at eve as the sun went down, by a grave where a 
woman lies. 

Who lured men's souls to the shores of sin with the light 
of her wanton eyes; 

Who sang the song that the siren sang on the treacherous 
Lurley height, 

Whose face was as fair as a summer day, and whose heart 
was as black as night. 

Yet a blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the garden 
above her dust— 

Not the languorous lily of soulless sin, nor the blood-red 
rose of lust. 

But a sweet white blossom of holy love that grew in the 
one green spot 

In the arid desert of Phryne’s life, where all was parched 
and hot. 

In the summer, when the meadows w r ere aglow witx. blue 
and red, 

Joe, the ’ostler of the Magpie, and fair Annie Smith were 
wed. 

Plump was Annie, plump and pretty, with a cheek as 
white as snow: 

He was anything but handsome, was the Magpie’s ’Ostler 
Joe. 

But he won the winsome lassie. They’d a cottage and a 
cow 

And her matronhood sat lightly on the village beauty’s 
brow. 

Sped the months and came a baby—such a blue-eyed baby- 
boy! 

Joe was working in the stables when they told him of his 
joy. 

He was rubbing down the horses, and he gave them then 
and there 

All a special feed of clover, just in honor of the heir. . 

It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so, 

That the Fates would send a baby who might bear the 
name of Joe. 

Little Joe the child was christened, and, like babies, grew 
apace; 

He’d his mother's eyes- of azmre. and his father’s honest 
face. 


220 

Swift the happy years went over, years of blue and cloud- 

less skv 

Love was Lord of that small cottage, and the tempest 
passed them by. 

Passed them by for years, then swiftly burst in fury o’er 
their home. 

Down the lane by Annie’s cottage chanced a gentleman to 
roam; 

Thrice he came and found her sitting by the window with 
her child, 

And he nodded to the baby, and the baby laughed and 
smiled. 

So at last it grew to know him—Little Joe was nearly 
tour; 

He would call the “pretty gemplin” as he passed the open 
door; 

And one day he ran and caught him, and in child’s play 
pulled him in: 

And the baby Joe had prayed for brought about the 
mother’s sin. 

’Twas the same old wretched story, that for ages bards 
have sung. 

’Twas a woman weak and wanton, and a Gillian’s tempt¬ 
ing tongue; 

'Twas a picture deftly painted for a silly creature’s eyes 

Of the Babylonian wonders, and the .ioy that in them lies. 

Annie listened and was tempted; she was tempted and 
she fell, 

As the angels fell from heaven to the blackest depths of 
hell; 

She was promised wealth and splendor, and a life of 
guilty sloth, 

Yellow gold for child and husband, and the woman left 
them both. 

Home one eve came Joe the ’Ostler with a cherry cry of 
“Wife!” 

Finding that which blurred forever all tha story of his 
life. 

She had left a silly letter—through the cruel scrawl he 
spelt: 

Then he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his hands and 
knelt. 

“Now. O Lord. O God, forgive her, for she ain’t to 
blame,” he cried: 

“For I owt t‘ a seen her trouble, and ’a gone away and 
died. 


221 

Why, a wench like her—God bless her!—’twasn’t likely as 
her’d rest 

With her bonny head forever on a ’ostler’s ragged vest. 

“It was kind o’ her to bear me all this long and happy 
time; 

So, for my sake please to bless her, though you count her 
deed a crime. 

If so be I don’t pray proper, Lord, forgive me; for you 
see, 

I can talk all right to ’osses, but I'm nervous like with 
Thee.” 

Never a line came to the cottage from the woman who 
had flown 

Joe, the baby, died that winter, and the man was left 
alone. 

Ne’er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the 
rod, » 

Saving what he told the horses, saving what he told his 
God. 

Par away in mighty London rose the woman into fame, 

For her beauty won men’s homage, and she prospered in 
her shame; 

Quick from lord to lord she flitted, higher still each prize 
she won, 

And her rival paled beside her as the stars beside the sun. 

Next she made the stage her market, and she dragged 
Art’s temple down. 

To the level of a show-place for the outcasts of the town: 

And the kisses she had given to poor ’Ostler Joe for 

nought 

With their gold and costly jewels rich and titled lovers 
bought. 

Went the years with flying footsteps while the star was 
at its height; 

Then the darkness came on Swiftly, and the gloaming 
turned to night. 

Shattered strength and faded beauty tore the laurels 
from her brow: 

Of the thousands who had worshiped never one came near 
her now. 

Broken down in health and fortune, men forgot her very 
name, 

’Till the news that she was dying woke the echoes of her 
fame; 

And the papers in their gossip mentioned how ar& 
<t 3lCt^6ss ,, l&y 

Sick to death in humble lodgings, growing weaker every 
day 


222 

One there was who read the story in a far-off country 
place, ^ 

And that night the dying woman woke and looked upon 
his face; 

Once again the strong arms clasped her that had clasped 
her long ago, 

And the weary head lay pillowed on the breast of ’Ostler 
Joe. 

All the past had he forgotten, all the sorrow and the 
shame; 

He had found her sick and lonely, and his wife he now 
could claim. 

Since the grand folks who had known her one and all had 
slunk away. 

He could clasp his long-lost darling, and no man can say 
him nay. 

In his arms death found her laying, in his arms her spirit 
fled; 

And his tears came down in torrents as he knelt beside 
her dead. 

Never once his love had faltered through her base unhal¬ 
lowed life; 

And the stone above her ashes bears the honored name 
of wife. 

That’s the blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the 
garden above her dust; 

NotTthe languorous lily of soulless sin or the blood-red 
rose of lust; 

But a sweet, white blossom of holy love that grew in the 
one green spot 

In the arid desert of Phrvne’s life, where all w r as parched 
and hot. Georgs R. Sims. 


Valuable Suggestions to Clerks and Workingmen. —Never 
consider time wasted that is spent in learning rudiments. In 
acquiring a knowledge of any art or handicraft the greatest dif¬ 
ficulty is experienced at the beginning, because our work then 
possesses little or nothing of interest Our first lessons in drawing 
or music, or with tools, are very simple; indeed so simple are they 
that we are disposed to undervalue their importance. The tempta¬ 
tion is to skip a few pages and begin further on in the book But 
such a course is fatal to success. To learn principles thoroughly 
is to succeed Be content to learn one thing at a time, whether it 
be to push a plane square and true, or draw a straight line. What¬ 
ever you learn, learn it absolutely, without possible question. 
This will enable you to advance steadily, step by step, year after 
year, and some day you will wonder why you have been enabled 



223 

to distance the geniuses who once seemed so far in advance ov 
you. 

Set your heart upon what you have in hand. Valuable knowl¬ 
edge is acquired only by intense devotion. You must give your 
entire mind to whatever you undertake, otherwise you fail, or suc¬ 
ceed indifferently, which is but little better than failure. 

Learn, therefore, to estimate properly the value of what is called 
leisure time. There is entirely too much of this in the world. Do 
not mistake our meaning. Rest is necessary and play is well in 
its place, but young men who hope to do something in life must 
not expect to play one-third of their time. 

While you resolve to acquire a thorough knowledge of your art, 
be equally as anxious to know something beyond it. A craftsman 
ought to be ashamed of himself w r ho knows nothing but the use of 
his tools. Having the time to acquire it, be careful to properly 
estimate the value of knowledge. Remember of what use it will 
be to you in ten thousand instances as you go along in life, and bfc 
as conscientious in learning rudiments here as elsewhere. Learn 
to spell correctly, to write a good plain hand, and to punctuate 
your sentences. 

Do not dress beyond*your means; never spend your last dollar, 
unless for food to keep yourself or some one else from starving. 
Ybu will always feel better to keep a little money in your pocket. 
At the earliest possible opportunity save up a few dollars and 
place the amount in a savings bank. It will serve as a magnet t« 
attract other money that might be foolishly spent. 

Just as soon as you can command the means, buy a piece of 
ground. Do not wait until you have saved enough to pay ali 
down, but begin by paying one-third or one-quarter. Do not be 
afraid to go in debt for land, for it increases in value. 

Save a Little. —Every man w r ho is obliged to rvork for his Hv= 
mg should make a point to lay up a little money for that “rainy 
day” which we are all liable to encounter when least expected. 
The best way to do this is to open an account with a savings bank. 
Accumulated money is always safe; it is always ready to use when 
needed. Scrape together five dollars, make your deposit, receive 
your bank book, and then resolve to deposit a given sum, smaM 
though it be, once a month, or once a week, according to circum¬ 
stances. Nobody knows without trying it, how easy a thing it is 
to save money when an account with a bank has been opened. 
With such an account a man feels a desire to enlarge his deposit. 
It gives him lessons in frugality and economy, weans him from 
habits of extravagance, and is. the very best guard in the world 
against intemperance, dissipation and vice. Refer to page 277 for 
a table showing the time required by money to double itself whea 
loaned at interest. 

Symbolic Meaning of Colors. —White was the emblem of 
light, religious purity, innocence, faith, joy and life. In the judge, 
it indicates integrity; in the sick, humility; in the woman, chastity. 
* Red, the ruby, signifies fire, divine love, heat of the creative 
power, and royalty. White and red roses express love and wis~ 
dorn. The red color of the blood has its origin in the action of the 
b -art, which corresponds to, or symbolizes love. In a bad sense 
red corresponds to the infernal lore of evil, hatred, etc. 


Blue, or the sapphire, expresses heaven, the firmament, tnaik 
from a celestial origin, constancy and fidelity. 

Yellow, or gold, is the symbol of the sun, of the goodness o 2 
God, of marriage and faithfulness. In a bad sense yellow signi¬ 
fies inconstancy, jealousy and deceit. 

Green, the emerald, is the color of the spring, of hope, particu¬ 
larly of the hope of immortality and of victory, as the color of the 
laurel and palm. 

Violet, the amethyst, signifies love and truth, or passion an6 
suffering. Purple and scarlet signify things good and true from s 
celestial origin. 

Black corresponds to despair, darkness, earthliness, mourning, 
negation, wickedness and death. 

Durability ok a Horse. —A horse will travel 400 yards in 
minutes at a walk, 400 yds. in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yds. ir. 
1 minute at a gallop. The usual work of a horse is taken at 
22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse 
will carry 250 lbs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An average 
draught-horse will draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles per day on a level road, 
weight of wagon included. The average weight of a horse is 
1,000 lbs.; his strength is equal to that of 5 men. In a horse mil? 
moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with* 
the machine the power of 4 Y horses. The greatest amount a horse 
can pull in a horizontal line is 900 lbs.; but he can only do this 
momentarily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is thc- 
limit. He attains his growth in 5 years, will live 25, average 16 
years. A horse will live 25 days on water, without solid food, 17 
days without eating or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, 
without drinking, v 

A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road will travel 1.1 mileg 
per hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haul from 25 to ^6 cubic feci 
of lime stone at each load. The time expended in loading, unload¬ 
ing, etc., including delays, averages 35 minutes per trip. The cost 
of loading and unloading a cart, using a horse crain at the quarry, 
and unloading by hand, lyhen labor is $1.25 per day, and a horse 
75 cents, is 25 cents per perch=24.75 cubic feet. The work dene 
by an animal is greatest when the velocity with which he moves is 
Vn of the greatest with which he can move when not impeded, and 
the force then exerted .45 of the utmost force the animal can exert 
at a dead pull. 

Comparative Cost of 1 height by Water and Rail. — It 
has been proved by actual test that a single tow-boat can trans¬ 
port at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 tons of coal, 
loaded in barges. Estimating in this way che boat and its tow, 
worked by a few men, carries as much freight to its destination as 
3,000 ca’-s and 100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could trans¬ 
port. 

Cost of a Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Car. . , De* 
tailed cost of constructing one first-class Standard Passenger Car, 
at the Altoona shops of the Pennsylvania R. R., the total CQ&: 
being $4,423. 75 . The principal items are as follows : 


225 


Labor.$ 1,263 94 


Proportion of Fuel and 

Stores . 28 61 

9,480 feet Poplar. 86 80 

3,434 feet Ash. 12708 

.1,100 feet Pine. 20 90 

*,350 feet Yellow Pine. 70 50 

500 feet Oak. 10 00 

450 feet Plickory. 13 50 

700 feet Mich. Pine.. 49 00 

400 feet Cherry. 16 00 

439 feet Maple veneer 24 14 

4 pairs Wheels and 

Axles. 332 85 

2 pairs Passenger 

Car Trucks. 533 62 

13 gallens Varnish.. 52 34 

45 lbs. Glue. 14 33 

0,925 lbs. Iron. 87 75 

792 lbs. Castings .... 16 99 

Screws. 51 88 

Gas Regulator 

and Guage. 25 25 

2 Two-Light Chan¬ 
deliers. 50 72 

9 Gas Tanks. 84 00 


1 Air Brake, complete 131 79 

57 Sash Balances. 44 61 

61 Lights Glasses .... 65 83 

2 Stoves. 77 56 

25 Sets Seat Fixtures. 50 50 

3 Bronze Lamps. 13 50 

2 Bronze Door Locks 15 20 

Butts and Hinges.. *5 58 

13 Basket Racks. 77 35 

12 Sash Levers. 42 00 

61 Bronze Window 

Lifts. 24 40 

61 Window Fasteners. 16 47 

238 Sheets Tin. 41 44 

273 lbs. Galvanized Iron 25 31 

96 yards Scarlet Plush 228 87 

44 yards Green Plush. 109 99 

61 yards Sheeting .... 10 30 

243 lbs. Hair. 72 95 

12 Springs. 22 96 

12 Spiral Elliptic 

Springs. 20 29 

1 Head Lining. 80 63 

2 packets Gold Leaf. 14 58 

Various small items 261 44 


$4,423.75 


•TABLE, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY IN ONE 
MONTH TO THE SAME DAY IN ANOTHER. 


From 

To 

Jan. 

Feb. 

j Mar. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

4J 

a. 

0 

to 

Oct. 

Nov. 

. 

Q 

January. . 

365 

31 

59 

90 

120 

151 

181 

212 

243 

273 

3°4 

334 

F ebruary.. 

334 

365 

28 

59 

89 

120 

15 ° 

181 

212 

242 

273 

3°3 

March. 

306 

337 

365 

3 i 

61 

92 

123 

153 

184 

214 

245 

275 

April... 

275 

306 

334 

365 

3 ° 

61 

9 I 

122 

153 

183 

214 

244 

May. 

245 

276 

3°4 

335 

365 

3 i 

6l 

92 

123 

i 53 

184 

214 

June. 

214 

245 

273 

3°4 

334 

365 

3 ° 

61 

92 

122 

i 53 

183 

July. 

184 

215 

243 

274 

3°4 

33 5 

3 b 5 

3 1 

62 

92 

123 

153 

August. 

253 

184 

212 

243 

273 

3°4 

334 

365 

3 1 

61 

92 

122 

September. 

122 

i 53 

l8l 

212 

242 

273 

3°3 

334 

365 

3 ° 

6l 

9 i 

October. 

92 

123 

151 

182 

,212 

243 

273 

3°4 

335 

3 6 5 

3 i 

61 

November. 

6 l 

92 

120 

151 

181 

212 

242 

273 

304 

334 

3 6 5 

3 ° 

December . 

3 1 

62 

9 ° 

121 

151 

182 

212 

243 

274 

3°4 

335 

365 


Explanation. —To find the number of days from January 20 to 
Dec. 20, follow the horizontal line opposite January until you reach 
Jhe column headed by December, when you.will find 334, repre¬ 
senting the required number of days, and so on with the other 
.ftonths During leap year, if February enters into the ; .-deulation, 
add one dAy to the result 


4, 



































































226 


Cost of Articles by the Piece, from i to i Dozen* 


JtS cost 

$1 oo 

$1 25 

$1 50 

$1 75 

%?. 00 

$2 25 

$2 5® 

tz cost 

92 

t *3 

* 38 

t 60 

t S3 

? o<i 

2 29 

JO cost 

83 

04 

1 25 

1 46 

V 67 

1 SS 

2 08 

t) cost 

75 

94 

t 13 

1 29 

*• 5° 

> 60 

t £8 

8 cost 

67 

83 

I OO 

1 17 


* 50 

I 67 

7 cost 

58 

73 

88 

I 02 

1 17 

1 3* 

1 46 

6 cost 

50 

63 

75 

88 

I OO 

* 13 

1 25 

5 cost 

42 

52 

63 

73 

' 83 

94 

1 04 

4 cost 

33 

42 

50 

56 

#17 

75 

83 

3 cost 

25 

3« 

38 

44 

50 

5^ 

63 

9 cost 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

* cost 

85$ 

10^2 

12^ 

M?'8 


18 V 

21 Mi 


J2 COSt 

$2 75 

$3 OO 

$3 25 

$3 50 

$3 75 

$4 00 

f4 25 

11 cost 

2 52 

2 75 

2 98 

3 21 

3 44 

3 67 

3 89 

10 cost 

2 29 

2 50 

2 73 

2 92 

3 13 

3 33 

3 54 

9 cost 

2 06 

2 25 

2 44 

2 62 

2 81 

3 00 

3 *9 

8 cost 

I 83 

2 00 

2 17 

2 33 

2 56 

2 67 

2 83 

7 cost 

I 60 

1 75 

I QO 

2 04 

2 19 

2 33 

2 48 

<5 cost 

I 38 

1 50 

T 63 

1 75 

1 88 

2 OO 

2 13 

5 cost 

I 15 

1 25 

1 36 

1 46 

1 56 

1 67 

1 77 

4 cost 

92 

I OO 

I 09 

1 17 

T 25 

1 33 

1 42 

3 cost 

69 

75 

82 

88 

94 

1 00 

1 06 

2 cost 

46 

5° 

55 

58 

63 

67 

7i 

1 cost 

23 

25 

28 

29X 

3*54 

33/4 

3554 


12 cost 

$4 50 

$4 75 

$5 00 1 $5 

25 

$5 50 

$5 75 

$6 

00 

II cost 

4 13 

4 23 

4 58 

4 

81 

5 °4 

5 27 

5 50 

so cost 

3 75 

3 9 6 

4 17 

4 

38 

4 58 

4 79 

5 

00 

9 cost 

3 38 

3 56 

3 75 

3 

94 

4 13 

4 31 

4 50 

5 cost 

3 00 

3 17 

3 33 

3 

50 

3 67 

3 83 

4 

00 

7 cost 

2 63 

2 77 

2 92 

3 06 

3 21 

3 35 

3 

50 

6 cost 

2 25 

2 34 

2 50 

2 

63 

2 75 

2 87 

3 

00 

5 cost 

1 88 

1 98 

2 08 

2 

*9 

2 29 

2 40 

2 

5® 

4 cost 

1 50 

1 58 

x 67 

I 

75 

t 83 

I 92 

2 

00 

3 cost 

1 i3 

1 19 

1 25 

I 

3i 

1 38 

1 44 

1 

50 

2 COSt 

75 

79 

s 3 


88 

92 

96 

I 

OO 

1 cost 

37 *A 

39 5/ 8 

4 i ?-3 


4354 

46 

48 


50 


12 COSt 
II cost 
to cost 
9 cost 
8 cost 
7 cost 
6 cost 
5 cost 
4 cost 
3 cost 
a cost 
i cost 


$6 25 

$6 50 

$6 75 

$7 00 

$7 

25 

$7 50 

$7 76 

5 73 

5 96 

6 19 

6 42 

6 

65 

6 88 

7 11 

5 25 

5 42 

5 63 

583 

6 

r.4 

6 25 

6 46 

4 69 

4 88 

5 06 

5 25 

5 

44 

5 63 

5 81 

4 17 

4 33 

4 50 

4 67 

4 

93 

5 00 

5 17 

3 6 5 

3 79 

3 94 

4 08 

4 

2 3 

4 38 

4 52 

3 13 

3 25 

3 38 

3 50 

3 

63 

3 75 

388 

2 60 

2 71 

2 81 

2 92 

3 

02 

3 13 

3 23 

2 00 

2 17 

2 25 

2 33 

2 

42 

2 S® 

258 

1 56 

1 63 

1 69 

1 75 

1 

81 

1 88 

1 94 

1 94 
5254 

t 08 

5454 

1 13 
5654 

1 17 

585 i 

I 

21 

60 A 

1 25 

62^ 

T 29 

64, 5 '8 
























































VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS. 

As Adopted by the United States Treasury Department, October 1 , 1900 , 


227 


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values :qf foreign Goins - continued. 




228 



* Except Newfoundland. 

t Gold the nominal standard, silver practically the standard at 15 rupees to 1 sovereign. 































































229 

Gold and Silver Produced in the United 
States. 

The following estimate of the gold and silver produced 
in . the United States, since the discovery of gold in 
California, is compiled from the official reports of the 
Director of the United States Mint: 


Year. 

Gold. 

Silver, 

TotaL 

1849. 

$40,000,000 

$50,000 

$40,050,000 

1850. 

50,000,000 

50,000 

50,050,000 

1851. 

55,000,000 

50,000 

55,050,000 

1852. 

60,000,000 

50,000 

60,050,000 

1853. 

65,000,000 

50,000 

65,050,000 

60,050,000 

1854. 

60,000,000 

50,000 

•85s. 

55,000,000 

50,000 

55,050,000 

1856. 

55,000,000 

50,000 

55,050,000 

1857 . 

55,000,000 

50,000 

55,050,000 

1858. . 

50,000,000 

500,000 

50,500,000 

1859. 

50,000,000 

100,000 

50,100,000 

:86o. 

46,000,000 

150,000 

46,150,000 

1861. 

43,000,000 

2,000,000 

45,000,000 

1862. 

39,200,000 

4,500,000 

43,700,000 

1863. 

40,000,000 

8,500,000 

48,500,000 

1864. 

46,100,000 

11,000,000 

57,100,000 

1865. 

53,225,000 

11,250,000 

64,475,000 

1866. 

53,500,000 

10,000,000 

63,500,000 

1867. 

51,725,000 

13,500,000 

65,225,000 

1868. 

48,000,000 

12,000,000 

60,000,000 

1869. 

49,500,000 

12,000,000 

16,000,000 

61,500,000 

1870. 

50,000,000 

66,000,000 

1871. 

43,500,000 

23,000,000 

66,500,000 

1872. 

36,000,000 

28,750,000 

64,750,000 

1873. 

36,000,000 

35 , 750,000 

71,750,000 

1874 . 

33,49°,9 ° 2 

37 , 324,594 

70 , 815,496 

1875 . 

33 . 467,856 

31,727,560 

65 , 195,416 

1876 . 

39 . 429,166 

38 , 783,016 

78 , 712,182 

1877 . 

46 , 897,390 

39,793,573 

-- 

86,6 90,963 





































230 

GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCED.— (Continued.) 


Year. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Total. 

1878.. 

51,20 G, 3 GO 

45,281,385 

96,487,745 

1879.. 

38,899,858 

40,812,132 

79,711,990 

1880.. 

3G,000,000 

38,450,000 

74,450,000 

1881.. 

34,700,000 

43,000!000 

77,700,000 

18S 2.. 

32,500,000 

46,800 000 

79,300,000 

1883.. 

30,000,000 

46,200,000 

76,200,000 

18S4.. 

30,800,000 

48,800,000 

79,600,000 

1885.. 

31,800,000 

51,600,000 

83,400,000 

1886.. 

35,000,000 

51,000,000 

86 ,000,000 

1887.. 

33,000,000 

53,357,000 

SG,357,000 

1888.. 

33,167,500 

59,206.700 

92,374,200 

1889.. 

32,907,000 

64,768,730 

97,735,730 

1890.. 

32,845,000 

57,225,000 

90,070,000 

1891.. 

33,175,000 

57,630,000 

90,81 5,000 

1892.. 

33,000,000 

55,563,000 

90,805,000 

1893.. 

35,955,000 

46,800,000 

82,755,000 

1894.. 

39,500,000 

31,422,000 

70,922,000 

1895.. 

46,610,000 

36,445,000 

83,055,000 

18 9 G.. 

53,088,000 

39,655,000 

97,743,000 

1897.. 

57,363,000 

32,31 6,000 

89,679,000 

1898.. 

63,463,000 

32,1 18,000 

9 6,5S1,000 

1899.. 

71,053,000 

32,858,000 

103,912,000 

1900.. 

79,171,000 

74,533,000 

153,704,000 

1901.. 

78,667,000 

71,388,000 

150,055,000 

1902.. 

80,000,000 

71,758,000 

151,758,000 

1903.. 

73,591,700 

70,206,000 

1 43,797,700 

1904.. 

84,500,000 

09,305,000 

153,805,000 

Total.. 2 

Grand 

,600,658,132 

1,602,527,420 



4,203,1 85,552 








Lumber and Log Measurement at Sight, 

Showing net proceeds (fractions of feet omitted) of 
logs in i inch boards, deducting saw kerf and slabs. If 
the required dimension is not in the table, unite two 
or three suitable’ numbers together. The length will be 
found in the left hand column and the diameter in inches 
on the head of the other columns. 


Length, 
F eet. 

01 

*uiui(j , 

Diani. 

11 

Diam. 

12 

S to 

1 S 
Q 

3 

.2 ** 

>—1 

I Diam. 

1 16 

s ^ 

Q 

Diam. 

18 

so. 

23 

31 

40 

50 

62 

75 

90 

105 

122 

u. 


34 

44 


69 

83 

99 

116 

135 

£2 ...... . 

27 

37 

48 

61 

y 

75 

9 * 

yy 

108 

126 

147 

* 3 -. 

29 

40 

52 

66 

81 

98 

n 7 

i 37 

159 

t 4 ...... 

3 2 

43 

56 

7 i 

88 

106 

126 

148 

171 

‘5 . 

34 

46 

60 

76 

94 

“3 

135 

158 

184 

It> 0 .. 

36 

49 

64 

81 

100 

121 

144 

169: 

196 

•7 . 

38 

52 

68 

86 

106 

128 

153 

179. 

208 

i8. 

41 


72 

QI 

112 

136 

162 

IQO 

220 

IQ. 

T 

43 

J J 

58 

76 

y* 

96 

119 

143 

171 

201 

232 

20. 

46 

61 

80 

IOI 

125 

* 5 * 

180 

211 

! J 
244 

21. 

48 

64 

84 

io6 / 

131 

*58 

189 

222 

257 

22. 

50 

67 

88 

hi' 

i 37 

166 

198 

232 

269 

23 . 

52 

70 

92 

116 

144 

*74 

207 

243 

28 1 

24. 

54 

74 

96 

122 

150 

1S1 

216 

254 

294 

25 . 

56 

77 

100 

127 

156 

189 

225 

264 

308 

26. 

59 

80 

104 

132 

163 

196 

234 

274 

318 

27 . 

61 

83 

108 

*37 

169 

204 

243 

285 

330 

28. 

63 

S6 

112 

142 

*75 

212 

252 

296 

342 

29 . 

65 

89 

116 

147 

182 

219 

261 

306 

355 

30 . 

68 

92 

120 

152 

188 

226 

270 

3*6 

368 

31 ....... 

70 

95 

124 

157 

*93 

2 34 

279 

327 

380 

32 . 

72 

98 

128 

162 

200 

242 

288 

33 f 

392 

33. 

74 

101 

132 

169 

206 

249 

297 

348 

404 

34 

77 

104 

136 

172 

212 

256 

306 

358 

416 

35 •. < • • • 

79 

107 

140 

177 

219 

265 

315 

3 6 9 

428 

36 . 

81 

no 

144 

182 

224 

272 

324 

380 

44 P 























































232 


LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT—(Cont’ed). 


Length, 

S a 

2 )-« 

10 

.2 N 

i - 

.3 N 

5 

$ * 

§ 

N 

.2 N 

Feet. 

■p 

Q 

P 

P 

P 

P 

P 

P' 

P 

IO. 

140 

160 

180 

202 

225 

250 

275 

302 

330 

ii . 

154 

176 

I98 

223 

248 

275 

302 

333 

3^3 

12. 

169, 

192 

217 

243 

271 

3 °° 

331 

363 

397 

I 3 . 

183 

208 

235 

263 

293 

325 

358 

393 

430 

14 . 

197 

224 

253 

283 

313 

35 o 

386 

433 

463 

i 5 . 

211 

240 

271 

303 

336 

375 

413 

453 

496 

16 ...... . 

225 

256 

2S9 

324 

359 

400 

441 

484 

530 

*7 . 

239 

272 

307 

344 

383 

425 

468 

5 i 4 

563 

18. 

253 

288 

325 

364 

406 

45 ° 

496 

544 

596 

l 9 . 

267 

304 

343 

384 

429 

475 

523 

574 

630 

20. 

280 

3 2 ° 

361 

404 

452 

500 

550 

605 

661 

21 . 

293 

33 6 

379 

425 

473 

525 

579 

635 

693 

22 . 

3°9 

352 

397 

445 

496 

550 

605 

665 

726 

23 . 

323 

368 

4 i 5 

465 

5 i 9 

575 

632 

695 

760 

24 . . . 

338 

384 

433 

486 

54 i 

600 

662 

726 

794 

25 . 

35 i 

400 

45 i 

506 

562 

625 

689 

756 

827 

26 . 

366 

416 

370 

526 

586 

650 

716 

786 

860 

27. 

380 

432 

488 

546 

606 

675 

744 

826 

893 

28 . 

394 

448 

506 

566 

626 

700 

772 

866 

926 

29. 

408 

464 

524 

586 

649 

725 

799 

886 

959 . 

30. 

422 

480 

542 

606 

672 

75 o 

826 

906 

99 ? 

31.. 

4j6 

496 

560 

627 

695 

775 

854 

957 

1026 

32.. . 

450 

5 12 

578 

648 

7 i 8 

800 

882 

968 

106q 

33 . 

464 

528 

596 

668 

742 

825 

909 

998 

11093 

34 . 

478 

544 

614 

688 

766 

850 

936 

1028 

1126 

35 . 

4.92 

560 

632 

708 

789 

875 

964 

1058 

” 5 $ 

36 . 

5°6 

576 

650 

728 

812 

900 

992 

1088 

119? 

— s 


THE COMMON SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES 

(Census of 1 9 00 .) 


Population . 81,241,240 

Enrolled pupils .16,2 5 6,038 

Per cent, of the population. 20.21 

Average daily attendance. 11,318,256 

Number of teachers. 455^242 

Average length of school term. 134 days 

















































233 

LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT—(Cont’ed> 


Length, 

§ 00 
.52 n 

$9 

la 

§ m 

.53 co 

1 « 
.52 co 

| CO 
.55 CO 

1 a 

i ' tr * 

CO 

j* 

Feet. 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

a 

Q 

0 

IO. 

3 6 ° 

39 i 

422 

456 

490 

526 

562 

601 

64c 

11. 

396 

430 

465 

502 

539 

578 

619 

661 

704 

12 . 

432 

469 

507 

547 

588 

6 3 1 

675 

721 

768 

s 3 . 

468 

508 

549 

592 

627 

684 

731 

781 

832 

*4 . 

504 

547 

561 

638 

686 

736 

781 

841 

896 

. 

540 

586 

633 

683 

735 


844 

901 

960 

26 ....... 

576 

625 

676 

729 

784 

842 

900 

961 

102 A 

* 7 .*. 

612 

664 

718 

774 

833 

895 

956 

1021 

1088 

18 .. 

648 

703 

761 

820 

88 2j 

946 

1012 

1081 

1152 

s 9. 

684 

742 

803 

865 

93 i 

999 

I069 

1141 

1216 

30. 

720 

782 

845 

912 

980 

1052 

1125 

1202 

1280 

21 .. 

756 

820 

887 

957 

1029 

1103 

Il8l 

1261 

1344 

32 .. _ _ 

792 

860 

930 

1004 

1078 

1156 

1238 

1322 

1408 


828 

898 

972 

1049 

1127 

1209 

1295 

1381 

1472 

34 . 

864 

93 S 

1014 

1094 

1176 

1262 

1350 

1442 

1536 

25 ....... 

900 

977 

1056 

“39 

1225 

1315 

I406 

1501 

l 6 O 0 

$6 . 

936 

1016 

1098 

1184 

1274 

1368 

I462 

1562 

1664 

27 . 

972 

1055 

1140 

1230 

I 3 2 3 

1420 

I5l8 

1622 

1728 

28 . 

1008 

1094 

1182 

1276 

1372 

1472 

1574 

1682 

1792 

29 *. 

1044 

1133 

1224 

1321 

1421 

1525 

1631 

1742; 

1856 

30 . 

1080 

1172 

1266 

1366 

1470 

1578 

1688 

l8o2| 

1920 

31 . 

1116 

1211 

1309 

1412 

1519 

1631 

1744 

1862 

1984 

32 . . 

1152 

1250 

1352 

1458 

1568 

1684 

1800 

1922 

2048 

33 . 

1188' 

1289 

1394 

1503 

1617 

1737 

I856 

1982 

2112 

34 . 

1224 

1328 

1436 

1548 

1666 

1790 

1912 : 

2042 

2176 

35*...... 

1260 

1367 

1479 

1594 

1715 

1841 

I 9 68: 

2102 

2240 

36 ---- 

1296' 

1406 

1522(1640 

17641 

1892 

2024': 

2 162 : 

2 i °4 


LICK OBSERVATORY. 

On Mt. Hamilton, Cal.; founded by James Lack. 187?. 
bad formerly the largest telescope in the world, witn -f, 
36-inch lens; a 40-inch lens has been made for Chicago, 
given by Charles Yerkes. A 50 inch lens has been cast 
for the gigantic telescope of the Paris Exposition, 190ft, 
which has shown the moon as if only 40 miles away 
irom us. 


















































234 


LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 

Square timber and scantling brought down to i inch 
board measure. Example: To find the number of feet 
in a beam 6xio and 24 feet in length, consult the table, 
and opposite 24 and under 6x10 you will find 120, the 
correct number of feet. 


DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 


Feet. 



2x4 

! 2x5 

2x6 

2x7 

2x8 

3 X 3 

3 X 4 

j 3 X 5 

3x6 

6 . . 

4 - 

5 - 

6. 

7 - 

8. 

5-6 

6. 

7 .« 

' 

*{ 9 . 


4-8 

5 10 

7 - 

S.2 

9-4 

5-3 

7 - 

8.9 

ijio.6 

8...... 

5 4 

6.8 

8 

9.4 

10 8 

6. 

8. 

10. 

I12. 

9 . 

6. 

7-6 

9 * 

10.6 

12. 

6.9 

9 . 

11 -3 

;i3.6 

10 ...... 

€.8 

8.4 

10. 

11.8 

13.5 

7-6 

10. 

12.6 

! 5 . 

11 ..'_ 

7-4 

9.2 

11. 

12.10 

14.8 

8-3 

|n. 

139 

16.6 

12 . 

8 

10. 

12. 

i 4 

16. 

9 . 

12 

15 . 

iS. 

13 ...... 

8.8 

10.10 

13 

15-2 

! 7-4 

9 2 

13. 

16.3 

19.6 

*4 . 

9-4 

In.8 

14. 

16.4 

18.8 

10.6 

14 

17.6 

21. 

*5 . 

XO. 

12.6 

*5 

17.6 

20 

”•3 

15. 

18.9 

22.6 

16___ 

10 8; 

13-4 

16. 

18.8 

21.4 

12. 

16. 

20. 

| 24 . 

«7 . 

11 -4; 

14.2 

17. 

19.10 

22.8j 

12.9 

17. 

21.325.6 

18 .. .. 

12. 

15 . 

18. 

21. 

24. 

13.6 

1 8. 

22.627. 

*9 . 

12.8 

15.10 

19. 

22.2 

25.41 

14.3 

19. 

23 -9 

28.6 

20. 

134 

16.8 

20. 

23.4 

26.8 

15. 

20. 

25. 

3 °- 

21. 

H. 

17.6 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

! 5-9 

21. 

26.3 

31.6 

22. 

14.8 

18.4 

22. 

25.8 

29.4 

16.6 

22. 

27.6 

33 - 

23 . 

I 5.4| 

19.2 

2 3- 

26.10 

30.8 

17.3 

23. 

28.9 

34.6 

24 . 

l6. ; 

20. 

24. 

28. 

32. 

18. 

24. 

30 . 

36 . 

25 . 

j6.8: 

20.10 

25. 

29.2 

33-4 

18.9 

25. 

3 i .3 

37-6 

30 . 

20. : 

25. 

30. 

35. 

40. : 

22.6 

30. 

37-6 

45 - 

34 . 

22.8': 

28.4 

34- 

39-3 

45.4: 

25.6 

34- 

42.6 


40 .. 

26.8 

33-4 

40. 

46.8 

53.4; 

3 °. 

40. 

50. 

6o„ 

42 ...... 

28. 

35- 

42. 

49 - 

56. , 

31.6, 

42. 

52.6 

63. 

44 •*«*••• 

39.4 

36 8 

44- 

5 1 -4 

58.1: 

a 

44. 

55 - ) 

66 


































235 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE—(Continued; 


DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 


Feet. 



3 X 7 

3x8 

4x4 

4*5 

4x6 

4x7 

4x8 

4x9 

5 X 5 

• • • 

10.6 

12. 

8. 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

12.fe 

5 ^ • • • • 

12.3 

14 . 

9-4 

11.8 

14 - 

16.4 

18.8 

21. 

14.7 

8.... 

H. 

16. 

10. 

13-4 

16. 

18.8 

21.4 

24. 

16.8 

9... 

15-9 

18 

12. 

15 . 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

18.9 

JO* • • • 

17.6 

20. 

13-4 

16.8 

20. 

23-4 

26.8 

30 - 

20. IC 

II.... 

19.3 

22. 

14.8 

1S.4 

22. 

25.8 

29.4 

33 - 

22.11 

12... . 

21. 

24. 

16. 

20. 

24. 

28. 

32 • 

36 . 

25- 

* 3 * • 

22.9 

26. 

17-4 

21.8 

26. 

3°-4 

34-8 

39 - 

27.1 

14.... 

24.6 

28. 

18.8 

23-4 

28. 

32.8 

37-4 

42. 

29.2 

• • • • 

26.3 

30 - 

20.0 

2;. 

30 

35 - 

40 

45 - 

3 i .3 

16.... 

28. 

32 . 

21.4 

26.8 

32 . 

37-4 

42.8 

48. 

33-4 

17•• • • 

29.9 

34 - 

22.8 

28.4 

34 - 

39 8 

45-4 

5 1 * 

35-5 

18.^.. 

3 1 -6 

3 6 - 

24. 

3 °- 

36 . 

42. 

48. 

54 

37-6 

19.... 

33-3 

38 . 

24.4 

31-8 

38 . 

44 4 

50.8 

57 - 

39-7 

20.... 

35 - 

40. 

26.8 

33-4 

40. 

46.8 

53-4 

60. 

41.8 

».... 

36.9 

42. 

28. 

35 - 

42 . 

49 - 

56 . 

63. 

43-9 

22.... 

38.6 

44 - 

29.4 

36.8 

44 - 

51.4 

58.s 

66. 

45 -ic 

23.... 

40.3 

46. 

30 8 

38.4 

46. 

53-8 

61.4 

69. 

47.1? 

34.,. 

42. 

48. 

32 . 

40. 

48. 

56 . 

64. 

72. 

50 - 

*5.... 

43-9 

50. 

33 4 

41.8 

5o- 

58.4 

66.8 

75 - 

52.1 

jo .... 

52.6 

60. 

40. 

.so. 

60. 

70. 

80. 

90. 

62.6 

34 --. - 

^9.6 

68. 

45-4 

58.8 

68. 

79-4 

90.8 

102. 

7 °. I< 

40.... 

70, 

80. 

53 - 

66.8 

.80. 

93-4 

106.8 

120. 

83.4 

42.... 

73 - 6 

84. 

56 . 

70. 

84. 

98 . 

112. 

126. 

87.6 

44.,.. 

77 - 

88. 

58.8 

73 - 6 

ss. 

1 

102.8 117.4 

132. 

90.8 


The first American coins were minted at Somers Island, 
Bermudas, for the original Virginia Co., 1612. The 
General Court of Massachusetts created a “mint house’’ 
at Boston, 1652, and ordered 12, 6 and 3 pence pieces 
coined. This mint issued the “pine tree shillings,” which 
were two-penny pieces, in 16 62, and. was maintained 3 4 
years. In 1785 Vermont and Connecticut began to issue 
copper coin; New Jersey in 17 86. The first U. S. coin 
was minted in 179 2. 

























236 

HUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— {Continued). 


DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 


Feet. 



5x6 

5x7 

5x8 

6x6 

6x7 

6x8 

6x9 

6x10 

• » « * 

15 . 

17.6 

20. 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

30 . 

l . 

17.6 

20.5 

23-4 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

31.6 

35 * 

0. 

20. 

23-4 

2 6.8 

24. 

28. 

32 . 

36. 

40. 

9 . 

22.6 

26.3 

30 . 

27. 

31.6 

36 . 

40.6 

45 . 

xo. 

25 - 

29.2 

33-4 

30 - 

35 - 

40. 

45 - 

50 . 

XI. 

27.6 

3 2 - 1 

36.8 

33 - 

38.6 

44 - 

49.6 

55 - 

12•••• • 

3 °. 

35 - 

40. 

36 . 

42. 

48. 

54 - 

60. 

13••• • • 

32.6 

37 -H 

43-4 

39 - 

45 - 6 

52 . 

58.6 

65. 

^ 4 *•••• 

35 - 

40.10 

46.8 

42. 

49 - 

56 . 

63. 

70 

ij. 

37-6 

43-9 

50 . 

45 - 

52.6 

60. 

67.6 

75 . 

£6. 

40. 

46.8 

53-4 

48. 

56 . 

64. 

72. 

80. 

17. 

42.6 

49-7 

56.8 

5 1 • 

159-6 

68. 

76.6 

00 

Ul 

• 

18. ... 

45 - 

52.6 

60. 

54 - 

6 3 - 

72 . 

81. 

90. 

19. 

47.6 

555 

63-4 

57 - 

66.6 

76. 

85.6 

95. 

20* • • • • 

5 °- 

58.4 

66.8 

60. 

70. 

80. 

90. 

100. 

21 •♦• • • 

52.6 

61.3 

70. 

63- 

73-6 

84. 

94.6 

105. 

22*••♦• 

55 - 

64.2 

73-4 

66. 

77 - 

88. 

99 - 

IIO. 

23*•••• 

57.6 

67.1 

76.8 

69. 

80.6 

92. 

103.6 

US* 

24. 

60. 

70. 

80. 

72. 

84. 

96. 

108. 

120. 

25*••• • 

62.6 

72.11 

S 3-4 

75 - 

87.6 

100. 

112.6 

125. 

30..... 

75 - 

87.6 

100. 

90. 

105. 

120. 

135 . 

150 . 

34 * • • 

S 5 - 

99.2 

U 3-4 

102. 

119. 

136. 

153 - 

170. 

t * « • • 

100. 

116.8 

133.4 

120. 

140. 

160. 

180. 

200. 

4*2 • • « • • 

105. 

122.6 

140. 

126. 

147. 

168. 

189. 

210. 

44 *••*• 

IIO. 

128.4 

146.8 

132. 

154 . 

176. 

198. 

220. 


TESTS OF DEATH.—Hold mirror to mouth: if liv¬ 
ing, moisture will gather. Push pin into flesh: if living 
the hole will close up, if dead, it will remain. The fin¬ 
gers, held against a strong light, will appear red If alive 
black or dark if dead. If decomposition has not set in 
72 hours after the supposed death, there is room for 
investigation by a physician. Do not permit burial until 
some certain sign of death is apparent. 



















2 37 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT, 

ONB INCH BOARD MEASURE. 

For Plank, double or treble the product, as may b« 
required. If a board or plank is longer or wider than 
the dimensions here given, add two suitable numbers 
together. The left-hand column contains the length in 
feet; the width in inches heads each column. 


II 

6 in W 

7 in W 

8 in W 

9 in W 

10 in W 

xi in W 

12 in W 


ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

8... 

4 

O 

4 

8 


4 

6 

O 

6 

8 

7 

4 

8 

O 

9... 

4 

6 

5 

3 

6 

0 

6 

9 

7 

6 

8 

3 

9 

O 

IO. .. 

5 

0 

5 10 

6 

8 

7 

6 

8 

4 

9 

2 

10 

O 

ii. .. 

5 

6 

6 

5 

7 

4 

8 

3 

9 

2 

10 

1 

11 

O 

12. . . 

6 

0 

7 

0 

8 

0 

9 

0 

10 

0 

11 

0 

12 

O 

13 ... 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10 10 

11 

11 

13 

O 

14.. . 

7 

0 

8 

2 

9 

4 

10 

6 

11 

8 

12 10 

14 

O 

IS... 

7 

6 

8 

9 

10 

0 

11 

3 

12 

6 

13 

9 

i 5 

O 

16... 

8 

0 

9 

4 

10 

8 

12 

0 

13 

4 

14 

8 

16 

O 

17... 

8 

6 

9 11 

11 

4 

12 

9 

14 

2 

i 5 

7 

i 7 

O 

18... 

9 

0 

10 

6 

12 

0 

13 

6 

15 

0 

16 

6 

18 

O 

19... 

9 

6 

11 

1 

12 

8 

14 

3 

15 10 

i '7 

5 

19 

O 

20. . . 

10 

0 

11 

8 

13 

4 

IS 

l£) 

*6 

8 

18 

4 

20 

O 

21.. . 

10 

6 

12 

3 . 

14 

0 

15 

? 

17 

6 

19 

3 

21 

O 

22. . . 

11 

0 

12 

10 

14 

8 

16 

6 

18 

4 

20 

2 

22 

0 

23 ... 

11 

6 

13 

5 

15 

4 

i 7 

3 

19 

2 

21 

1 

23 

O 

24. . . 

12 

0 

14 

0 

16 

0 

18 

0 

20 

0 

22 

0 

, 2 4 

O 

25... 

12 

6 

14 

7 

16 

8 

18 

? 

20 10 

22 11 

25 

O 

26. . . 

13 

0 

15 

2 

1 7 

4 

19 

6 

21 

8 

23 10 

26 

O 

27 ... 

13 

6 

IS 

9 

18 

0 

20 

3 

22 

6 

24 

9 

27 

O 

28... 

14 

0 

16 

4 

18 

8 

21 

0 

23 

4 

2S 

8 

28 

O 

29... 

14 

6 

16 11 

19 

4 

21 

9 

24 

2 

26 

7 

29 

0 

30 ... 

15 

0 

17 

6 

20 

0 

22 

6 

25 

0 

27 

6 

30 

0 

31 ... 

15 

6 

18 

1 

20 

8 

23 

3 

25 10 

28 

5 

31 

0 

32 ... 

16 

0 

18 

8 

21 

4 

24 

0 

26 

8 

29 

4 

32 

0 

33 -.. 

16 

6 

19 

3 

22 

0 

24 

9 

27 

6 

30 

3 

33 

0 

34 ... 

17 

0 

19 10 

22 

8 

2 5 

6 

28 

4 

3 i 

2 

34 

0 

35 ... 

17 

6 

20 

5 

23 

4 

26 

3 

29 

2 

32 

1 

35 

c 

36... 1 

18 

0 

21 

0 

24 

0 

27 

0 

30 

0 

33 

0 

36 

0 

-4 





















238 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 

( Continued .) 


h O 

« z 

13 in W 

14 in W 

15 in W 

i6inW 

17 in W 

18 in W 

19111W 

w 0 
ts. t-J 

ft. 

[n. 

ft 

in. 

ft 

in. 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft 

in. 

8... 

8 

8 

9 

4 

IO 

O 

IO 

8 

II 

4 

12 

O 

12 

% 

9... 

9 

9 

10 

6 

8 

II 

3 

12 

0 

12 

9 

13 

6 

14 

3 

10... 

10 

10 

11 

12 

6 

13 

4 

14 

2 

15 

0 

15 

10 

XI... 

11 

11 

12 

10 

13 

9 

14 

8 

15 

7 

16 

6 

17 

5 

IX ... 

*3 

0 

14 

0 

15 

0 

l6 

0 

17 

0 

l8 

0 

19 

0 

13* •• 

14 

1 

i 5 

2 

16 

3 

17 

4 

IS 

5 

*9 

6 

20 

7 

14... 

15 

2 

16 

4 

17 

6 

l8 

8 

19 

10 

21 

0 

22 

3 

15... 

16 

3 

17 

6 

18 

9 

20 

0 

21 

3 

22 

6 

23 

9 

16... 

17 

4 

18 

8 

20 

0 

21 

4 

22 

8 

24 

0 

25 

4 

17 • • * 

18 

5 

19 

iO 

21 

3 

22 

8 

24 

1 

25 

6 

26 

11 

18.•• 

19 

6 

21 

0 

22 

6 

24 

0 

25 

6 

27 

0 

28 

6 

IQ... 

20 

7 

22 

2 

23 

9 

25 

4 

26 

11 

28 

6 

30 

1 

20* . • 

21 

8 

23 

4 

25 

0 

26 

8 

28 

4 

30 

0 

3 i 

8 

21 • •. 

22 

9 

24 

6 

26 

3 

28 

0 

29 

9 

3 i 

6 

33 

3 

22... 

23 

ID 

25 

8 

27 

6 

29 

4 

31 

2 

33 

0 

34 

10 

23... 

24 

II 

26 

IO 

28 

9 

30 

8 

32 

7 

34 

6 

36 

5 

24. •• 

26 

O 

28 

0 

30 

0 

32 

0 

34 

0 

36 

0 

3 * 

0 

25... 

27 

I 

29 

2 

3 i 

3 

33 

4 

35 

5 

37 

6 

39 

7 

26 • • • 

28 

2 

30 

4 

32 

6 

34 

8 

3 o 

10 

39 

0 

4 * 

2 

27... 

29 

3 

3 i 

6 

33 

9 

3 6 

0 

3« 

3 

40 

6 

42 

9 

28... 

30 

4 

32 

8 

35 

0 

37 

4 

39 

8 

42 

0 

44 

4 

29... 

3i 

5 

33 

10 

3 6 

3 

38 

8 

41 

1 

43 

6 

45 

11 

3°- * • 

32 

6 

35 

0 

37 

6 

40 

0 

42 

6 

45 

0 

47 

6 

3i-. 

33 

7 

36 

2 

3& 

9 

41 

6 

44 

0 

46 

6 

49 

0 

32... 

34 

8 

37 

4 

40 

0 

42 

6 

45 

6 

48 

0 

50 

6 

33..- 

35 

9 

38 

6 

4 i 

3 

44 

0 

46 

6 

49 

6 

52 

0 

34 ... 

36 

10 

39 

8 

42 

6 

45 

6 

48 

0 

5 i 

0 

54 

0 

35 ... 

37 

11 

40 

IO 

43 

9 

46 

6 

49 

6 

52 

6 

55 

6 

36... 

39 

0 

42 

0 

45 

0 

48 

0 

5 i 

0 

54 

0 

57 

0 


VALUE OF ALASKA TO THE UNITED STATES. 

Alaska cost the United States $7,000,000, and the 
fur seal company in 18 89 had paid our government over 
$8,00 0,000 for the privileges it enjoys of taking seals 
from the territorial waters. 



















239 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT 

( Continued .) 






Fbkt Long. 

20 in \V 

ft. in. 

8 . 

13 4 

9 . 

15 0 

10 . 

16 8 

ii.. 

18 4 

12 .. 

20 0 

*3 .. 

21 8 

14 . 

23 4 

15. 

25 0 

16. 

26 8 

17 . 

28 4 

18. 

3° 0 

19. 

3 1 8 

20. . 

33 4 

21. 

35 0 

22. 

36 8 

23. 

3 8 9 4 

24. 

40 0 

?x . 

41 8 


26. 

43 4 

27 . 

45 0 

28. 

46 8 

29 . 

48 4 

3 °. 

50 0 

31. 

51 6 

7.2 . 

53 6 


33 . 

55 0 

34 . 

56 6 

35 . 

58 6 

36 . 

60 0 




1 

21 in Wj 

22 in W 

23 in W 

24 in 

w 

25 in W 

ft. 

in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. 

in, 

H 

O 

14 8 

15 4 

16 

0 

16 

8 

15 

9 

16 6 

17 3 

18 

0 

18 

9 

17 

6 

18 4 

19 2 

20 

0 

20 10 

19 

3 

20 2 

21 1 

22 

0 

22 II 

21 

0 

22 0 

2 3 0 

2 4 

0 

2 5 

0 

22 

9 

23 10 

24 11 

26 

0 

27 

1 

24 

6 

25 8 

26 10 

28 

0 

29 

2 

26 

3 

27 6 

28 9 

30 

0 

31 

3 

28 

0 

29 4 

30 8 

3 2 

0 

33 

4 

29 

9 

31 2 

3 2 7 

34 

0 

35 

s 

31 

6 

33 0 

34 6 

3f 

0 

37 

6 

33 

3 

34 10 

36 5 

3 8 

0 

39 

7 

35 

0 

36 8 

3 8 4 

40 

0 

41 

8 

3 6 

9 

38 6 

40 3 

4 2 

0 

43 

9 

3 8 

6 

40 4 

42 2 

44 

0 

45 10 

40 

3 

42 2 

44 1 

46 

0 

47 IX 

4 2 

0 

44 0 

46 0 

4 8 

0 

50 

0 

43 

9 

45 10 

47 11 

50 

0 

5 2 

3 

45 

6 

47 8 

49 10 

5 2 

0 

54 

2 

47 

3 

49*6 

5 1 9 

54 

0 

56 

3 

49 

0 

5i 4 

53 8 

56 

0 

5 8 

4 

5o 

9 

53 2 

55 7 

5 8 

0 

60 

I 

51 

6 

55 0 

57 6 

60 

0 

62 

6 

^4 

*0 

57 0 

59 6 

62 

0 

64 

6 

56 

0 

5 8 6 

61 6 

64 

0 

66 

6 

57 

6 

^60 6 

63 0 

66 

0 

68 

4 

5Q 

6 

62 6 

65 0 

1 68 

0 

70 

6 

61 

0 

1 64 0 

67 0 

I 70 

0 

73 

0 

63 

0 

66 0 

69 0 

72 

0 

75 

O 


The highest points on railroads in the Tjnited States 

9 P ,- n Marshall Pass, of the Denver & Rio Grande, 

to 8 53 feS and at the Continental Divide, of the Colo¬ 
rado Midland, 1 1,530 foot. 




















































240 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 


Square Timber and Seantling — Measurement at Sight . 
Dimensions in inches head each column, and the length 
will be found in the left-hand column. If the required 
dimensions cannot be found in the table, add two lengths 
or breadths together, or take part of some length or 
breadth, as the case may require. 


Sh 



Dimensions Each Way in 

Inches. 



w 

H 

& 

6.11 

6.12 

7-7 

7-8 

79 

7.10 

7 -II 

7.12 

8.8 

6 

33 - 

36 . 

24. 6 

28. 

•31.6 

35 - 

38 . 6 

42. 

32. 

7 

33.6 

42. 

28. 7 

32.8 

36.9 

40.10 

41.11 

49 - 

37*4 

8 

44 - 

48. 

32. 8 

37-4 

42 . 

46. 8 

55 - 4 

56 . 

42.8 

9 

49.6 

54 - 

36. 9 

42. 

47.3 

52. 6 

57 - 9 

63. 

48. 

so 

55 - 

60. 

40.10 

46.8 

52.6 

58 . 4 

64. 2 

70. 

53-4 

SI 

60.6 

66. 

40.11 

5 i .4 

57-9 

64. 2 

70. 7 

77 - 

58-8 

12 

66. 

72. 

49 - 

56 . 

68] 3 

73-6 

70. 

77 - 

84. 

64 

25 

71.6 

78 . 

53 - 1 

60.8 

75-10 

83. 5 

91. 

69.4 

H 

77 ' 

84. 

57- 2 

65.4 

81. 8 

89.10 

98 . 

74.8 

«5 

82.6 

90. 

61. 3 

70. 

78.9 

87. 6 

96. 3 

105. 

So. 

*6 

88. 

96. 

64. 4 

7^.8 

84. 

93. 4 102. 81112. 

85 4 

&? 

93-6 

102. 

69- 5 

79-4 

89-3 

99. 2 

109. 11 

119. 

90.8 

*8 

99 - 1 

108. 

73 - 6 

84. 

94.6 

4 ° 5 - 

115. 6426. 

96. 

- ( 9 

104.6 114. 

77 - 7 

88.8 

99 . 9 ;iIO. I 0 |l 2 I . II; 

1 33 -; 

101.4 


no. 

120. 

81. 8 

93-4 

105 1 

ii r6. S 42 S. 4I140. 

106.S 

21 

115.6 126. 

85 - 9 

98. 

no 3 

■ 122 . 6 

134. 9 147. 

112. 

22 

121. 

I 3 2 - 

89.10 

102.8 

115.6428. 5441. 2454.; 

117.4 

23 

126.6 138. 

93 -H 

r ,°7 -4 

420.9 

134 . 2! 

147 - 7 

161. 

122.8 

24 

132. 

144. 

98. 

112. | 

126. 

I 4 °- 

154 . 

168. 

428. . 

26 

143 • 

156. 

106.2 

121 .4 

136.6 

151. S466.10 

182. 

138.8 

28 

154. 

168.1 

114.4 

'I3O.8.I47. 

163. 

179. 8 

196.448.8 

30 

165. 

180. 

122.61140. 

457-6 

* 75 - J 

192. 6 

210. 

160. 

32176. 

192. 

128. Sj 149, .4j 168. 

I1S6. 8 

i 

205. 4 

224. 

170.8 
























241 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 
( Continued .) 


Dimensions Each Way in Inches. 


Feet. 

8.9 

8.10 

8.11 

8.12 

9-9 

9.10J 9.II 

9.1? 

6. 

I:::::::: 

9 . 

10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13 . 

14 . 

15.. .... 

16. 

* 7 - .. 

18. 

5 9 . 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23 . 

24 . 

26.. 

28. 

30 . 

32 .. . 

36 . 

42 . 

48 . 

54 - 

60. 

66. 

72 - 

78 . 

84. 

96. 

102. 

108. 

114. 

120. 

126. 

132. 

138. 

144. 

156. 

168. 

180. 

192. 

40. 

46.8 

53-4 
60- 
66 8 

73 4 
80. 

86.8 

93-4 

100. 

106.8 
H 3-4 
120. 

126.8 
133-4 
140. 

146.8 
153-4 
160. 
173-4 

156.8 
200. 

213.8 

44 - 

5 i -4 

58.8 
66. 

73-4 

80.8 
88. 

95-4 

102.8 
110. 

117.4 

124.8 
132. 
139-4 

146.8 

154- 

l6l .4 

168.8 
I76. 
190.8 

205.4 
220. 
,234.8 

48. 

56 . 

64. 

72 . 

80. 

88. 

96. 

104. 

112. 

120. 

128. 

136. 

144. 

152. 

160. 

168. 

176. 

184. 

192. 

208. 

224. 

240. 

256. 

40.6 

47-3 

I 4 - 

60.9 

67.6 

74-3 
Si. 

87.9 

94.6 

101.3 
108. 
H4.9 

121.6 

128.3 
135 . • 
I 4 I -9 

148.6 

155.3 
162. 
i 75 - 6 
189. 

202.6 
216. 

45 - 

52.6 
60. 

67.6 
75 - 

82.6 

9 °-, 

97.6 

105. 

112.6 
120. 

127.6 

I35 a 

142.6 

15° 

157.6 

165 \ 

172.6 

ISO. 

195-2 

210. 

225. 

24O. 

49 - 6 

II : 9 

Hi 

90.9 
99. 

107-3 

1156 

123.9 

132. 

140..3 

148.6 

156.9 

165. 

173-3 

181.6 

189.9 
198. 

214.6 

2 3 *- 

247.6 
264. 

54 

63 

7 2 

81 

90 

“7 

126 

135 

144 

*53 

162 

171 

180 

189 

198 

207 

216 

234 

252 
> 270 
288 


Strength of Ice of Various Thicknesses. 

Ice two inclies thick will bear men to walk on. 

Ice four inches thick will bear horses and riders. 

Ice six inches thick will bear teams with moderate. 

'° Ice eight inches thick will bear teams with very heavy 

Ice ten inches thick will sustain a pressure of 1,000 
pounds per square foot. 










































tv 


242 


LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 

( Continued.) 


Dimensions Each Way in Inches. 


Feet 



ro. 

10 

!l°. 

11 

10.12 

in 

. I I 

11.12 

|l2.12 

12.13 

12.14 

6... 

So 


55 


60. 

60 

.6 

66. 

72 . 

78 - 

84- 

7-.- 

58 

•4 

64 

. 2 

70. 

70 

• 7 

77 - 

84 . 

9 1 - 

98. 

S . 

66 

.8 

73 

4 

80. 

80 

.8 

88. 

96. 

104. 

112. 

9 

75 


86 

6 

90. 

90 

•9 

99 - 

I08. 

117. 

126. 

30 

83 

•4 

c: 

8 

100. 

IOO 

. 10 

110. 

120. 

130. 

140. 

XI . . 

9 1 

.8 

100 

10 

110 

I IO 

1i 

121. 

132 

143 - 

1 . 54 - 

52 . . 

too 


1 to 


120. 

121 


132. 

144- 

156. 

168 

*3 

ICO 

•4 

“9 

2 

< 30 . 

151 

1 

r 43 • 

156. 

169 

182. 

*4 •• 

116 

.8 

128 

4 

140. 

141 

2 

154 . 

168. 

182. 

196, 

<5 - 

I2 5 


137 

6 

ICO. 

151 

3 

165. 

180. 

195 . 

210. 

*6. . . 

1 33 

4 

146. 

8 

160. 

l6l 

4 

176. 

192. 

208. 

^224. 

* 7 -.. ! 

141 

8 

I 55 

10 

170., 

171 

5 

187 

204. 

221. 

238. 

is ..! 

1 ;o 


l6 5 


180. 

l8l 

6 

198 

216. 

234 - 

252 . 

19... 

158 

4 

174 - 

2 

190- 

I 9 t. 

7 

209. 

22S. 

247. 

266, 

20. .. 

166 

8 

i8 3 - 

4 

200. 

201 

8 

220. 

240. 

260. 

280. 

21. . . 

175 . 

j 

192. 

6 

210. 

21 I 

9 

231- 

252. 

273 - 

294 

22. . . 

i« 3 - 

4 

2CI . 

8 

220. 

221 

10 

242. 

264. 

286. 

308 

23 --. 

191. 

8 

210. 

10 

230. 

23 I- 

ti 

2 53 - 

276. 

299. 

322. 

24 --. 

200. 

I 

220. 


24O. 

242. 


264 . 

288. 

312. 

336 

&6. .. 

216. 

8 

238. 

4 

260. 

262. 

2 

286. 

312. 

338 . 

364 . 

28. . . 

233 - 

s 

256. 

8 

280. 

282. 

4 

308. 

386 . 

364- 

392 

30... 

250. 

l 

275 - 

6 

3 °° • 

3 ° 2 . 

6 

330 - 

370 - 

390 . 

420 

■ 32 "i 

266. 

s 

i 

293 - 

4 

320. 

! 

32 2- 

S 

" 1 

384- 

416 . 

448 


A % aterproof Blacking which will givo a fine polish 
without rubbing, and will not injure the leather: 18 
parts bees wax, 6 parts spermacet i, 66 parts oil of tur¬ 
pentine. 5 parts asphalt varnish, 1 part powdered borax. 
5 parts Frankfort black, 2 parts Prussian blue, 1 part 
siitro-benzol. Melt the wax, add the powdered borax, 
ind stir’until a kind of jelly has been formed. In another 
pan melt the spermaceti, add the asphalt varnish, previ¬ 
ously mixed with the oil of turpentine, stir well, and 
*»dd to the wax. Lastly add the color, previously rubbed 
smooth with a little of the mass: 




























243 


Timber Measurement Table, 

Showing the cubical contents (fractions of feet omitted) 
of round logs, masts, spars, etc. Length of log is 
shown in left-hand column. Diameter is shown at 
the head of column. If the desired dimensions are 
not shown, double some numbers. 


K ft. 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

i 5 

16 

17 

18 

19 

8. 


4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

11 

12 

14 

16 

9 


5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

IO 


5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

ii 


6 

7 

8 

10 

12 

13 

16 

17 

19 

22 

12 


6 

8 

9 

11 

13 

!5 

17 

19 

21 

2 4 

13 


7 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

23 

26 

*4 


7 

9 

11 

13 

i 5 

17 

19 

22 

25 

28 

15 


8 

10 

J 2 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

30 

16 


9 

11 

12 

14 

17 

20 

22 

25 

28 

32 

17 


9 

11 

13 

16 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

18 


10 

12 

14 

16 

19 

22 

25 

28 

32 

35 

19 


10 

13 

15 

*7 

21 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

20 


11 

13 

l6 

18 

21 

25 

28 

3 i 

• 35 

39 

21 


11 

14 

l6 

19 

22 

26 

29 

33 

37 

41 

22 


12 

15 

17 

20 

23 

27 

3 i 

35 

391 

43 

23 


12 

16 

l8 

21 

24 

28 

32 

30 

4 * | 

45 

24 


13 

16 

19 

221 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

47 

25 


14 

17 

20 

23 

27 

3 i 

35 

39 

44 | 

49 

26 


14 

17 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

41 

461 

5 i 

27 


15 

18 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

4'4 

53 

28 


15 

18 

22 

26 

30 

35 

39 

44 

49 

55 

29 


16 

19 

23 

27 

3 i 

36 

4i 

45 

5 'j 

57 

3 C 


16 

20 

24 

28 


37 

42 

47 

53 

5? 

31 


17 

20 

24 

29 

33 

38 

43 

48 

55 

61 

32 


1 7 

21 

25 

29 

34 

40 

45 

50 

57 

63 

33 


18 

22 

26 

30 

35 

4i| 

46 

52 

I 8 

65 

34 


19 

22 

27 

3 i 

3 6 

■42 

48 

53 


67 

35 


19 

23 

28 

32 

37 

43 

49 

55 

62? 

■'>9 

36 

. 

20 

24 

28 

33 

39 

A4 \ 

50 

S’ 

h ] 

71 


































244 

TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE—(Continued). 


L. Ft. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

8. 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

32 

34 

9 . 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

3 i 

33 

36 

38 

IO . 

22 

24 

26 

29 

3 i 

34 

37 

40 

43 

21 ..._ 

24 

26 

29 

32 

35 

37 

4 i 

43 

47 

22 . 

26 

29 

32 

34 

38 

4 i 

44 

47 

5 * 

23....... 

28 

3 i 

34 

37 

41 

44 

48 

5 i 

56 

*4 . 

3 i 

34 

37 

40 

44 

48 

52 

55 

60 

*5 . 

33 

30 

40 

43 

47 

5 i 

55 

59 

64 

a(>. 

35 

3 * 

42 

46 

50 

55 

59 

63 

68 

*7 . 

37 

41 

45 

49 

53 

58 

63 

68 

73 

28.. 

39 

43 

48 

52 

57 

61 

66 

72 

77 

19 . 

4 i 

45 

5 o 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

81 

20. 

44 

48 

53 

58 

63 

68 

74 

79 

85 

21. 

46 

5 o 

55 

61 

66 

7 i 

77 

83 

90 

22 . . 

48 

53 

58 

64 

69 

75 

81 

87 

94 

33 . 

50 

55 

61 

66 

72 

78 

85 

91 

098 

24. 

52 

5 « 


69 

75 

82 

88 

95 

102 

25 . 

54 

60 

66 

72 

79 

85 

92 

99 

107 

26. 

57 

63 

69 

75 

82 

89 

96 

103 

III 

27 . 

59 

5 5 

7i 

78 

85 

92 

99 

107 

1*5 

28 .. 

61 

67 

74 

81 

88 

95 

103 

in 

120 

29 ...... - 

63 

70 

77 

84 

9i 

99 

107 

ii5 

124 

30 . 

65 

72 

79 

86 

94 

102 

no 

119 

128 

3 i. 

68 

75 

82 

89 

98 

106 

114 

123 

132 

32 . 

70 

77 

85 

92 

100 

109 

Ir8 

127 

137 

33 . 

72 

79 

87 

95 

104 

112 

121 

130 

141 

34 . 

74 

82 

90 

98 

107 

116 

125 

135 

*45 

35 . 

76 

84 

93 

101 

no 

119 

129 

139 

149 

36 . 

79 

86| 

95 

104 

“3 

123 

133 

H3 

154 


, Greatest Known Depth of the Ocean. 


The greatest depth which has been ascertained by 
sounding is 25,720 feet, or 4,620 fathoms. The average 
depth between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south is 
-almost three miles. 















































245 

TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE—(Continued). 


L. Ft. 

29 

30 

3 i 

32 

33 ' 

34 

35 

36 

37 

S .. 

37 

39 

42 

45 1 

48 

50 

53 

57 

60 

9 . 

41 

44 

47 

-50 

53 

57 

60 

64 

67 

JO. 

46 

49 

52 

5 6 

59 

63 

67 

7 * 

75 

11. 

50 

53 

57 

61 

65 

69 

73 

77 

82 

12.. . 

55 

5 » 

62 

67 

7 * 

76 

80 

85 

90 

*3 . 

60 

63 

68 

72 

77 

82 

87 

92 

97 

*4 . 

64 

68 

73 

78 

83 

88 

94 

99 

103 

25 . 

69 

73 

78 

84 

89 

95 

100 

106 

£12 

16. 

73 

7 « 

83 

89 

95 

101 

107 

1*3 

114 

17. 

7*5 

83 

89 

95 

101 

107 

114 

121 

127 

18. 

82 

88 

94 

100 

106 

**4 

120 

128 

*34 

29 . 

87 

93 

99 

106 

112 

120 

127 

*35 

142 

20. 

91 

98 

105 

112 

118 

126 

*34 

142 

149 

21. 

96 

j io 3 

hi 

117 

124 

132 

140 

* 49 , 

557 

22. 

101 

109 

116 

*23 

130 

*39 

147 

is;6 

164 

23 . 

Io 5 

1 *3 

121 

128 

136 

*45 

*54 

163 

172 

24 . 

in 

I lb : 

1 127 

*34 

*43 

151 

160 

170 

*79 

25 . 

116 

I2 3 ; 

* 3 * 

*39 

*49 

158 

167 

*78 

I 187 

26. 

120 

I 28 j 

* 37 ' 

*45 

*54 

164 

*74 

1 185 

! *94 

27 . 

I25 

*33 

| *42 

15 s 

160 

170 

180! 192 

; 202 

28. 

I29 

136 

j *47 

156 

166 

*77 

*87 

198 

209 

29 . 

234 

*43 

*53 

162 

172 

183 

*94 

206 

! 217 

3 °. 

I38 

148 

*58 

168 

177 

189 

200 

2*3 

1224 

3 E . 

H 3 

152 

163 

173 

182 

*95 

207 

220 

232 

32 ....... 

148 

*57 

169 

178 

188 

202 

214 

227 

239 

33 . 

152 

162 

174 

184 

*94 

208 

220 

234 

247 

34 . 

*57 

167 

179 

190 

200 

214 

22; 

241 

254 

35 . 

161 

172 

182 

196 

205 

220 

234 

248 

261 

3® . 

166 

177 

190 

201 

212 

227 

24 0 

255 

1 269 


The following shows weight required to tear asunder 
bars one inch square of the following material: 

Oak, 5tons; Fir, 5% tons; Cast Iron, 7 % tons; 
Wrought Iron, 10 tons; Wrought Copper, 15 tons; Eng. 
lish Bar Iron, 25 tons; American Iron, 37^ tons; Blis¬ 
tered. Steel, 59tons. 

































































246 

Logs Reduced to Running Board Measure. Logs 
Reduced to One Inch Board Measure. 


If the log is longer than is contained in the table, take any two 
lengths. 

The first column on the left gives the length of the log in feet, 
The figures under D denote the diameters of the logs in inches. 
Fractional parts of inches are not given. 

The diameter of timber is usually taken 20 feet from the butt. 
All logs short of 20 feet, take the diameter at the top or small end. 

To find the number of feet of boards which a log [will produce 
when sawed, take the length of feet in the first column on the left 
hand, and the diameter at the top of the page in inches. 

Suppose a log 12 feet)long and 24 inches in diameter. In the 
left hand column is the length, and opposite 12 under 24 is 300, 
the number of feet of boards in a log of that length and diameter. 


Feet 

Long. 

D. 

12 

D. 

T 3 

D. 

14 

D. 

15 

D. 

16 

D. 

~ J 7 

D. 

18 

D. 

19 

D. 

20 

D 

21 

D. 

22 

D. 

23 

D. 

24 

10.. 

54 

66 

76 

93 

104 

107 

137 

154 

179 

194 

210 

237 

256 

11.. 

59 

72 

83 

102 

114 

131 

151 

169 

196 

213 

231 

261 

270 

12.. 

64 

78 

90 

III 

124 

143 

164 

184 

213 

232 

252 

285 

3°° 

13- • 

69 

84 

97 

120 

134 

154 

177 

199 

231 

251 

273 

308 

327 

14.. 

74 

90 

104 

I29 

144 

166 

191 

214 

249 

270 

293 

332 

350 

is : 

79 

96 

hi 

138 

154 

177 

204 

229 

266 

289 

3*4 

355 

376 

16.. 

«4 

102 

118 

146 

164 

189 

217 

244 

284 

308 

335 

379 

401 

17.. 

89 

108 

126 

155 

173 

200 

231 

259 

301 

327 

356 

402 

426 

l8. . 

94 

114 

i 33 

164 

183 

212 

244 

274 

3*9 

346 

377 

426 

45i 

19.. 

99 

121 

140 

173 

193 

223 

257 

289 

336 

365 

398 

449 

477 

20.. 

104 

127 

147 

182 

203 

236 

271 

3°4 

354 

384 

419 

473 

501 

21.. 

109 

133 

i 54 

191 

213 

247 

284 

3 i 9 

37 i 

403 

440 

497 

527 

22.. 

114 

139 

161 

200 

223 

259 

297 

334 

389 

422 

461 

520 

552 

23 - 

119 

145 

168 

209 

233 

27O 

311 

349 

407 

441 

481 

542 

568 

24.. 

124 

151 

176 

218 

243 

282 

325 

364 

424 

460 

502 

568 

613 

25 • 

129 

157 

183 

227 

253 

293 

337 

379 

442 

470 

523 

59i 

628 

26.. 

134 

163 

190 

236 

263 

3°5 

35 ® 

394 

459 

498 

544 

615 

653 

27.. 

139 

169 

197 

24s 

273 

316 

363 

409 

477 

517 

565 

639 

678 

28.. 

144 

175 

204 

254 

283 

328 

376 

424 

494 

536 

586 

663 

703 

29.. 

149 

l8l 

211 

263 

293 

339 

389 

439 

512 

555 

607 

687 

728 

30.. 

154 

187 

218 

272 

303 

35 i 

402 

454 529 

574 

628 

711 

753 

31 •• 

159 

*93 

225 

281 

313 

362 

41S 

469; 547 

593 

649 

735 

778 


If we’re right we can’t be hurt by the truth, and if we ain’t right 
we ought' to be hurt righteously. 

You show me a man who keeps the Sabbath day holy and I’ll 
show you a man that’s a Christian all the week. 




































247 


logs reduced to running board measure, etc.— Continued !. 


Feet 

Long. 

D. 

25 

D. 

26 

D. 

27 

D. 

28 

_D. 

29 

D. 

30 

D. 

31 

D. 

32 

D. 

33 

D. 

34 

D. 

35 

D. 

36 

no. . . 

283 

3°9 

339 

359 

377 

407 

440 

456 

486 

496 

543 

573 

SI... 

3 ^ 

340 

374 

396 

4 i 5 

447 

484 

502 

535 

546 

598 

630 

S 3 .. . 

340 

37 i 

408 

432 

453 

489 

528 

548 

584 

596 

653 

688 

13 -•• 

369 

404 

442 

469 

491 

530 

572 

594 

633 

646 

708 

746 

14... 

397 

435 

476 

505 

529 

57 i 

618 

640 

682 

696 

762 

803 

* 5 -•• 

426 

465 

5 “ 

54 i 

567 

612 

662 

686 

73 i 

746 

817 

861 

16... 

455 

496 

545 

578 

605 

653 

706 

732 

780 

796 

872 

919 

17... 

483 

527 

579 

614 

643 

694 

75 x 

778 

829 

846 

927 

976 

18... 

512 

558 

613 

650 

681 

735 

795 

824 

878 

896 

981 

1034 

19... 

541 

590 

647 

688 

719 

776 

839 

870 

927 

946 

1036 

1092 

30 . .. 

569 

621 

681 

724 

757 

817 

884 

916 

976 

996 

1091 

1148 

31 . . . 

598 

652 

716 

760 

796 

859 

928 

962 

1025 

1046 

1146 

1206 

32 ... 

627 

684 

750 

796 

834 

900 

972 

1008 

1074 

1096 

1200 

1264 

23... 

655 

7 i 5 

784 

833 

872 

941 

1017 

1054 

1123 

1146 

1255 

1318 

24... 

684 

746 

818 

889 

910 

982 

1061 

1100 

1172 

1196 

1310 

1376 

35 -. 

713 

777 

853 

906 

948 

1023 

1105 

1146 

1221 

2246 

1365 

1434 

26.. . 

742 

808 

887 

942 

986 

1064 

1149 

1192 

1270 

1296 

1420 

1492 

27... 

771 

839 

021 

979 

1024 

1105 

ii 93 

1238, 

1319 

1346 

1475 

1550 

38 .. . 

800 

870 

955 

1015 

1062 

1146 

1237 

1284 

1368 

1396 

1530 

1608 

39. .. 

829 

901 

989 

1052 

1100 

1187 

1281 

133 ° 

1417 

1446 

1585 

1666 

30 ... 

858 

932 

1023 

1088 

1138 

1228 

1325 

137 ^ 

1466 

1496 

1640 

1724 

31... 

887 

963 i 0 57 | 1 125 

1176 

1269 

1369 

1422^515 

1546 

1695 

178a 


Stock Brokers’ Technicalities. 


A Bull is one who operates to depress the value of stocks, that 
he may buy for a rise. 

A Bear is one who sells stocks for future delivery, which he does 
Got own at the time of sale. 

A Corner is when the Bears cannot buy or borrow the stock to 
deliver in fulfillment of their contracts. 

Overloaded is when the Bulls cannot take and pay for the stock 
they have purchased. 

Short is when a person or party sells stocks when they have 
done, and expect to buy or borrow in time to deliver. 

Long is when a person or party has a plentiful supply of stocks. 

A Pool or Ring is a combination formed to control prices. 

A broker is said to carry stocks tor nis customer when he has 
bought and is holding it for his account. 

A Wash is a pretended sale by special agreement between buyer 
and seller, for the purpose of getting a quotation reported. 

A Put and Call is when a person gives so much per cent, for the 
Option of buying or selling so much stock on a certain day, at a 
price fixed the day the option is given. 





















248 

Board and Plank Measurement at Sight. 


This table gives the Sq. Ft. and In. in Board from 6 to 25 inches 
wide, and from 8 to 36 feet long. If a board be longer than 36 ft* 
unite two numbers. Thus, if a board is 40 ft. long and 16 in. wide, 
add 30 and 10 and you have 53 ft 4 in. For 2 in. plank double 
tie product 


Feet 

6 in. 
W. 

7 in. 
W. 

8 in. 
W. 

9 in. 
W. 

lo-dn. 

W. 

n in. 
W. 

12 in. 
W. 

(i3 in- 
W. 

14 in. 

w. 

I15 in. 

1 W. 

Long. 

ft. 

in. 

ft 

in. 

ft in. 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft in. 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft in. 

8. 

4 

0 

4 

8 

5 

4 

6 

0 

6 

8 

7 

4 

8 

0 

8 

8 

9 

4 

10 

0 

9 . 

4 

6 

5 

3 

6 

O 

6 

9 

7 

6 

8 

3 

9 

0 

9 

9 

10 

6 

11 

3 

10. 

5 

0 

5 

10 

6 

8 

7 

6 

8 

4 

9 

2 

IO 

O 

IO 

10 

II 

8 

12 

6 

XI. 

5 

6 

6 

5 

7 

4 

8 

3 

9 

2 

10 

1 

II 

O 

II 

11 

12 

10 

12 

9 

12...... 

6 

0 

7 

O 

8 

O 

9 

O 

IO 

O 

11 

O 

12 

0 

13 

0 

14 

0 

15 

0 

*3 . 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

IO 

IO 

11 

11 

13 

O 

14 

1 

15 

2 

l6 

3 

M. 

7 

0 

8 

2 

9 

4 

10 

b 

11 

8 

12 

IO 

14 

0 

15 

2 

16 

4 

17 

6 

*5 . 

7 

6 

8 

9 

IO 

O 

11 

3 

12 

6 

13 

9 

15 

O 

16 

3 

17 

6 

18 

9 

x6. 

8 

0 

9 

4 

10 

8 

12 

0 

*3 

4 

H 

8 

l6 

0 

17 

4 

18 

8 

20 

0 

*7. 

8 

6 

9 

11 

11 

4 

12 

9 

14 

2 

15 

7 

17 

0 

18 

5 

19 

IO 

21 

3 

18. 

9 

0 

10 

6 

12 

O 

13 

6 

15 

O 

16 

6 

l8 

O 

19 

6 

21 

0 

22 

6 

19. — .. 

9 

6 

11 

1 

12 

8 

14 

3 

15 

10 

17 

5 

19 

O 

20 

7 

22 

2 

23 

9 

20... .. 

10 

0 

11 

8 

*3 

4 

15 

0 

16 

8 

18 

4 

20 

0 

21 

8 

23 

* 

25 

0 

21. 

10 

6 

12 

3 

14 

O 

15 

9 

17 

6 

19 

3 

21 

0 

22 

9 

24 

6 

26 

3 

22. 

11 

O 

12 

10 

14 

8 

16 

6 

18 

4 

20 

2 

22 

O 

23 

10 

25 

8,27 

6 

*3 . 

11 

6 

13 

5 

15 

4 

17 

3 

J 9 

2 

21 

1 

23 

0 

24 

II 

26 

10 

28 

9 

24...... 

12 

O 

14 

0 

16 

O 

18 

O 

20 

O 

22 

0 

24 

O 

26 

O 

28 

0 

30 

0 

*5 . 

12 

6 

14 

7 

16 

8 

18 

9 

20 

10 

22 

11 

25 

O 

27 

I 

29 

2 

31 

3 

26. 

13 

0 

15 

2 

17 

4 

*9 

6 

21 

8 

23 

10 

26 

0 

28 

2 

30 

4 

32 

6 

37 . 

13 

6 

15 

9 

18 

O 

20 

3 

22 

6 

24 

9 

27 

0 

29 

3 

3i 

6 

33 

9 

28. 

14 

O 

16 

4 

18 

8 

21 

O 

23 

425 

828 

O 

3° 

4 

32 

8 

35 

0 

*9 . 

14 

6 

16 

11 

19 

4 

21 

9 

24 

2 

20 

729 

0 

31 

5 

33 

10 

3b 

3 

30. 

i5 

0 

17 

6 

20 

0 

22 

6 

25 

0 27 

63° 

O 

32 

6 

35 

O 

37 

b 

3i. 

15 

6 

18 

1 

20 

8 

23 

3 

25 

1028 

531 

0 

33 

7 

36 

2 

38 

9 

32. 

16 

O 

18 

8 

21 

4 

24 

O 

26 

8 29 

432 

0 

34 

8 

37 

4 

40 

0 

33. 

x 6 

6 

*9 

3 

22 

O 

24 

9 

27 

630 

3133 

0 

35 

9 

3« 

6 

41 

3 

34. 


0 

19 

10 

22 

S 

25 

6 

28 

4 3i 

2|34 

0 

36 

10 

39 

8 

42 

6 

35 . 

17 

6 

20 

5 

23 

4 

26 

3 

29 

232 

1 35 

0 

37 

11 

40 10 

43 

G 

3<5. 

18 

O 

I 

O 

24 

O 

27 

O 

3 ° 

°l 

33 

° 

36 

0 

39 

0 

42 

0 

45 

9 


The infidelity that hurts is the infidelity of the man who makes 
dut that he’s on God’s side, and then won’t live up to it. 


Find me a man preparing himself to hear the gospel and I can 
show you a man that is going to be benefited by the gospel. 






























































2<t 


board and plank MEASUREMENT.— Continued. 


Feet 

Long. 

16 in. 

W. 


18 in. 
W. 

19m. 

W. 

20 in. 
W. 

21 in. 
W. 

22 in. 
W. 

23 in. 
W. 

24 m. 
W. 

25 in. 
W, 

ft. in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in, 

8. 

10 

8 

II 

4 

12 

0 

12 

8 

13 

4 

14 

O 

14 

8 

15 

4 

16 

O 

l6 

* 

9. 

12 

O 

12 

9 

13 

6 

i4 

3 

15 

O 

15 

9 

16 

6 

17 

3 

18 

O 

18 

9 

IO . 

13 

4 

14 

2 

15 

0 

*3 

IO 

16 

8 

17 

6 

18 

4 

19 

2 

20 

O 

20 

19 

ii . 

14 

8 

15 

7 

16 

6 

17 

5 

18 

4 

19 

3 

20 

2 

21 

1 

22 

O 

22 

11 

12. 

16 

O 

17 

O 

18 

O 

19 

O 

20 

O 

21 

0 22 

O 

23 

O 

24 

O 

25 

0, 

13 . 

17 

4 

18 

5 

19 

6 

20 

7 

21 

8 

22 

923 

IO 

24 

11 

26 

O 

27 

1 

14 . 

18 

8 

19 

IO 

21 

Oj22 

2 

23 

4 

24 

6 25 

8 

26 

10 

28 

0 

29 

2 

15 . 

20 

0 

21 

3 

22 

6 

23 

9 

25 

O 

26 

327 

6 

28 

93° 

0 

31 

3 

16. 

21 

4 

22 

8 

24 

O 

25 

4 

26 

8 

28 

0.29 

4 

30 

8|3 2 

O 

33 

4 

i7 . 

22 

8 

24 

I 

25 

6 

26 

11 

28 

4 

29 

93i 

2 

32 

7 34 

0 

35 

5 

18. 

24 

0 

25 

6 

27 

O 

28 

6 

3° 

O 

31 

6 33 

O 

34 

636 

O 

37 

6 

19. 

25 

4 

26 

11 

28 

6 

30 

1 

3i 

8 

33 

3 

34 

IO 

36 

538 

O 

39 

7 

20. 

26 

8 

28 

4 

30 

O 

3i 

8 

33 

4 

35 

O 

36 

8 

38 

4 4° 

0 

41 

8 

21. 

28 

O 

29 

9 

3i 

6 

33 

3 

35 

O 

36 

9 

38 

6 

40 

3 

42 

0 

43 

9 

22. 

29 

4 

31 

2 

33 

O 

34 

IO 

36 

8 

38 

6 40 

4 

42 

2 44 

O 

45 

10 

*3. 

3° 

8 

32 

7 

34 

636 

538 

4 

40 

3 42 

2 

34 

I 

46 

O 

47 

11 

*4 . 

33 

O 

34 

°|3<5 

O 

38 

040 

0 42 

0 44 

O 

46 

4 48 

O 

50 

0 

*5. 

34 

4 

35 

5 37 

6|39 

741 

8 

43 

9 45 

10 

47 

1 1 150 

O 

52 

1 

26 . 

35 

836 

10 39 

0:41 

2 

43 

445 

647 

8 

49 

1052 

O 

54 

2 

*7 . 

36 

O 

38 

3 40 

6:42 

9 45 

O 

47 

3 49 

6 

5i 

9 54 

O 

56 

3 

28. 

37 

4 39 

8 42 

044 

4I46 

£ 

49 

051 

4 

53 

8 56 

0 

58 

4 

29 . 

38 

8I41 

I 

43 

6 45 

11148 

4 

5° 

9 53 

2 

55 

7 58 

0 

60 

5 

3 °. 

40 

0I42 

6 45 

047 

6[5° 

0 

5i 

0'55 

O 

57 

6.60 

062 

6 


GEiMUS OF YOUTH. 


Handel had produced an opera before he was 15. 

Corneille had planned a tragedy before he was 10. 

Auber wrote an operetta for the stage before he was 1 4. 

Pitt was Chancellor of the Exchequer before he was 2 5. 

Schiller was widely known as a poet before the age of 2 0. 

Kaulbach at 17 was pronounced the first artistic gen- 
uis in Germany. 

Kant began his philosophical and metaphysical specu¬ 
lations before the age of 1S. 

Goethe had produced a considerable number of poems 
and several dramas before he was 20. 

Raphael showed his artistic a:.:.;ties at the early age of 
12, when he was widely known as an arfi3t in ou. 




















































250 

WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT, 


The Cord of Wood or Bark is 8 feet long, 4 feet high, , 
and 4 feet wide as established by law in most of the 
States and the Dominion of Canada. If the Wood is 
8 feet long, double the product. Fractions of feet 
are omitted in the Table. Price will be found heading) 
the columns, number of feet in the left-hand columnJg 


Ft. 

$1 50 

$1 75 

$2 00 

* L 

$2 25 $2 50 

$2 75 

■m 

u> 

8 

$325 

$3 50 

1 


OI 


01 


01 


02 


02 


02 


02 


02 

•— 

02 

2 


02 


02 


03 


03 


04 


04 


05 


05 

05 

3 


03 


04 


04 


05 


06 


06 


07 


07 

08 

4 


05 


06 


06 


07 


08 


09 


09 


10 

10 

5 


06 


07 


08 


09 


IO 


11 


12 


1 3 

13 

6 


07 


08 


09 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 

16 

7 


08 


10 


11 


12 


14 


15 


16 


17 

l 9 

8 


09 


11 


12 


14 


l6 


18 


19 


20 

21 

h6 


19 


22 


25 


28 


31 


35 


37 


40 

*3 

24 


28 


33 


37 


42 


47 


52 


56 


61 

1 65 

32 


38 


44 


5 o 


56 


6 3 


69 


75 


Si 

87 

40 


47 


55 


63 


70 

7 8 


86 


94 , 

1 

02 

1 09 

48 


56 


66 


75 


84! 


94 

1 

03 

1 

12 

1 

22 

1 31 

I 6 


61 


77 


S8 


9 s; 

I 

09 

1 

20J 

1 

13 

1 

42 

1 53 ^ 

64 


75 


88 

1 

00 

1 

13 

I 

2 5 

1 

38 

1 

50 

1 

62 

1 7 H 

7 2 


84 


98 

1 

13 

1 

27: 

I 

41 

1 

55 

1 

69 

1 

83 

196 

80 


94 

1 

09 

1 

25 

1 

41 

I 

56 

1 

72 

1 

88 

2 

03 

2 t8 

84 


98 

1 

i 5 

1 

3 i 

1 

48 

I 

64 

1 

81 

1 

97 

2 

13 

2 29 

88 

I 

03 

1 

20 

1 

38 

1 

55 

I 

72 

1 

89 

2 

06 

2 

23 

2 40 

92 

I 

08 

1 

26 

1 

44 

1 

62 

I 

80 

1 

98 

2 

15 

2 

33 

2 5 *, 

96 

I 

13 

1 

3 i 

1 

50 

1 

o 9 

I 

88 

2 

06 

2 

25 

2 

44 

2 62 

104 

I 

22 

1 

42 

1 

63 

1 

83 

2 

03 

2 

23 

2 

44 

2 

64 

2 84 

112 

I 

31 

1 

53 

1 

75 

1 

97 

2 

19 

2 

4 * 

2 

62 

2 

84 

3 06 

£20 

I 

41 

1 

64 

1 

88 

2 

11 

2 

34 

2 

58 

2 

81 

3 

05 

3 28 

528 

I 

50 

1 

75 

? 

00 

2 

25 

2 

5 o 

2 

75 i 3 

00 

3 

25 

3 50 
































2$1 

WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 
( Continued .) 


Ft. 

$400 

$4 5 ° 

$5 00 

1 f' h 

O-i 

Ur 

1 O 

$6 

00 

$6 50 

$700 

$7 50 

$8 co 

i 


°3 


03 


03 


04 


04 


05 


05 


05 

cS 

2 


06 


07 


07 


08 


09 


10 


10 


11 

12 

3 


09 


10 


11 


12 


14 


15 


16 


17 

18 

4 


12 


14 


15 


17 


18 


20 


21 


23 

25 

5 


*5 


17 


19 


21 


2 l 


25 


27 


29 

3 * 

6 


18 


21 


23 


25 


28 


30 


32 


35 

37 

7 


21 


24 


27 


30 


32 


35 


38 


4 i 

43 

8 


24 


28 


3 i 


34 


37 


40 


43 


46 

50 

16 


49 


i 6 


62 


68 


74 


81 


87 


93 

1 00 

24 


75 


84 


93 

I 

03 

1 

12 

1 

22 

I 

31 

1 

41 

1 50 

32 

1 

00 

1 

12 

1 

25 

I 

37 

1 

5 ° 

1 

62 

I 

75 

1 

87 

2 00 

40 

1 

25 

1 

40 

1 

56 

I 

72 

1 

87 

2 

03 

2 

19 

2 

34 

2 50 

48 

1 

5 ° 

1 

68 

1 

87 

2 

06 

2 

25 

2 

44 

2 

62 

2 

81 

3 00 

56 

1 

75 

1 

96 

2 

18 

2 

40 

2 

62 

2 

84 

3 

06 

3 

28 

3 50 

64 

2 

00 

2 

25 

2 

5 o 

2 

75 

3 

00 

3 

25 

3 

50 

3 

75 

4 00 

l 2 

2 

25 

2 

53 

2 

81 

3 

°9 

3 

37 

3 

65 

3 

93 

4 

28 

4 50 

80 

2 

§° 

2 

81 

3 

13 

3 

43 

3 

74 

4 

06 

4 

37 

4 

68 

5 00 

84 

2 

62 

2 

95 

3 

28 

3 

60 

3 

94 

4 

26 

4 

59 

4 

92 

5 25 

88 

2 

75 

3 

09 

3 

43 

3 

78 

4 

12 

4 

47 

4 

81 

5 

16 

5 50 

92 

2 

87 

3 

23 

3 

59 

3 

95 

4 

30 

4 

67 

5 

03 

5 

40 

5 75 

96 

3 

00 

3 

37 

3 

75 

4 

12 

4 

49 

4 

87 

5 

25 

5 

62 

6 00 

104 

3 

25 

3 

65 

4 

05 

4 

47 

4 

87 

5 

28 

5 

69 

6 

°9 

6 50 

112 

3 

50 

3 

93 

4 

3 | 

4 

80 

5 

24 

5 

69 

6 

12 

6 

5 6 

7 00 

120 

3 

75 

4 

21 

4 

68 

5 

15 

5 

62 

6 

09 

6 

56 

7 

03 

7 50 

128 

4 

00 

4 

50 

5 

00 

5 

50 

6 

00 

6 

50 

7 

00 

7 

50 

8 00 


The Wedding Anniversary. 

Fifth year. Wooden Wedding 

Tenth year.Tin Wedding 

Fifteenth year.Crystal Wedding 

Twentieth year.China Wedding 

Twenty-fifth year.Silver Weddmg 

Thirtieth year.Pearl Wedding 

Fortieth year. Ruby Wedding 

Fiftieth year.•.. .Golden Wedding 

Seventy-fifth year. .Diamond Weddmg 





























Tab r j for Engineers and Machinists. 

Siias akd Strength of Cast Iron Columns. Iron i in. Thick.. 


Height in Feet. 


1 

Diameter 

inches. 

4 

6 

8 

IO 

12 

14 

16 

18 

1 20 

22 

24 





Load in 

Cwt. 




£ . 

72 

60 

49 

40 

32 

26 

221 

18 

15 

1 

„ 

. 

119 

105 

9i 

77 

65 

55 

47 

40 

34 

1 29 

25 

3 .. 

178 

143 

145 

128 

in 

97 

84 

73 

64 

50 

49 

SH . 

247 

232 

214 

191 

172 

156 

13s 

119 

106 

94 

83 

<* . 

326 

318 

288 

266 

242 

220 

198 

178 

160 

144 


4 %. 

418 

400 

379 

354 

327 

301 

2751 

251 

229 

208 

.89 

5 .. 

522 

501 

479 

452 

427 

394 

365 

337 

310 

285 

262 

6 . 

607 

592 

573 

55° 

525 

497 

4691 

440 

413 

386 

36c 

2 . 

1032 

1013 

989 

959 

9241 

887 

£48, 

808 

765 

725 

m 

5 . 

1333 

1315 

1289 

1259 

1224 

1185 

11421097 

1052 

1005 

959 

9 . 

1716 

2697 

1672 

1640 

1603 

1561 

1515; 

1461 

146' 

1364 131J 

xO . 

2119 

2100 

2077 

2045 

2007 

1964 

1916 1865 

1811 

1755 

1697 

XX . 

2570 

2550 

2520 

2490 

2450 

241012358 2305 

2248 

2189 2127 

........ 

3050 

3°4° 

3020 

2970 

293° 

290012830 2780 

1 I 

2730J2670 260c 


WEIGHTS OF CORDWOOD. 


Lbs. Carbon. 

One cord of Hickory. 4,468 icio 

“ Hard Maple.... 2,864 58 

“ Beech. 3,234 64 

Ash . 3,449 79 

u Birch. 2,368 49 

(,t Pitch Pine . .... 1,903 43 

a Canada Pine. 1,870 4? 

:i Yellow Oak. 2,920 6> 

White Oak. 1,870 81 

Lombardy Poplar.... 1,775 41 

Red Oak...... . 3,255 70 





















































253 


READY RECKONER TABLE. 


computing Wages, Rent, Board, etc. 
found heading the columns, and the days and 
freme left-hand column. If the desired sum is 
double or treble two or three suitable numbers. 


The sum will bfe 
weeks on the cs- 
not in the tabis 


Time. 

[$2.50 

j$2 

•75 

|? 3 -°° 

($ 3-25 

$ 3 - 5 ° 

j$ 3-75 

J$4.oa 

]$4.25)^4.50 

J$^7§ 


z 

•36 


•39 

•43 

•44 

•50 

•53 

•57 

.61 

.64 

.65 



.72 


.78 

.86 

•93 

x. 00 

1.07 

1.14 

1.21 

1.28 

1.36 


*3 

1.08 

I 

• 17 

1.29 

i -39 

1.50 

1.61 

*- 7 i 

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2.86 

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3-39 


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2 

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2-57 

2.78 

3.00 

3.21 

3-43 

3-64 

3-86 

4.07 

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2.50 

2 

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4-25 

4-50 

4-75 

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6.50 

7.00 

7 - 5 » 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9.50 



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25 

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9-75 

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14-25 

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12.00 

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14.00 

15.00 

16.00 

17.00 

18.00 

19.00 

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75 

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22.50 

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$ 5 - 

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$ 5 - 5 ° 

$ 5-75 

$6.00 

$6.25 

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$ 6-75 

$7.00 

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1.58 

1.64 

1.72 

1.78 

1.86 

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£3 

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2.23 

2.67 

2.79 

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3-44 

3-56 

3-72 

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3-94 

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4-65 

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21.00 

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WEIGHT OF LEAD PIPE—DIFFERENT SIZES. 


Caliber. 

AAA 
Weight 
per foot. 

AA 

Weight 
per foot. 

A 

Weight 
per foot. 

B 

Weight 
per foot. 

C 

Weight 
per foot. 

D 

Weight 
per foot. 

D Light 
Weight 
per foot. 

E 

Weight 
per foot. 

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per foot,) 

In. 

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tb. oz. 

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259 

STRENGTH OF NAVAL POWERS, JUNE 1, 1905. 

From data supplied by the office of naval intelligence, 
Washington, D. C., and revised to include changes brought 
about by the Russian-Japanese war. The table includes 
warships of 1,000 tons or more and torpedo craft of 
more than fifty tons. 


Type of Vestel. 

Grt. Britain. 

France. 

Germany 


No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Battleships, first class..,. 

. 51 

682,200 

19 

212,589 

16 

178,575 

Coast defense vessels. 

. 6 

49,900 

17 

73,368 

16 

91,315 

Armored cruisers . 

. 29 

282,400 

18 

145,085 

4 

39,047 

Cruisers above 6000 tons... 

. 21 

201,950 

4 

31,513 

• . • 


Cruisers 6000 to 3000 tons. 

. 50 

221,460 

18 

74,378 

9 

46,749 

Cruisers 3000 to 1000 tons. 

. 55 

103.960 

18 

32,868 

27 

58,859 

Torpedo boat destroyers . 

.126 

44,565 

31 

9,250 

37 

12,660 

Torpedo boats . 

. 90 

8,036 

238 

20,735 

105 

13,924 

Submarines . 

. 9 

1,400 

37 

3,935 

1 

120 

Total tons .. . 


1,595,871 


603,721 

♦ • • 

441,249 

EL Type of Vessel. 

United States. 

Italy. 

Japan. 


No- 

Tons, 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Battleships, first class.... 

.. 12 

137,329 

13 

162,314 

4 

55,316 

Coast defense vessels. 

. 12 

47,445 

1 

3,913 

5 

29,527 

Armored cruisers . 


17,415 

5 

31,891 

8 

72,738 

Cruisers above 6000 tons.. 

,. 2 

14,750 

• • • 


• • • 


Cruisers 6000 to 3000 tons. 

,. 16 

58,279 

5 

17,490 

11 

■ 42,596 

Cruisers 3000 to 1000 tons. 

. 21 

29,497 

12 

26,216 

11 

21,276 

Torpedo boat destroyers. 

.. 16 

6,695 

11 

3.503 

22 

7,436 

Torpedo boat3 . 

.. 27 

4,200 

101 

9,076 

81 

7,317 

Submarines .. 

. 8 

913 

1 

107 

11 

1,265 

Total tons. 


316,523 

... 

254,510 

• • • 

252,661 


FUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES. 


On July 1, of each year from 1892 to 190 5, after 
subtracting from the gross amount certain funds in trea¬ 
sury. (See page 3 04.) 


Year. 

1892.. 

1893.. 

1894.. 

1895.. 

1896.. 

1897.. 

1898.. 


Amount. 

....51,628,840,151.63 
.... 1,598,111,156.13 
.... 1,668,757,127.68 
.... 1,698,676,661.25 
.... 3,778,434,491.40 
.... 1.811,435,7<>8.90 
.... 1,798,066,421.90 


Year. Amount. 

1899 .$1,984,766,107.92 

1900 . 2,101,445,225.67 

1901 . 2,094,481,966.89 

1902 . 2,111,654,973.89 

1903 . 1,309,405,912.89 

1904 . 1,286,259,016.14 

1905 . 1,282,357,094.84 

































260 


THERMOMETERS. 

RULES FORTELLING THE 
WEATHER WITH ANEROID 
BAROMETERS. 

A RISING BAROMETER.—A 
gradual rise indicates settled weath¬ 
er. A rapid rise indicates unsettled 
weather. A rise with dry air and 
cold increasing in Summer indicates 
wind from the northward; and if 
rain has fallen, better weather may 
be expected. A rise with moist air 
and a low temperature indicates 
wind and rain from the northward. 
A rise with southerly winds indi¬ 
cates fine weather. 

A STEADY BAROMETER.— 
With dry air and seasonable tem¬ 
perature indicates continuance of 
very fine weather. 

A FALLING BAROMETER.— A 
rapid fall with westerly wind indi¬ 
cates stormy weather from the 
northward. A rapid fall indicates 
stormy weather. A fall with a 
northerly wind indicates storm, 
with rain and hail in Summer, and 
snow in Winter. A fall with in¬ 
creased moisture in the air, and 
heat increasing, indicates wind and 
rain from the southward. A fall 
with dry air and cold increasing in 
Winter indicates snow. A fall after 
very calm and warm weather indi¬ 
cates rain with squally w'eather. 
The barometer rises for northerly 
winds, for dry, or less wet weather, 
for less wind, or for more than one 
of these changes, except on a few 
occasions when rain, hail, ©r snow 
comes from the northward with 
strong wind. The barometer falls 
for southerly w'ind, for w r et weather, 
for stronger wind or for moderate 
wind, with rain and snow, from the 
north. 

DISTANCE AT WHICH OBJECTS ARE VISIBLE AT 

SEA LEVEL. 


Reau¬ 

mur 

80° 

Centi¬ 

grade, 

100° 

Fahr¬ 

enheit 

212° 

76 

95 

203 

72 

90 

194 

68 

85 

185 

63.1 

78.9 

174 

60 

75 

167 

66 

70 

158 

m 

65 

149 

48 

60 

140 

44 

65 

131 

42.2 

52.8 

127 

40 

60 

122 

36 

45 

113 

S3.8 

42.2 

108 

32 

40 

104 

29.8 

36.7 

98 

28 

85 

95 

26.8 

32.2 

SO 

24 

80 

86 

21.3 

26.7 

80 

20 

25 

77 

16 

20 

68 

12.4 

15.3 

60 

10.2 

12.8 

55 

8 

10 

60 

5.8 

7.2 

45 

4 

6 

41 

1.3 

1.7 

35 

0 

0 

32 

— 0.9 

- 1.1 

80 

— 4 

— 6 

23 

— 5.3 

- 6.7 

20 

- 8 

-10 

14 

- 9.8 

-12.2 

10 

-12 

-15 

5 

— 14.2 

-17.8 

0 

-16 

-20 

— 4 

— 20 

-25 

-13 

-24 

-80 

-22 

-28 

-85 

-31 

-82 

-40 

-40 


Elevation. Elevation. Elevation. 


Feet. 

1. 

Miles. 

1.31 

Feet. 
30. 

Miles. 

7.25 

Feet. 

90. 

Miles. 
1 2.25 

5. 


35. 

7.83 

100. 

13.23 

6. 


40. 

8.37 

15© . 

16.22 

7.. 


45. 

8.87 

200. 

18.72 

8 .. 


50. 

9.3 5 

300. 

22.91 

9.. 


60 . 


500. 

29.58 

10.. 

4.18 

70 . 

11.07 

1,000. 

33,41 

20. 

5.92 

80. 

11.83 

1 mile.... 

96.10 




































261 


THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 

Mean 

Distance Orbit 

Troin. Sun. Sidereal Velocity Mean 
Millions of Period, Miles per Diam. Mass 
NAME. Miles, Days. Second. Miles.Earth—I 

. 866,400 331100 

“ ercur J . 36.0 87,969 23 to 35 3,030 0.125 

Yf™ 3 . 67.2 224.701 21.9 7,700 0.78 

S artil . 92.8 365.256 18.5 7,918 1,00 

* lar . 3 . 141.5 686.95 15.0 4,230 0.107 

Jupiter . 483.3 4332.58 8.1 86,500 316.0 

Saturn . 886.0 10759.22 6.0 71,000 94.9 

Uranus . 1781.0 30686.82 4.2 31^00 14J 

Neptune .. 2791.6 60181.11 3.4 31800 17.1 

. o a e r ?V mber ? f aste r°ids discovered up to date is about 
4 6 0. Many of these small planers have not been ob¬ 
served since their discovery, and are practically lost. 
Consequently it is now sometimes a matter of doubt 
whether a supposed new planet is really new, or only an 
old one rediscovered. 


OUR MOON. 

The moon completes her circuit around the earth in 2 7 
days, 7 hours, 4 3.2 minutes, but in consequence of her 
motion in common with the earth around the sun, the 
mean time from new moon to new moon, is 2 9 days, 12 
hours, 4 4.05 minutes, which is called the moon’s synod¬ 
ical period. Her mean distance from the earth is 2 38,- 
8 50 miles. Her maximum distance, however, may reach 

2 52,83 0 miles, and the least distance to which she can 
approach the earth is 221,520 miles. Her diameter is 
2,162 miles. 

The moon’s surface contains about 14,68 5,000 square 
miles, or nearly four times the area of Europe. Her 
volume is 1-49 and her mass 1-81 that of the earth, and 
hence her density is about 3-5 that of the earth, or about 

3 2-5 that of water. At the lunar surface gravity is 
only 3-20 of what it is at the earth, and therefore a 
body which weighs 2 0 pounds here would weigh only 3 
pounds there. 

The attractive force of the moon acting on the water 
of our oceans is mainly instrumental in raising them into 
protuberances or tides. In consequence of the resistance 
which the movement of the water encounters from conti¬ 
nents and islands the tidal wave can. never arrive at any 
place until about one hour after the moon has crossed the - 
meridian of the place. 

The moon has no atmosphere and no water. In remote 
ages the lunar surface was the theatre of violent volcanic 
action, being elevated into cones and ridges exceeding 
20.000 feet high. The lunar volcanoes are now extinct. 
A profound silence reigns over the desolate and rugged 
surface. It is a dead world, utterly unfit to support ani¬ 
mal or vegetable life. 












262 


RECOGNITION OF CUBAN INDEPENDENCE. 


APRIL 19, 1898 THE FOLLOWING JOINT RESOLU¬ 
TION WAS ADOPTED IN CONGRESS, THE 
SENATE AGREEING BY A VOTE OF 43 
TO 35, AND THE HOUSE BY 310 TO 6. 

Joint resolution for the recognitions of the independ¬ 
ence of the people or Cuba, demanding that the govern¬ 
ment of Spain relinquish its authority and government 
in the Island of Cuba, and to withdrawals land and naval 
forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the 
President of the United States to use the land and naval 
forces of the United States to carry these resolutions 
into effect. 

Whereas, The abhorrent conditions which have ex¬ 
isted for more than three years in the Island of Cuba, 
so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense 
of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace 
to civilization, culminating, as they have, in the destruc¬ 
tion of a United States battleship, with 2b6 of its officers 
and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Ha¬ 
vana, and cannot longer be endured, as has been set 
forth by the President of the United States in his mes¬ 
sage to Congress of April 11, 1898, upon which the 
action of Congress was invited; therefore 

Resolved , First, That the people of the Island of Cuba 
are and of right ought to be free and independent. 

Second, That it is the duty of the United States to 
demand, and the government of the United States does 
hereby demand, that the government of Spain at once 
relinquish its authority and government in the Island 
of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from 
Cuba and Cuban waters. 

Third, That the President of the United States be, 
and he is hereby directed and empowered to use the 
entire land and naval forces of the United States, and 
to call into actual service of the United States the mil¬ 
itia of the several States, to such extent as may be 
necessary to carry tneae resolutions into effect. 

Fourth, That the United States hereby disclaims 
any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, 
jurisdiction or control over said island except for the 
pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, 
when that is accomplished, to leave the government 
and control of the island to its people. 



263 

THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. 

& 

Russia, with the aid of France and Germany, robbed 
Japan of the fruits of its victory over China and man¬ 
aged to get them into its own possession, namely the 
peninsula of Liaotung with Port Arthur. Russia also 
spread its power rapidly over Manchuria and Korea, and 
when the protests of the Japanese availed nothing, Japan 
severed diplomatic relations on Feb. 5, 19 04, and on 
Feb. 8, a torpedo attack by night was made upon the 
Russian battleships and cruisers lying outside of Port 
Arthur. The attack was repeated the next night and 
serious damage done, while at the same time two Rus¬ 
sian men-of-war at Chemulpo were sunk, and Japanese 
troops landed. War was formally declared on Feb. 10. 

While Admiral Togo kept up his attack on the fleet in 
the harbor of Port Arthur, General Kuroki landed an 
army in Korea and crossed the Yalu river with 4 5.000 
men, easily defeating -the opposing 21,000 Russians 
under Gen. Sassulitch. Three other Japanese armies were 
landed on the Liaotung peninsula. One of them, under 
Gen. Oku fought the bloody battle of Nanshan Kill, 
May 21-26, and succeeded in cutting off the Russians at 
Port Arthur from communication with the main army 
under Kuropatkin at Liaoyang. 

’ A strong force under Gen. Nogi now undertook to drive 
Gen. Stdessel with his 4 5,000 men into Port Arthur. On 
May 30 Dalny was occupied and became the chief base of 
supplies for all the Japanese columns in the field. Fight¬ 
ing of the fiercest description enabled the Japanese to 
capture the outworks of Port Arthur one after the ether, 
and when they had taken 2 03—Meter hill, they could 
look right into the city and harbor and could by tele¬ 
phone direct a line of 14 inch howitzers with such preci¬ 
sion that soon all the Russian warships and magazines 
were destroyed. After several of the principal ports had 
been stormed, Gen. Stoessel surrendered on Jan. 1, 1905.' 

Gen. Stakelberg was sent with 3 5,000 men and 90' 
guns to relieve Port Arthur, but was defeated with heavy 
loss by Gen. Oku on June 11 and 12 at Vapangow. 

Gen. Kuropatkin now concentrated his forces at Liao¬ 
yang, while three Japanese armies, under Kuroki, Oku 
and Nodzu, were directed againat him by Marshall Oyama 
as chief commander. The Russian forces numbered 17 0,- 
000 men and 400 guns, the Japanese 200,000 men and 
600 guns. The battle lasted from Aug. 2 6 to Sept. 4, 


264 

when the Russians, defeated and threatened from the 
srear by Kuroki, burned their stores and retreated toward 
Mukden. The Russians had lost 22,000 killed and 
wounded and the Japanese 17,500. 

On the Sha river Kuropatkin halted, reorganized his 
army, and attacked the Japanese, who followed close upon 
Ms heels. But his efforts were in vain. The Japanese 
held their ground, and after he had lost 70,000 men, -the 
-Russian general gave up the attempt. The Japanese during 
this battle, which occurred on Oct. 9, 10 and 11, lost 
16,000 men. As severe cold weather set in about this 
lime, operations ceased for a while. 

About this time the Baltic fleet under Rojestvensky 
left the home ports and in the north sea fired on English 
fishing boats, mistaking them for Japanese torpedo boats, 
and kiling two men. A board of arbitrators condemned 
Russia to pay $32 5,000 in restitution. t 

After Port Arthur had fallen, Gen. Nogi’s army and 
heavy guns were hurried north to re-enforce Oyama, who 
had 4 5 0,000 men against 410,000 Russians when he 
attacked them near Mukden on Feb. 24, 1905. The line 
t*f battle was 110 miles long, and the fighting continued 
until March 12. It was fiercest near Mukden. Gen. Nogi 
•made a forced march around the Russian right flank 
while Kurcki threatened their communication with the 
north at their left, and after losing 110,000 men, Kuro¬ 
patkin was compelled to retire. The victors pursued him 
as far as Tieling, but no more serious fighting occurred 
on land, both sides being exhausted. 

The great hopes which Russia had set on the Baltic 
fleet, were blasted on May 2 7 and 28, when Admiral 
Togo attacked it in the Korean strait and annihilated it. 

President Roosevelt prevailed upon the hostile govern¬ 
ments to seek peace; at the conference of Portsmouth, 
K. H., Aug. 9-Sept. 5, 1905, the articles of peace were 
arranged and the treaty signed by both emperors Oct. 
14, By its terms Russia gave up all claims and rights 
in Korea and Manchuria, transferred to Japan its lease 
of Port Arthur and Liaotung peninsula, its railroads 
and coal mines in Southern Manchuria, and also the 
southern half of the island of Sakhalin. 



265 


THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE 

NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY LAW OF 1898 


From Chap. I. (Definitions.) 

(1) “A person against whom a petition has been 
filed” shall inolude a person who has filed a voluntary 
petition; (2) “adjudication” shall mean the date of tho 
entry of a decree that the defendant, in a bankruptcy 
proceeding, is a bankrupt, or if such decree is appealed 
from, then the date when such decree is finally con¬ 
firmed; (3) “appellate courts” shall include the circuit 
courts of appeals of the United States, the supreme 
courts of the Territories, and the Supreme Court of the 
United States; (4) “bankrupt” shall include a person 
against whom an involuntary petition or an appli¬ 
cation to set a composition aside or to revoke a dis¬ 
charge has been filed, or who has filed a voluntary pe¬ 
tition, or who has been adjudged a bankrupt; (5) “cor¬ 
porations” shall mean all bodies having any of the 


powers and privileges of private corporations not pos¬ 
sessed by individuals or partnerships, and shall include 


limited or other partnership associations organized 
under laws making the capital subscribed alone re¬ 
sponsible for the debts of the association; (6) “cred¬ 


itor” shall include any one who owns a demand of 
claim provable in bankruptcy, and may include his 


duly authorized agent, attorney, or proxy; (7 )r ‘date of 
bankruptcy,” or “time of bankruptcy,” or “condfmence- 
ment of proceedings,” or “bankruptcy,” with reference 
to time, shall mean the date when the petition was filed; 
(8) “debt” shall include any debt,.demand or claim 
provable in bankruptcy; (9) “discharge” shall mean the 
release of a bankrupt from all of his debts which are 
provable in bankruptcy, except such as are excepted 
by this act; (10) “document” shall include any book, 
deed, or instrument in writing; ill) “holiday” shall 
include Christmas, the Fouyth of July, the Twenty- 
second of February, and any day appointed by the 
President of the United States or the Congress of the 
United States as a holiday or as a day of public fasting 
or thanksgiving; (12) a person shall be deemed insol¬ 
vent within the provisions of this act whenever the 
aggregate of his property, exclusive of any property 
which he may have conveyed, transferred, concealed or 
temoved, or permitted to be concealed or removed, with 
intent to defraud, hinder or delay his creditors, shall 
not, at a fair valuation, be sufficient in amount to pay his 
debts; (13) '‘judge” shall mean a judge of a court of 
bankruptcy, not including the referee; < 14) oath/ shall 
Include affirmation; (15) “officer” shall inolude clerk, 
marshal, receiver, referee, and trustee, and the impos¬ 
ing of a duty upon or the forbidding of an act by any 
officer shall include his successor and any person aa- 




266 


thori^ed by law to perform the duties of such officer; 
<16) ‘•persons” shall include corporations, except where 
otherwise specified, and officers, partnerships and 
women, and when used with reference to the commis¬ 
sion of acts which are herein forbidden shall include 
persons who are participants in the forbidden acts, and 
the agents, officers and members of the board of di¬ 
rectors or trustees, or other similar controlling bodies 
of corporations; (17) petition shall mean a paper filed 
in a court of bankruptcy or with a clerk or deputy 
clerk by a debtor praying for the benefits of this act, or 
by creditors alleging the commission of an act of bank¬ 
ruptcy by a debtor therein named; (18) “referee” shall 
mean the referee who has jurisdiction of the case or to 
whom the case has been referred, or anyone acting in 
fois stead: (19) “conceal” shall include secrete, falsify, 
and mutilate; (20) “secured creditor” shall include a 
creditor who has security for his debt upon the prop¬ 
erty of the bankrupt of a nature to be assignable under 
this Act, or who owns such a debt for which some 
indorser, surety, or other persons secondarily liable for 
the bankrupt has such security upon the bankrupt’s 
assets; (21) “States” shall include the Territories, the 
Indian Territory, Alaska, and the District of Columbia; 
(22) “transfer” shall include the sale and every oth<*r 
and different mode of disposing of or parting with 
property, or the possession of property, absolutely or 
conditionally, as a payment, pledge, mortgage, gift or 
security; (23) “trustee” shall include all of the trustees 
of an estate; (24) “wage-earner” shall mean an indi¬ 
vidual who works for wages, salary or hire, at a rate of 
compensation not exceeding one thousand five hundred 
dollars per year; (25) words importing the masculine 
gender may be applied to and include corporations, 
partnerships and women: (26) words importing the 
plural number may be applied to and mean only a single 
person or thing; (27) words importing the singular 
number may be applied to and mean several persons or 
things. 

From Chap. III. (Bankrupts.) 

Sec. 3. Acts of Bankruptcy.—(a) Acts of bankruptcy 
by a person shall consist of his having (1) conveyed, 
transferred, conoealed, or removed, or permitted to be 
concealed or removed, any part of his property with 
intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors, or any 
of them; or (2) transferred, while insolvent, any portion 
of his property to one or more of his creditors with 
Intent to prefer such creditors over his other creditors; 
or (3) suffered or permitted, while insolvent, any cred¬ 
itor to obtain a preference through legal proceedings, 
and not having at least five days before a sale or final 
disposition of any property affected by such preference 
vacated or discharged such preference; or (4) made a 
general assignment for the benefit of his creditors; or 


(5) admitted in writing hi* inability to pay his debts 
and his willingness to be adjudged a bankrupt on that 

ground. 

Sec. 4. Who May Become Bankrupts— (a) Any person 
who owes debts, except a corporation, shall be entitled 
to the benefits of this Act as a voluntary bankrupt. 

(b) Any natural person, except a wage-earner or a 
person engaged chiefly in farming or the tillage of the 
soil, any unincorporated company, and any corpora¬ 
tion engaged principally in manufacturing, trading, 
printing, publishing, or mercantile pursuits, owing 
debts to the amount of one thousand dollars or over, 
may bo adjudged an involuntary bankrupt upon de¬ 
fault or an impartial trial, and shall be subject to the 
provisions and entitled to the benefits of this Act. Pri¬ 
vate bankers, but not national banks or banks incor¬ 
porated under State or Territorial laws, may be ad¬ 
judged involuntary bankrupts. 

Sec. 5. Partners.—(a) A partnership, during the con¬ 
tinuation of the partnership business, or after its dis¬ 
solution and before the final settlement thereof, may be 
adjudged a bankrupt. ® 

»Sec. 7. Du r ies of Bankrupts.—(a) The bankrupt shall 

(1) attend the first meeting of his creditors, if directed 
by the court or a judge thereof to do so, and the hear¬ 
ing upon his application for a discharge, if filed; 

(2) comply with all lawful orders of the court; (3j exam 
ine the correctness of all proofs of claims filed against 
his estate; (4) execute and deliver such papers as shall 
be ordered by the court; (5) execute to his trustee 
transfers of all his property in foreign countries; 

(6) immediately inform his trustee of any attempt, by 
his creditors or other persons, to evade the provisions 
of this Act. coming to his knowledge; (7) in case of any 
person having to his knowledge proved a false claim 
against his estate, disclose that fact immediately to his 
trustee; (8) prepare, make oath to and file in court 
within ten days, unless further time is granted, after 
the adjudication, if an involuntary bankrupt, and with 
the petition in a voluntary bankrupt, a schedule of his 
property, showing the amount and kind of property, 
the location there- <f, irg m< >ney value in detail, and a list 
of his creditors, showing their residences, if known, if 
unknown, that fact to be stated, the amounts due each 
of them, the consideration thereof, the security held by 
them, if any. and a c aim for such exemptions as he 
may be entitled to, all in triplicate, one copy of each 
for the clerk, one for the referee, and one for the trustee; 
and (9) when present at the first meeting of his credit¬ 
ors, and at such other times as the court shall order, 
submit to an examination concerning the conducting 
of his business, the cause of his bankruptcy, his deal¬ 
ings with his creditors and other persons, the amount, 
kind and whereabouts of his property, and, hi addi- 


268 


tion, all matters which may affect the administration 
and settlement of his estate: but no testimony given 
by him shall be offered in evidence against him in any 
criminal proceeding. 

Provided, however, That he shall not be required to 
attend a meeting of his creditors, or at or for an exam¬ 
ination at a place more than one hundred and fifty 
miles distant from his home or principal place of busi¬ 
ness, or to examine claims except when presented to 
him, unless ordered by the court, or a judge thereof, 
for cause shown, and the bankrupt shall be paid his 
actual expenses from the estate when examined or 
required to attend at any place other than the city, 
town or village of his residence. 

Sec. 12. Compositions. When Confirmed.—A bank¬ 
rupt may offer terms of composition to his creditors 
after, but not before, he has been examined in open 
court or at a meeting of his creditors and filed in court 
the schedule of his property and list of his creditors, 
required to be filed by bankrupts. 

Sec. 14. Discharges, When Granted.—(a) Any person 
may, after the expiration of one month and within the 
next twelve months subsequent to being adjudged a 
bankrupt, file an application for a discharge in the 
court of bankruptcy in which the proceedings are 
pending; if it shall be made to appear to the judge that 
the bankrupt was unavoidably prevented from filing it 
within such time, it may be filed within but not after 
the expiration of the next six months. 

Sec. 17. Debts Not Affected by a Discharge.—(a) A 
discharge in bankruptcy shall release a bankrupt from 
all of his provable debts, except such as (1) are due as a 
tax levied by the United States, the State, county, dis¬ 
trict, or municipality in which he resides; (2) are judg¬ 
ments in actions for frauds, or obtaining propertv by 
false pretenses or false representations, or for willful 
and malicious injuries to the person or property of 
another; (3) have not been duly scheduled in time for 
proof and allowance, with the name of the creditor, if 
known to the bankrupt, unless such creditor had notice 
or actual knowledge of the proceedings in bankruptcy; 
or (4) were created by his fraud, embezzlement, misap-, 
propriation. or defalcation while acting aa an officer or 
in any fiduciary capacity. 

Sec. 19. Jury Trials.—A person against whom an 
involuntary petition has been filed shall be entitled 
to have a trial by jury, in respect to the question of his 
insolvency, except as herein otherwise provided, and 
any act of bankruptcy alleged in such petition to have 
been committed, upon filing a written application 
therefor at or before the time within which an answer 
may be filed. If such application is not filed within 
such time, a trial by jury shall be deemed to have been 
waived. 


Rate of Annual Income on Investments, 

PAR VALUE BEING $100, BEARING INTEREST AT 


Price Paid. 

Five 

Per cent. 

Six 

Per cent. 

Seven 
Per cent. 

Eight 
Per cent. 

Ten 

Per cen& 

$5° 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

ao.oo 

55 

9.09 

10.90 

12.72 

14-55 

18. 

6o 

8-33 

10 00 

11.66 

13-33 

16.60 

65 

7.69 

9-23 

10.76 

12.30 

*5-3* 

70 

7.14 

8-57 

10.00 

ii. 42 

1^.2^ 

75 

6.66 

8.00 

9-33 

10.66 

13-35 

80 

6.25 

7-5° 

8.75 

10.00 

;„xj 

82 K 

6.06 

7.27 

8.48 

9.69 

11.2a 

85 

5-88 

7-°5 

8.23 

9.41 

si. 

87^ 

5-7i 

6.85 

8.00 

9.14 

II.4* 

90 

5-55 

6.66 

7-77 

8.88 

11. O 

92/4 

5-40 

6.48 

7-56 

8.64 

So. 80 

95 

5.26 

6.31 

7 36 

8.42 

10.5a 

96 

5-20 

6 25 

7.29 

8-33 

10.4* 

97 

5-i5 

6.18 

7. 21 

8.24 

IO. JC 

9734 

5-'2 

6.15 

7 17 

8.20 

IO. 2 « 

98 

5.10 

6.12 

7 14 

8.16 

K>. 30 

99 

5-°5 

6.06 

7.07 

8.08 

IO. IC 

IOO 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

xo.cc* 

IOI 

4-95 

5-94 

^•93 

7.92 

9.9c- 

102 

4.90 

5-88 

6.86 

7.84 

9.8® 

103 

4-85 

5.82 

6.79 

7.76 

QT -* 

E04 

4.80 

5-76 

6-73 

7.69 

9,6^ 

203 

4.76 

5-7i 

6.66 

• 7.63 


110 

4-54 

5-45 

6.36 

7.27 


715 

4-34 

5.21 

6.08 

6-95 

1.6^. 

320 

4. 16 

5.00 

5-83 

6.66 

&- 3 .J 

125 

4.00 

4.90 

5.60 

6.40 

8. ;<o 

I30 

3.84 

4.61 

5-38 

6.15 

7. 4*. 

*35 

3 7° 

4-44 

5-18 

5.92 

7 . 


1-57 

4.28 

5 00 

5-7i 

7, •,«' 

*45 

3 44 

4-13 

4.82 

5 - 5 3 

6 - 3 § 

350 

3-34 

4.00 

4.66 

5-35 

fc.*r 

*6o 

3 20 

3-75 

4 4° 

5 oc 

6. 4C 


GREATEST TUNNELS IN THE WORLD. • 

Mt. Simplon, (14,834 feet long; Mt. St. Gothard, 49,- 
170 feet long; Mt. Cenis, 4 0,02 0 feet long; Hoosac, 2 3,- 
700 feet long; Thames, 1,6.80 feet long; Harecastle, 8,- 
778 feet long; Kilsby, 6,210 feet long; Baltimore, 32,- 
400 feet long. 

PLATING-CARDS.—In 188 2 there were manufac¬ 
tured, in Germany alone, 4,500,000 packs of playing- 
cards. 













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271 


AUSTRALIAN BALLOT SYSTEM. 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR VOTERS 
In Conformity with the Illinois State Laws.* 


When entering the voting place, give your name, and 
if required, your residence, to the Judges of Election. 

If your name be found on the Register, you will be 
permitted to enter the enclosed space inside the guard 
rail. Then, if your vote be not challenged, one of the 
Judges will hand you a Ballot, on the back of which he 
must write his initials. If your name be not on the 
Register, or has been erased, you cannot vote. 

If your vote be challenged you will not receive a Ballot 
until you have established your right to vote, either 
under oath to the Judges of Election, or by affidavit. 

When you have received a ballot retire at once, alenet, 
into one of the voting booths, and prepare your ballot 
for the ballot box by marking it as the law prescribes. 

At the top of each column you will find the name of 
each party ticket or list of canidates, as Democratic, 
Republican. Prohibition, etc. The names of all the can* 
didates of each party and each group of petitioners are 
to be found in that column directly beneath the name of 
the party, and nowhere else. 

At the left of the party name, or heading of the different 

tickets, will be a circle half-inch in diameter, thus.: O 
At the left of each name on the ballo t trill be a square 
quarter-inch on each side, thus: j | To prepare your 
ballot for voting, you must mark it with a cross, thus: 
X, either in the circle at the top of the ticket, or in the 
square before the name of each candidate for whom yoa 
wish to vote; you can make this cross either with a pen 
or pencil. 

Do not mark your ballot in any way, except as directed 
below, and do not erase any names. 

The law of most states using the Australian baMot 
system, permits four methods of marking the ballots for 
voting, as follows: 

1. To vote for all condidates of a party, that is to vote 
a straight party ticket, mark a cross in the circle at 

the head of the ticket of your choice, thus: (x) A ballot 

so marked will be counted • for all the candidates in tfee 
column under the circle so marked. 


* Similar laws, differing only in unimportant details, are in use 
In a majority of the States of the Cni®n. 





272 


2. To split or scratch a ballot make a cross in the- 
circle at the head of the ticket of your choice, and then 
make a cross in the square before the name or names of 
•any candidates for whom you want to vote on any other 
ticket or tickets. A ballot, so marked will be counted for 
all of the candidates on the ticket under the circle 
marked, except for the offices for which the names of 
candidates are marked on the other ticket or tickets on 
the builot, and the latter will be counted for the candi¬ 
dates marked in the square on those tickets. But voters- 
are cautioned against marking a ballot by this method 
when there is more than one candidate to be elected 
to the same office on the same ballot, as in case of 
Presidential Electors, Congressman-at-Large, etc. The 
law says: * If the voter marks more names than there 
are persons to be elected to an office, his ballot shall not 
be counted for such office.” Therefore, if you wish to- 
Split your ticket on Presidential Electors. Congressmen- 
at-Large, etc., you should do so by placing a cross (X) 
opposite the names of all those you wish to vote for, but 
you must be careful not to make a cross (X) opposite the- 
names of more than the number of men to be elected for 
each office. When there is but one candidate to be 
elected to the same office on the same ballot, the danger 
of confusion above pointed out does not arise. A safe 
way to '• split ” a ticket, however, is to mark the name of 
each candidate for whom you want to vote in the squares 
and leave the circle blank. 

3. Another method of marking a ballot, that is, to 
vote for some of the candidates on one ticket and re¬ 
maining candidates on another ticket, leave all the 
circles blank and mark a cross in the square to the left 
if each candidate of your choice. A ballot so marked 
v til t>e counted only for the candidate marked. But be 
c u eful not to mark more names than there are persons 
co be elected to office, or your ballot will not be counted 
for such office. 

4. If the voter desires to vote for a candidate not on. 
the ticket of his choice, he may write in the name of the 
candidate of his choice in the blank space on the ticket, 
making a cross (X) before the name written in. 

Where the word ballot is used in this instruction the 
entire shee* given to the voter by the Judge of Election 
is meant. 

Where tue word ticket is used, only a single party 
group of candidates is meant. 

In voting on any proposition submitted to vote, and 
printed on the ballot, make a cross (X), mark in the 
column opposite toe headings “Yes” o» ; No,” and your 


273 


ballot will be counted ‘‘for." if you marir opposite “Yes 
and “against,” if you mark opposite “No ” 

Before leaving the voting booth fold your ballot so as 
to conceal the marks, and to expose the official endorse¬ 
ment on the back. 

Leave the booth and hand your ballot to the judge iu 
charge of the ballot box, who, without numbering it, 
must deposit it in the box. 

You will not be allowed to occupy a voting booth with 
another voter. 

You will not be allowed to occupy a booth more than 
five minutes, if others are waiting to vote. 

You will not be allowed to remain in the enclosed 
tpace more than ten minutes, and you must quit it as 
soon as you have voted. 

You will not be allowed to re-enter the enclosed space, 
after you have voted, during the election. 

You will not be allowed to take a ballot from the 
polling place. ^ 

You will not be allowed to vote any ballot except the 
one you received from the judges. 

If you spoil a ballot in preparing it, you must return it 
and ask for another in the place of it. Do not vote a torn 
or mutilated ballot. 

If a voter will declare upon oath that he cannot read 
the English language, or that by reason of physical dis¬ 
ability he is unable to mark his ballot, upon request he 
will be assisted by two of the election officers, appointed 
for that purpose, of opposite political parties. These 
officers will mark the ballot as directed by the voter. 

Intoxication will not be regarded as a physical dis¬ 
ability, and if a voter is intoxicated, he will receive no 
assistance in marking his ballot. 

The polls will be opened at 6 o’clock in the morning 
and closed at 4 o’clock in the evening. Between these 
hours voters are entitled to absent themselves from their 
place of employment for the period of two hours for the 
purpose of voting. They will not be liable to any penalty 
for their absence, nor shall any deduction be made from 
their wages or salary on that account; but they must 
ask for leave of absence before the day of election, and 
their employer may specify the hours during which they 
may be absent. 

These are the prescriptions of the law as practiced 
in Illinois. For details and slight changes in other 
states, consult the Election Commissioners in your 
district. 


ANNUAL. COST OF ROYALTY IN ENGLAND DUR¬ 
ING THE LAST YEARS OF QUEEN 
V ICTORIA’S REIGN. 

ftee Qu-ee-m—Privy Purse.. $ 300,00$ 


House-hold Expenses and Sundries 1,625,000 


Prince of Wales. 200,000 

Princess of Wales. 50,000 

Children of the Prince of Wales (in trust). 180,QQO 

Queen's Children—German Empress Frederick 40.000 

Duke of Edinburgh. 125,000 

Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.. 30,000 

Princess Louise (Lome). 30,000 

Duke of Connaught. 125,000 

Princess Beatrice (Battenberg). 30,000 

Duchess of Albany (daughter-in-law). 30,000 

Queen’s Cousins—Duke of Cambridge. 60,000 

Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 15,000 

Duchess of Teck. 25,000 

Other Royal Pensions, together. 125,305 


Total .$2,990,305 


RULES FOR SPELLING. 

Words ending in e drop that letter before the termina¬ 
tion able , as in move, movable; unless ending in ce or ge, 
when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc. 

Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant, with a 
single vowel before it, double the consonants in deriva¬ 
tives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a conso¬ 
nant with a double vowel before it. they do not double 
the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant 
preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last 
syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as com¬ 
mit, committed; but except chagi’in. chagrined. 

All words of one syllable ending in l. with a single 
rowel before it, have double ll at the close; as mill, sell. 

All words of one syllable ending in l, with a double 
vowel before it, have only one l at the close; as mail, 
sail. 

The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, retain the 
double ll of their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, 
will and full also retain the ll when the accent falls on 
these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, fullness. 



















275 

Words of more than one syllable ending in / have only 
one / at the close; as delightful, faitnful; unless the 
accent falls on the last syllable; as befall, etc. 

Words ending in /, double the letter in the termina¬ 
tion ly. 

Participles ending in ing , from verbs ending in e f lose 
the final e; as have, having; make, making, etc.: but 
verbs ending in ee retain both; as see, seeing. The 
word dye, to color, however, must retain the e before ing , 

All verbsending i nly, and nouns ending in ment , retain 
the e final of the primitives; as brave, bravely; refine, 
refinement; except words ending in dge; as acknowledge, 
acknowledgment. 

Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their 
plural by adding s; as money, moneys; but i f y is pre¬ 
ceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural* 
as bounty, bounties. 

Compound words whose primitives end in y, change the 
y into i; as beauty, beautiful. 


THE USE OF CAPITALS. 

1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital 

2 . Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, 
should begin with a capital. 

3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with 9 
capital. 

4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital. 

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital 

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and 
divisions are printed in capitals. 

7. The pronoun I and the exclamation O are always 
capitals. 

8. The days of the week and the months of the year 
begin with capitals. 

9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 

10. Names of religious denominations begin with 
capitals. 

ij Tn preparing accounts, each item should begin 
with a capital. 

12. Any word of very special importance may begii? 
flith a capital 



Savings Bank Compound Interest Table. 


Showing the amount of $i, from i year to 15 years, with 
Compound Interest added semi-annually, at different rates 



Ten 

Per cent 

Nine 

Per cent. ■ 

Eight 

Per cent. 

1 Seven 1 

! C 

V 

0 

L 

J 

cv. 

Six 

Percent, j 

1 Five 

Per cent 

1 Four 

Per cent. 

Three 

Pex cent 

35 

years. 

$4 - 3 2 

$ 3-74 

$3.24 

$2 

80 

$2.42 

$2 

°9 

$1 

80 

$1.56 

34 

** 

362 

3-42 

2.99 

2 

62 

2 28 

I 

99 

1 

73 

i-5* 

13 


3-55 

3 • x 4 

2.77 

2 

44 

2.15 

1 

90 

X 

67 

i-47 

a: 

U 

3.22 

2 .87 

2.56 

2 

28 

2.03 

X 

80 

I 

60 

1 . 4 a 

11 

u 

2.92 

2.63 

2.36 

2 

13 

1 9 i 

1 

72 

I 

54 

1-38 

ao 

u 

265 

2 4 i 

2.19 

1 

98 

1.80 

1 

63 

X 

48 

i -34 

9 % 

u 

2.52 

2 - 3 ° 

2.10 

1 

92 

1 -75 

1 

59 

I 

45 

1 - 3 * 

9 

u 

2.40 

2-20 

2 .02 

1 

85 . 

1.70 

1 

55 

I 

42 


% l A 

u 

2.29 

2.11 

x.94 

1 

79 

165 

1 

52 

I 

39 

1.28 

8 

u 

2.18 

2 .02 

1.87 

1 

73 

1.60 

1 

48 

X 

37 

1.26 

y 

a 

2.07 

1-93 

1.80 

1 

67 

1 -55 

1 

44 

I 

34 

J *4 

ft 

1.97 

I.85 

*•73 

1 

61 

*■ 5 * 

1 

41 

I 

31 

t 23 

i'A 

44 

1.88 

1.77 

1.66 

1 

56 

1.46 

1 

37 

I 

29 

1.31 

€ 

ft 

1.79 

I .69 

1.60 

X 

5 i 

1.42 

1 

34 

I 

26 

I.I 9 

SVt 

it 

x.71 

I .62 

i -53 

I 

45 

1.38 

1 

31 

X 

24 

I.I 7 

5 

ft 

1.6a 

i -55 

1.48 

I 

4i 

i -34 

X 

28 

I 

21 

I.IO 

fA 

ft 

i-55 

148 

1.42 

I 

36 

1.30 

I 

24 

I 

19 

*•*4 

4 

ft 

i-47 

1.42 

136 

X 

3 i 

1.26 

I 

21 

I 

17 

1.13 

314 

ft 

1.40 

1.36 

*•3* 

I 

27 

1.22 

I 

18 

I 

14 

I.IO 

3 

ft 

i-34 

1.30 

x .26 

I 

22 

1.19 

I 

15 

I 

12 

I .09 

2% 

ft 

1.27 

1.24 

X .21 

I 

x8 

115 

I 

13 

X 

IO 

I .07 

2 

ft 

1.21 

1.19 

I .16 

I 

14 

x. 12 

I 

10 

I 

08 

I .06 

l 1 /* 

ft 

IIS 

1.14 

1.12 

I 

10 

x .09 

I 

07 

I 

06 

I .04 

1 

ft 

I .IO 

1.09 

1.08 

I 

07 

1.06 

I 

05 

X 

°4 

I .03 

K 

ft 

I.05 

1.04 

I.04 

X 

°3 

x.03 

X 

02 

I 

02 

I- OI 


■ONE DOLLAR LOANED 100 YEARS at Compound Interes? 
would amount the following sum: 

3 per cent.$2,351,799,404.00 I 10 per cent. $13,809.00 

“ .15,145,207.00) 6 44 .340.0c 

*3 * 1,174,405.00 I 3 " 19.25 

a* * 84,675.00 | 1 44 2.7J 


Safe Business Rules. 

Business men, in business hours, attend only to busi. 
oess matters. Social calls are best adapted to the social 
circle. Make your business known in few words, without 
loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most 

































277 

carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated. 
A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will be 
esteemed. Leave “ tricks of trade ” to those whose edu¬ 
cation was never completed. Treat all with respect, 
confide in few, wrong no man. Be never afraid to say no, 
and always prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. 
Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day. 
Because a friend is polite, do not think that his time is 
valueless. Have a place for every thing, and everything 
in its place. To preserve long friendship, keep a short 
credit; the way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to 
preserve it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short 
accounts. Trust no man’s appearances; they are often 
deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining 
credit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are gen- 
ally plain men. Be well satisfied before you give a credit 
that those to whom you give it are safe men to be trusted. 

Doubles at 

Compound Interest , 

7 years ioo days, 

8 years 16 days 

9 years 2 days. 

10 years 89 days. 

11 years 327 days. 
15 years 75 days. 
15 years 273 days, 
17 years 246 days, 
20 years 54 days. 
23 years 164 days, 
28 years 26 days 
35 years 1 day. 


Legal Brevities. 

A note dated on Sunday is void. A note obtained by 
fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void. If a note be lost 
or stolen, it does not release the maker, he must pay it. 
An endorser of a note is exempt from liability, if not 
served with notice of its dishonor within 24 hours of its 
non-payment. A note by a minor is void. Notes bear 
interest only when so stated. Principals are responsible 
for their agents. F.ich individual in partnership is re¬ 
sponsible fpr the whole amount of the debt s of the firm- 


Time at which Money 
Interest. 

Rate per cent. Simple Interest. 

..10 years. 

.11 years 40 days. 

..12)4 years. 

7.14 years 104 days. 

6. 16 years 8 months. 

5.20 years. 

. 22 years 81 days. 

4.25 years. 

.28 years 208 days. 

j.33 years 4 months. 

2^4.40 years. 

.. 50 years. 
















278 


Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud 
to conceal a fraud.' It is illegal to compound a 
felony. The law compels no one to do impossibili¬ 
ties. An agreement without consideration is void. 
Signatures in lead pencil are good in law. A receipt 
for money is not legally conclusive. The act9 of 
one partner bind all the others. Contracts made 
on Sunday cannot be enforced. A contract with 
a minor is void. A contract made with a lunatic 
is void. Written contracts concerning land must 
be under seal 


AMERICAN SHIPPING. 

United States Vessels, 1900. 


Class. 

Engaged in 
Foreign Trade. 

Engaged in 
Coastwise Trade. 


Num¬ 

ber. 

Ton¬ 

nage. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Ton¬ 
nage. v 

Steamers. ... 

Sailing-vessels..... 

328 

) 

337,356 

6,715 

2,316,455 

Canal-boats... 

Barges... 

V 960 

479,439 

13,853 

1,970,061 

Total.... ___ 

1,288 

816,795 

20,568 

4,286,516 


The entire number of documented vessels was 23,333, 
of which 7,053 were steamers and 16,280 were vessels 
other than steamers, all aggregating 5,164,839 tons. 

The estimated value of the whole amount of floating 
property under the flag, according to the census of 1890, 
was $215,069,296. The statistics of the above table are 
for the fiscal year ending June 30,1900. 


THE CHILD’S PROPHECIES. 

Monday’s child is fair of face; 

Tuesday’s child is full of grace; 

Wednesday’s child is merry and glad* 
Thursday's child is sorry and sad; 

Friday’s child is loving and giving; 

Saturday’s child must work for his living: 
Sunday’s child is blithe, bonny, good and gay. 



















THE SEARCH FOR TIIE NORTH POLE 
AND 

THE FARTHEST FOINTS REACHED. 

Latitude Miles from 

Year. Explorer reached. the pole. 

158 7—John Davis....72:12 1.28 5 

1594—William Barents.7 7:29 879 

15 9 0—Rup Heemskerck. 79:49 70G 

It! 0 7—Heinrick Hudson.8 0:28 067 

1616—William Baffin.7 7:45 90S 

1806—William Scoresby. Sl:30 587 

1827—W. E. Parry. 82:45 503 

18 54—E. K. Kane. 80:10 68 2 

18 68—Nordenskjold . 81:42 573 

IS70—C. F. Hall. 82:11 54 2 

1874—Julius Payer. 82:05 549 

1876—G. S. Nares. 88:20 4 63 

1882—A. W. Greely. 83:24 458 

189 6—Frithjof Nansen. 86:14 261 

189 9—Walter Wellman.8 2:00 555 

1900—Duke de Abruzzi.8 6:34 2 38 

1902—Robert E. Peary. 84:17 39 7 

190 6—Robert E. Peary.8 7:06 201 


THE SEARCH FOR THE NORTH POLE, 

Captain Roald Amundsen sailect on June 17, 1903,. 
from Christiania, Nox-way, in the sloop Gjoa, entered the 
ice pack in the North Atlantic, and three years later 
emerged into the North Pacific—the first man that ever 
.■accomplished the Northwestern Passage from oceaxx to 
ocean. Dux’ing his trip he also discovered the magnetic 
pole. 

The centuries’ record of the quest of the north pole is 
a history of romance, hardship and death. More than 
7 50 men have offered up their lives in various expedi¬ 
tions. Hardly an expedition has sailed into the unend¬ 
ing night of the arctic autumn that did not leave some 
one buried under the snow and ice before it returned. 
Many entix-e expeditions were lost and the clustered 
skeletons found in after years by other explorers were 
the only records of their miserable end. 

The search for the pole stai’ted in the ninth century. 
Before that the ancients knew vaguely of the frozen 
region to the north, and their mythologies l-efer to it. 
Runic stones that ax'e found as fax north as the seventy- 
third degree show that it was inhabited in 123 5. The 
Norsemen had colonized Iceland at that time, and one 
of the expeditions from that country has left a record of 
reaching 7 5 degrees 4 6 seconds in 12 66 . 

After the discovery of America the voyages north¬ 
ward started in earnest. Belief that a northern route to 
India might be found was the lure that attracted the 
earlv explorers. In 1553 Sir Hugh Willoughby led an 
expedition that Sebastian Cabot promoted. The knight 
and his sixty-two men perished to a man from exposure. 




















2 m 


Richard Chancellor, who commanded the other of the 
two ships in the expedition, reached Russia, and polar 
discovery did not lag. 


GO IN SEARCH OF GOLD. 

Three years later Sir Martin Frobisher discovered what 
he believed to be gold and a score of expeditions were 
fitted out in England. Frobisher perished with forty 
men. In 184 5 Sir John Franklin with an elaborate ex¬ 
pedition sailed to his death with 145 men. 

American expeditions have been less tragic. Lieuten¬ 
ant De Long, in 18 79, lost twenty-three men, and A. 
W. Greely managed to return after frightful hardships 
and a loss of twenty men. The Duke de Abruzzi, a 
nephew of the King of Italy, had only a small loss in 
his successful expedition. Andre, who sailed in a bal¬ 
loon, 189 7, never has been heard from. 

Walter Wellman expected to make a flight to the pole 
in a balloon from Danes Island in August, 1906. but 
defects in the airship machinery prevented him. When 
his dirigible balloon starts every mechanical precaution 
will have been taken to make successful this novel 
method of reaching the long-sought north pole. 


The States 
I Stales. 


anb the Union.- 


Ratified the 
Constitution. 


! Delaware, 1787, Dec. 7. 

2fPenusylv’a, 17*7. Dec. 12. 
3! N'ew J ersey 1787, Dec. 18. 
49 Jeorgia, 1788, Jan. 2. 
•VOonn. ,1788, Jau. 9. 
6 ]Mass. |1788, Feb. 6. 
TlMaryland, 4788, April 28. 


-THIRTEEN ORVOINA L STATES. 
States. | Ratified the 
; Consdiution. 

8 S Carolina, 1 1788, May 23. 

9 New 11am. 1788, June 21. 

10 Virginia, 11788, June 25 
It New York, 1788, July 26. 

12 N. Carolina'1789, Nov 21 

13 R. Island, 11790, May 29. 


States. 


STATES ADMITTED TO TnE UNION. 

States. Admitted! 


Vermont, 
Kentucky, 
Tennessee, 
Ohio. 

Louisiana, 
Indiana, 
Mississippi 
Illinois, 
Alabama, 
10! Maine, 

11 [Missouri, 

12 Arkansas, 
Michigan, 
Florida, 
Texas, 


13 

14 

15 


16 Iowa, 


Admitted. 

1791, 

March 4. 

1792, 

Juue 1 

1796, 

June 1. 

1802, 

Nov. 29. 

1812, 

April 30. 

1816 , 

Dec. 11. 

1817, 

Dec. 10. 

1818 . 

Dec. 3. 

1819, 

Dec- 14. 

1820, 

March 15. 

1821, 

Aug. 10. 

1836, 

June 15. 

1937, 

Jan. 26. 

1845. 

March 3. 

1845, 

Dec. 29. 

'816, 

Dec. 28. 


17 Wisconsin, 

18 California, 
19j Minnesota, 
20 ;Oregon, 

21 1 Kansas, 

22 W. Virginia 

23 Nevada, 
24Nebraska, 

25 Colorado, 

26 N. Dakota, 
2 ? S. Dakota, 
28 Montana, 
29,Washing’n, 

30 Idaho, 

31 Wvoming. 
S2| Utah 


18-18, 

1850, 

1858. 

1859, 

1861, 

1863, 

1864, 
1867, 
1876, 
1889, 
1889, 
1889, 

1889, 

1890, 
1890, 

11896, 


May 29. 
Sept 9. 
May 11. 
Feb. 14. 
Jau. 29. 
June 19. 
Oct. 31. 
March 1. 
Aug. 1. 
Nov. 3. 
Nov. S. 
Nov 8. 
Nov. 11. 
July 3. 
Julv - 
Jan. 1 




























281 

RATES OF POSTAGE. 

Letters. —Prepaid by stamps, 2 cents each ounce os 
fraction thereof to all partsof the United States and Can¬ 
ada; forwarded to another postoffice without charge on 
request of the person addressed; if not called for, returned 
to the writer free, if indorsed with that request. If the 
stamp is omitted, the letter is forwarded to the Dead 
Letter Office, and returned to the writer. For Regis 
tering letters the charge is 10 cents additional. Drop 
letters at letter-carrier offices, 2 cents per ounce or frac¬ 
tion thereof; at other offices, 1 cent per ounce or fraction 
thereof. On insufficiently prepaid matter mailed in Cam 
ada, 3 cents per y 2 ounce or fraction thereof. Stamped 
Postal Cards, furnished only by Government, 1 cent each.. 
If anything except a printed address slip is pasted on a 
Postal Card, or anything but the address written on the 
face, letter postage is charged. Postage on all newspapers 
and periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part 
of the United States, to regular subscribers, must be paid 
in advance at the office of mailing. 

Second-Class Matter .—Periodicals issued at regular 
intervals — at least four times a year — and having i 
regular list of subscribers, with supplement, sample cop¬ 
ies, 1 cent a pound; periodicals, other than weekly, if 
delivered by letter-carrier, 1 cent each; if over 2 ounces 
2 cents each. When sent by other than publishers, for 4 
ounces or less, 1 cent. 

Third- Class Matter (not exceeding 4 pounds). —Printed, 
matter, books, proof-sheets, corrected or uncorrected s , 
unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of easy inspec¬ 
tion without cutting cords or wrapper, 1 cent for each & 

ounces. 

Fourth-Class Matter .—Not exceeding 4 pounds, em¬ 
bracing merchandise and samples, excluding liquids, 
poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, live 
animals, insects, etc., 1 cent an ounce. Postage to Can¬ 
ada and British North American States, 2 cents per 
ounce; must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cents. 


Number of Years Seeds Retain Their Vitality. 


Vegetables. 
Artichoke ... 
Asparagus... 

Beans. 

Beets. 

Broccoli. 

Cucumber ... 
Cauliflower.. 

Cress. 

Carrots. 

Celery. 

Corn (on cob) 

Endive. 

Egg Plant... 

Leek. 

Lettuce. 

Melon. 

Mustard 

Okra. 

Onion. 

Pea. 

Pumpkin . .. . 

Parsley. 

Parsnip. 

Pepper. 

Rhubarb .... 

Squash. 

Spinach. 

Turnip.. 

Tomato. 


Yearn , 
•5 to 6 

• 2 to 3 
.2 to 3 

• 3 to 4 

• 5 to 6 
.8 to ro 
•5 to 6 
•3 to 4 
.2 to 3 
.2 to 3 
.2 to 3 
.5 to 6 
.1 to 2 
.2 tO 3 

• 3 to 4 
.8 to io 
•3 to 4 
•3 to 4 
.2 to 3 

• 5 to 6 
.8 to io 
.2 to 3 
.2 to 4 
2 to 3 
,3 to 4 
8 to io 


2 to 3 


HOW TO MIX PAINTS FOR TINTS 


Red and Black makes.Brown 

Lake and White makes.Rose 

White and Brown makes.Chestnut 

White, Blue and Lake makes..Purple 

Blue and Lead Color makes. . w ......Pear! 





































*83 


White and Carmine makes........ .............Fink 

Indigo and Lamp-Black makes.............Silver Gray 

White and Lam£>-Black makes.... .Lead Color 

Black and Venetian Red makes.. .Chocolate 

White and Green makes.. .Bright Green 

Purple and White makes.French White 

Light Green and Black makes.Dark Green 

White and Green makes.Pea Green 

White and Emerald Green makes.......Brilliant Green 

Red and Yellow makes.Orange 

White and Yellow makes.. ,. .Straw Color 

White, Blue and Black makes.Pearl Gray 

White, Lake and Vermillion makes... .Flesh Color 

Umber, White and Venetian Red makes.........Drab 

White, Yellow and Venetian Red makes.Cream 

Red, Blue, Black and Red makes. .Olive 

Yellow, White and a little Venetian Red makes.. ..Buff 


DEGREES OF HEAT AND COLD REQUIRED 
TO FREEZE, MELT AND BOIL THE FOL 
LOWING SUBSTANCES. 


Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the follow¬ 
ing articles Melt. 


Cast Iron.... 

Glass. 

Copper. 

Gold. 

Brass. 

Silver. 

Antimony.... 

Zinc. 

Lead. 

Bismuth ..... 

Tin. 

Gutta Percha 
Lard. ...... 

Ice.......... 


3»5oo 

2,400 

2,160 

L983 

1,900 

1,850 

950 

780 


590 

476 

\2Q 


96 


35 
































Degrees of Cold ABOVE ZERO at which the following 
articles Freeze. it : 


Turpentine (Spirits) 
Strong Wine...... 

Milk...... 

Water. 


15 

20 

29 

32 


Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the following 
articles Boil. 


Blood Heat 
Alcohol.... 
Water 
Petroleum. 
Linseed Oil 
Quicksilver 


98 

175 

210 


25 

60c 


630 


Tables of Weights and Measures. 

CUBIC MEASURE. 

3,728 cubic inches i cubic foot, 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard } 
128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton 
(shipping), 2,150.42 cubic inches 1 standard bushel, 
268.8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic foot 
four-fifths of a bushel. 

SURVEYOR’S MEASURE. 

^.92 inches I link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 rods 1 chain, ig 
square chains or 160 square rods 1 acre, 64 q acres i 
square mile. 

LONG MEASURE—DISTANCE. 

3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 1 foot, 3 feet 1 yard, 5 J 4 

yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile. 
DRY MEASURE. . 

2 pints make 1 quart, 0 quarts make 1 peck, 4 pecks 
make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make 1 chaldron. 

LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 

4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints make 1 quart, 4 quarts make 

1 gallon, 31 y 2 gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrels make 
1 hogshead. 













285 

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT. 

20 grains make i scruple, 3 scruples make* I drachm, S 
drachms make 1 ounce, 12 ounces make 1 pound. 

TROY WEIGHT. 

24 grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 pennyweight make 3 
ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only 
are weighed. The ounce and pound this are 
same as in Apothecaries’ weight. 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

6 drachms make 1 ounce, 16 ounces make 1 pound, 25 
pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters make loo weight 
2,000 pounds make 1 ton. 

CIRCULAR MEASURE. 

60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 degree, 3c 
degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make 1 quadrant, 4 
quadrants or 360 "degrees make 1 circle. 

TIME MEASURE. 

60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 hour, 24 
hours make 1 day, 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks 
make 1 lunar month, 28, 29, 30, or 31 days make 3 
calendar month (30 days make 1 month in computing 
interest), 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months 
make 1 year, 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 40 
seconds make 1 solar year. 

SQUARE MEASURE. 

144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square feet 1 square 
yard, 30X square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods 1 
rood, 4 roods 1 acre. 

CLOTH MEASURE. 

2)4 inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

3 inches 1 palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 inches 1 span, 18 
inches 1 cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 2 %. feel I 
military pace. 


286 


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POLITICAL INFORMATION 


Result of the Electoral College Proceedings by States 
from 17 89 to and including 1904. 


1789, Washington and Adams —Washington had the votes of 
all the states, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South 
Carolina and Georgia; total, 09 votes. 

Adams had all ot' New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 5 of the 7 of 
Connecticut, 1 of the 0 of New Jersey, 8 of the 10 of Pennsyl¬ 
vania, 5 of the 10 of Virginia; total, 34. 

3 793, Washington and Adams —Washington had the votes of 
all the states, viz., New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
sylania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, 
South Carolina and Georgia; total, 132. 

Adams carried all these states with the exception of New York, 
Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina and Georgia; total, 77 votes. 

1797, Adams and Jefferson —Adams had the votes of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
New York, New Jersey, Delaware. 1 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, 1 
of the 20 of Virginia, 1 of the 12 of North Carolina, and 7 of the 

11 of Maryland; total. 71- 

Thomas Jefferson had 14 of the 15 votes of Pennsylvania, 4 of 
the 11 of Maryland. 20 of the 21 of Virginia, Kentucky, 11 of the 

12 of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and South Carolina; 
total, 68. 

1801, Jefferson and Burr— Had the votes of the states of New 
York, 8 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, 5 of the 10 of Maryland, Vir¬ 
ginia. Kentucky, 8 of the 12 of North Carolina, Tennessee, South 
Carolina and Georgia; total, 73. House decided Jefferson Presi¬ 
dent, and Burr Vice-President. 

Adams and Pinckney—H ad the votes of the states of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
New Jersey, 7 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, Delaware, 5 of the 10 of 
Maryland, and 4 of the 12 of North Carolina; total, 65. 

1805, Jefferson and Clinton —Had the votes of states of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina. South 
Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky and Ohio; total, 162. 

Pinckney and King —Had the votes of states Connecticut, Dela¬ 
ware, and 2 of the 11 of Maryland; total, 14. 

1809, Madison and Clinton— Had the votes of the states of 
Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 9 of the 11 of 
Maryland, Virginia, 11 of the 14 of North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio; total, 122. 

Pinckney and King —Had the votes of the states of New York, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 2 of the 11 ot 
Maryland and 3 of the 14 of North Carolina; total, 47. 





«88 


1813. Madison and Gerry— Carried Vermont, Pennsylvania,® 
of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolism, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and Louisiana; total, 128. 

Clinpan and Ingersoll— Had the votes of the states of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York- 
New Jersey, Delaware and 5 of the 11 of Maryland; total, 89. 

1817, Monroe and Tompkins —Had the votes of the states of 
New Hampshire. Rhode Island, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana and Indiana; 
total, 183. 

King and Howard—H ad the votes of the states of Massachusetts, 
Connecticut and Delaware; total 34. 

1821, Monroe and Tompkins- Had the votes of every state in 
the Union; total, 231. 

Adams and Stockton— Adams had 1 vote of the 8 of New 
Hampshire, and Stockton 8 of the 15 of Massachusetts. 

1825, Adams and Calhoun —Had the votes of the states ot 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
Vermont. 26 of the 36 of New York, 1 of the 3 of Delaware, 3 of 
the 11 of Maryland, 2 of the 5 of Louisiana, and 1 of the 3 of 
Illinois; total 84 for Adams. Calhoun for Vice-President carried 
several states that Adams did not carry, and had a total of 182 
votes. 

Crawford— Had 5 of the 36 votes of New York, 2 of the 3 of 
Delaware, and 1 of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia and Georgia; 
total, 41. • 

Jackson —Had 1 of the 8S votes of New York, New Jersey, Penn* 
sylvania, 7 of the 11 of sh&ryland. North Carolina, South Carolina 
Tennessee, 3 of the 5 of Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois 
and Alabama; total, 99. 

Clay— Had 4 of the 36 votes of New York, Kentucky, Ohio anfl 
Missouri; total, 37. 

No choice by the electoral college, it devolving upon House of 
Representatives. A choice was reached on first ballot as follows; 
Adams—Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky. Louisiana, Maine, Mary* 
land, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, 
Rhode Island and Vermont; 13 states. Jackson—Alabama, In¬ 
diana, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and 
Tennessee; 7 states. Crawford—Delaware, Georgia, North Caro¬ 
lina and Virginia; 4 states. 

1829, Jackson and Calhoun— Had 1 of the votes of the 9 of 
Maine, 20 of the 36 of New York, Pennsylvania, 5 of the 11 of 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ken¬ 
tucky, Tennessee. Ohio, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama and 
Missouri; total, 178. 

Adams and Rush— Had 8 of the 9 votes of Maine, New Hamp¬ 
shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island. Connecticut, Vermont, 16 of 
the 36 of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and 6 of the 11 of 
Maryland; total, 83. 

1833. Jackson and Van Burev—H ad the votes of Maine, New 
Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 3 of the 8 of 


289 


Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Ohio, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama *,nd Missouri; 
total 219. 

Clay and Sergeant —Had the votes of the states of Massachu¬ 
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 5 of the 8 of Maryland, 
and Kentucky; total, 49. 

1837, Van Buren and Johnson— Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, 
Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total, 170. 

Harrison and Granger —Had the votes of the states of Ver 
mont, New Jersey, -Maware, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio and Indi¬ 
ana; total, 73. 

1841, Harrison and Tyler— Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Caro¬ 
lina, Georgia. Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, 
Indiana and Michigan; total, 234. 

Van Buren —Had the votes of the states of New Hampshire, 
Virginia, South Carolina, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri and Arkansas; 
total, 60. 

1845, Polk and Dallas— Had the votes of the states of Maine, 
New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Caro¬ 
lina, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana^ Illinois, Alabama, 
Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total, 170. 

Clay and Frelinghuysen— Had the votes of the states of Rhode 
Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, 
North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio; total, 105. 

1849, Taylor and Fillmore— Had the votes of the states of 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland. North Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Florida; total, 163, 

Cass and Butler —Had the votes of the states of Maine, New 
Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, Mississippi, Indiana, 
Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Texas, Iowa and 
Wisconsin; total, 127. 

1853, Pierce and King —Had the votes of the states of Maine, 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jer¬ 
sey, Pennsylvania. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia. North Carolina, 
South Carolina. Georgia, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, 
Illinois, Alabama. Missouri, Arkansas. Michigan, Florida, Texas, 
Iowa, Wisconsin and California; total, 254. 

Scott and Graham —Had the votes of the states of Massachu¬ 
setts, Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee; total, 42. 

1857, Buchanan and Breckinridge —Had the votes of the 
states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina , Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, 
Texas and California; total, 174. ^ 

Fremont and Dayton —Had the votes of the states or Maine, 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ver¬ 
mont, Ohio, New York, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin; total, 114. 


2<J0 

Fillmore and Donelson—H ad the votes of the state of Mary¬ 
land; total, 8. 

1861, Lincoln and Hamlin —Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
Vermont, New York, 4 of the 7 of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota 
and Oregon; total, 180. 

Breckinridge and Lane —Had the votes of the states of Dela¬ 
ware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Louis¬ 
iana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Texas; total, 72. 

Douglas and Johnson —Had the votes of the states of Missouri, 
and3 of the 7 of New Jersey; total, 12. 

Bell and Everett—H ad the votes of the states of Virginia, 
Kentucky and Tennessee; total, 39. 

1865, Lincoln and Johnson —Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, California. Minnesota, 
Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia and Nebraska; total, 212. 

McClellan and Pendleton—H ad the votes of the states of New 
Jersey, Delaware and Kentucky; total, 21. 

Eleven states did not vote, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. 

1869, Grant and Colfax —Had the votes of the states of Maine, 
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti¬ 
cut, Pennsylvania, North Carolina. South Carolina, Alabama, Ohio, 
Tennessee, Indiana. Illinois, Missouri. Arkansas, Michigan. Florida, 
Iowa, Wisconsin, California. Minnesota, Kansas, West Virginia, 
Nevada and Nebraska; total, 214. 

Seymour and Blair —Had the votes of the states of New York. 
New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, Louisiana, Kentucky 
and Oregon; total, 80. 

Three states did not vote, viz.: Mississippi, Texas and Virginia. 

1873, Grant and Wilson—H ad the votes of the states of Maine, 
New Hampshire. Vermont , Massachusetts,Rhode Island. Connecticut, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missis¬ 
sippi, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, 
Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nebraska and Nevada; total, 286. 

Greeley and Brown— Had the votes of the states of Maryland, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Texas: total, 63. 

Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for Greeley, and the votes 
of Arkansas, 5, and Louisiana, 8, cast for Grant, were rejected. 

1877, Hayes and Wheeler— Mad the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana. Illinois, Michigan, 
Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California. Winnes"»ta, Oregon, Kansas. 
Nevada. Nebraska and Colorado: tota.. . 35. 


291 


Tilden and Hendricks —Had votes of Connecticut, New Yors, 
New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, 
Mississippi, Texas and West Virginia; total, 184. 

1881, Garfield and Arthur— Had votes of Maine, New Hamp¬ 
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wis. 
consin, 1 of the 6 of California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Ne 
braska and Colorado; total, 214. 

Hancock and English —Had votes of New Jersey, Delaware 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alq - 
bama, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Missi -i- 
sippi, Florida, Texas, 5 of the 6 of California, West Virginia aiyd 
Nebraska; total, 155. 

1884, Cleveland and Hendricks— Had votes of Alabama, 
Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Ken¬ 
tucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New 
York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 
West Virginia; total, 203. 

Blaine and Logan —Had votes of California, Colorado, Illinois, 
owa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michgan, Minnesota, Ne- 
oraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 
Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin; total, 106. 

1888, Harrison and Morton— Had votes of Cal.. Colo,, Ill., Ind., 
Iowa, Kans., Me., Mass., Mich., Minn., Neb., Nev., N. H., N. Y., Ohio, 
&ve., Pa., R. I., Vt., Wis.; total, 233. 


Cleveland and Thurman—H ad votes of Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., 
Fla., Ga., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo.,N. J., N. C., S. C., Tenn., Tex.,Va., 
W. Va., total, 168. 

1892. Cleveland and Stevenson— Had votes of Ala., Ark., Cal., 
Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., 111., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Mich. (5), Miss., Mo., 
N. J., N. Y., N. C., N. D. (1), S. O., Tenn., Tex., Va., W. Va., Wis.* 
total, 276. 

Harrison and REID-Iowa, Me., Mass., Mich.(9), Minn., Mont., Neb., 
N.H., N.D.(l), Ohio, Ore.,Pa., R. L, S. D., Vt., Wash., Wy.; total, 145. 

1896* McKinley and Hobart —Had votes of Cal. (8), Conn., Del., 
HI., Ind., Iowa, Ky. (12), Me., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N. H., N. J'., 
N. Y., N. D., Ohio, Ore., Pa., R. I., Vt., W. Va., Wis.; total, 271. 


Bryan and Sewall —Had votes of Ala.. Ark., Cal. (1), Colo., Fla., 
Ga., Idaho, Kans., Ky. (1), La., Miss.. Mo., Mont., Neb., Nev., N. C., 
S. C.,S. D., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., Wash., Wyo.; total, ll6. (Pop- 
nlist Watson took 27 votes from Sewall.) 


1900. McKinley and Roosevelt— Had votes of Cal., Conn., Del., 
Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Me., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Neb., N. H., 
N. J., N. Y., N. D., Ohio, Ore., Pa., R. I., S. D., Utah, Vt., Wash., W. 
Va., Wis., Wyo.; total, 292. 

Bryan and Stevenson— Ala., Ark., Colo., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ky., La., 
Miss., Mo., Mont., Nev., N. C. , S. C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; total, 155. 

1904, Roosevelt and Fairbanks— Cal., Colo., Conn., Del., Idaho, 
Ill., Ind.. Ia., Kan., Mass., Md. (1), Me., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Neb., 
Nev.,N. H.,N. J.,N. Y.,N. D., O., Ore., Pa., R. I., S. D., Utah, Vt., 
Wash., W. Va., Wis., Wyo.; total, 336. 

Parker amd Davis —Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., Ky., La., Md. (7), Miss., 
N. C., S. C., Term., Tex., Va.; total, 140. 


292 


U. S. MILITARY ACADEHY AT WEST POINT. 

The United States military academy at West Point, N. 
Y., is a school for the practical and theoretical training 
of cadets for the military service of the United States. 
The maximum number of cadets at present permitted by 
law is 521. The corps of cadets consists of one from 
each congressional district, one from each territory, one 
from the District of Columbia, two from each state at 
large and forty from the United States at large, all ap¬ 
pointed by the president. 

Appointments are usually made one year in advance 
of date of admission, by the Secretary of War, upon the 
nomination of the Senator or Representative. These 
nominations may either be made after competitive exam¬ 
ination or given direct, at the option of the Represen¬ 
tative. The Representative may nominate a legally qual¬ 
ified second candidate, to be designated the alternate. 
The alternate will receive from the War Department a 
letter of appointment, and will be examined with the reg¬ 
ular appointee, and if duly qualified will be admitted to 
the Academy in the event of the failure of the principal 
to pass t ns* prescribed preliminary examinations. Ap- 
poiutees to the Military Academy must be between seven¬ 
teen and twenty-two years of age, free from any infirmity 
which may render them unfit for military service, and 
able to pass a careful examination in reading, writing, 
orthography, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and his¬ 
tory of the United States. 

Thecourse of instruction, which is quite thorough, re¬ 
quires fou» years, and is largely mathematical and pro¬ 
fessional. The principal subjects taught are mathemat¬ 
ics, French, drawing, drill regulations of all arms of the 
service, natural and experimental philosophy, chemistry, 
chemical physics, mineralogy, geology, electricity, his¬ 
tory. international, constitutional and military law, 
Spanish, civil and military engineering, art and science 
of war, and ordnance and gunnery. About one-fourth 
of these appointed usually fail to pass the preliminary 
examinations, and but little over one-half the remainder 
are finally graduated. The discipline is very strict—even 
more so than in the army—and the enforcement of pen¬ 
alties for offences is inflexible rather than severe. Acad¬ 
emic duties begin Sept, 1 and continue until June 1. 
Examinations are held in each January and June, and 
cadets found proficient in studies and correct in conduct 
are given the particular standing in their class to which 
their merits entitle them, while those cadets deficient in 
either couduct or studies are discharged. 

From about the middle of June to the end of August 
cadets live in camp, engaeed only in miiitary duties "and 
receiving practical military instruction. Cadets are al- 


293 


lowed but one leave of absence during the four years* 
course, and this is granted at the expiration of the first 
two years. The pay of a cadet is€540 per year, and, with 
proper economy, sufficient for support. The number of 
students at the Academy is usually about four huudred 
and twenty-five. 

Upon graduating, cadets are commissioned as second 
lieutenants in the United States Army. The whole num¬ 
ber of graduates from 1802 to 1900, inclusive, has been 
three thousand nine hundred and ninety-three (3,993). 
It is virtually absolutely necessary for a person seeking 
an appointment to apply to his Senator or Member of 
Congress. The appointments by the President are usually 
restricted to sons of officers of the army and navy, who, 
by reason of their shifting residence, due to the neces¬ 
sities of the service, find it next to impossible to obtain 
an appointment otherwise. 

The Academy was established by act of Congress in 
1802. An annual Board of Visitors is appointed, seven 
being appointed by the President of the United States, 
two by the President of the Senate, and three by the 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. They visit the 
Academy in June, and are present at the concluding exer¬ 
cises of the graduating class of that year. 

The academy is on a plain 160 feet above the river 
Hudson, surrounded by the bold scenery of one of the 
finest river passes in the world. 


U. 5. NAVAL ACADEMY AT ANNAPOLIS. 

There are allowed at the Academy one naval cadet for 
each Member or Delegate of the United States House of 
Representatives, one for the District of Columbia, and 
ten at large. The appointment of cadets at large and for 
the District of Columbia is made by the President. The 
Secretary of the Navy, as soon after March 5 in each year 
as possible, must notify, in writing, each Member and 
Delegate of the House of Representatives of any vacan¬ 
cy that may exist in his district. The nomination of a 
candidate to fill the vacancy is made, on the recommend¬ 
ation of the Member or Delegate, by the Secretary. Can¬ 
didates must be actual residents of the districts from 
which they are nominated. 

The course of naval cadets is six years, the last two of 
which are spent at sea. Candidates at the time of their 
examination for admission must not be under fifteen nor 
over twenty years of age and physicallv sound, well 
formed and of robust constitution. They are examined 
mentally by tl*e academic board in reading, writing, spell¬ 
ing, arithmetic, geography, English gratnmer. United 
States history, algebra through quadratic equations, and 


294 


plane geometry (five books of Chauvenet’s Geometry, or 
an equivalent). Deficiency in any one of these subjects 
may be sufficient to insure the rejection of the candidate. 
They enter the Academy immediately after passing the 
prescribed examinations, and are requiredjto sign articles, 
binding themselves to serve in the United States Navy- 
eight years (including the time of probation at the Naval 
Academy), unless sooner discharged. The pay of a naval 
cadet is $500 a year, beginning at the date of admission. 

Appointments to fill all vacancies that may occur dur¬ 
ing a year in the lower grades of the Line of the Navy and 
of the Marine Corps will be made from the naval cadets, 
graduates of the year, at the conclusion of their six years’ 
course, in the order of merit as determined by the Acad¬ 
emic Board of the Naval Academy. 

At least fifteen appointments from such graduates ar 
made each year. Surplus graduates who do not receive 
appointments are given a certificate of graduation, an 
honorabie discharge, and one year’s sea pay, 

The Academy was founded in 1845 by the Hon. George 
Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy in the Aministration of 
President Polk. It was formally opened October 10 of 
that year, with Commander Franklin Buchanan as Sup¬ 
erintendent. During the Civil War it was removed from 
Annapolis, Md. to Newport, R. I., but was returned to the 
former place in 1865. It is under the direct supervision 
Of the Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department. 


THE MARRIAGEABLE AGE. 

The “marriageable age'’ varies greatly. In Austria a 
“man” and “woman” of 14 are supposed to be capable of 
conducting a home of their own. In Germany the man 
must be at least 18 years of age. In France and Belgium 
the man must be 18 and the woman 15. In Spain the in¬ 
tended husband must have passed his 14th year and the 
woman her 12th. The law in Hungary, for Roman Cath¬ 
olics, is that the man must be 14 years old, the woman 12; 
for Protestants, the man must be 18 and the woman 15. 
In Greece, the man must have seen at least 14 summers 
and the woman 12. In Portugal a boy of 14 is consid¬ 
ered marriageable, and a woman of 12. In Russia and 
Saxony they at e more sensible, and a youth must refrain 
from matrimony till he can count 18 years, and the wo¬ 
man till she can count 16. In Switzerland men from the 
age of 14 and women from the age of 12 are allowed to 
marry. 

The Tu’-kish law provides that any youth and maid who 
can walk properly and can understand the necessary ser¬ 
vice are allowed to be united for li— 



295 


WHAT IT COSTS TO CLOTHE UNCLE SAITS 
SOLDIERS. 

The allowance for privates includes, for tne three years 1 
term, two woolen blankets, three lined blouses, two un¬ 
lined blouses, two pairs of boots for mounted troops, 
four forage caps, four ornaments for forage caps, three 
canvas fatigue coats, one uniform dress coat, thirty-six 
linen collars, nine pairs of drawers, two pairs of leather 
gauntlets, twenty-four pairs of gloves for foot troops or 
twelve pairs for mounted troops, foua campaign hats, 
one helmet, one overcoat, seven dark blue flannel shirts, 
nine wool kuit shirts, three nairs of barracks shoes, eight 
pairs of shoes for foot troops or five pairs for mounted 
troops, together with two pairs of stable shoes. The list 
also includes eighteen pairs of cotton stockings and 
twelve pairs of woolen stockings, three pairs of suspend¬ 
ers, three pairs of canvas fatigue trousers, seven pairs of 
kersey trousers, seven pairs of striped trousers. 

This outfit is valued at $125.3 7, and if when the final 
accounting is made it is found that the soldier has over¬ 
drawn his account he is charged „with the difference, 
which is taken out of his retained pay. If, on the other 
hand, he has made requisition for less clothing than the 
regulations allow, his account is credited with the differ¬ 
ence, which he receives in cash. For that reason it is to 
the soldier’s interest to be economical and make his 
clothes last as long as possible. 


THE EFFECTS OF HACHINE LABOR UPON WAGES. 

The U. S. Commissioner of Labor, in his Thirteenth 
Annual Report deals exhaustively with hand and 
machine labor except as to the effect of the use of 
machinery operated by women and children upon wages 
and as to whether changes in the creative cost of pro¬ 
ducts are due to a lack or surplus of labor, or to the in¬ 
troduction of power machinery. Machinery has lowered 
the cost of production: but the hand method of produc¬ 
tion is still extensive, though steadily going out of use. 
Some comparisons are made as follows: Ten plows, 
which cost $54.46 by hand labor and which employed two 
men for 1,108 hours, cost, when made by machinery, $7.50, 
employing 52 men for 37 hours, 28 minutes. One hun¬ 
dred blank books cost, when made by hand, $219.79, and 
employed 3 men for 1,272 hours; they cost, when made 
by machinery, $69.97, employing 20 men for 245 hours. 
Ruling 100 reams of paper cost, when done by hand, $400, 
and employed 1 person 4,800 hours; when done by 
machinery it cost 85 cents, and employs 2 persons tor a 
hours, 45 minutes. One hundred pairs of men’s flne 



296 

boots, when made by hand cost $556.27, and employed 1 
/arson 2,225 hours; when made by machinery they cost 
174.39, and employed 140 men during a total of 296 hours. 


VALUE OF FARM CROPS IN 1900. 

The January Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture 
jives the value of the principal farm crops of the United 
States grown in 1900. The figures are as follows ; 

Corn..$751,220,034 

Wheat. 323,515,177 

Oats .. 208,669,233 

Harley. 24.075,271 

Rye. 12,295,417 

Buckwheat . 5,341,413 

Potatoes. . . 90.811,167 

Hay. 445.538,870 

It appears that, next to the corn crop, hay is the most 
valuable of the northern-grown farm products. 


THE OLDEST AMERICAN FORT. 

Standing where the Susquehanna splits itself into the 
north and south branches, is old Fort Augusta, the vet¬ 
eran stronghold of the United States. Beside a modern 
fort it would look, in size, like a dog alongside of an 
elephant. It is now the property of Mr. and Mrs. Isaac 
Gross of Sunbury. Pa,, and is located in a field about 
165 feet from the river bank. 

It was built in 1756, after plans by Col. Gordon, as a 
protection against the French and hostile Indians, and 
was named after the mother of George III. In shape it 
closely resembles a bake oven, and its interior is curious 
and interesting. A small mound of earth marks ihe 
spot, with an opening in the ground two and one-half 
feet wide. Twelve four-inch stone steps lead below. On 
descending the ground space inside is found to be 10x12 
feet, and eight feet from the other to the apex of the 
arched ceiling. The arch is brick, and commences in an 
offset purposely made in the wall five feet above the 
ground floor. The bricks are said to be of English man¬ 
ufacture. 

Its location at the forks of the Susquehanna had strong 
strategic advantages, as it held the chief passage by wat¬ 
erway from the north of the state. When completed, it 
was regarded as one of the most important of all the fort¬ 
ifications erected on the frontiers of the provinces, Its 
original armament consisted of 12 cannons and two 
*wivels, and one of these cannons is still in existence at 
Sunbury. It is of English make, of about three and one- 
Saif inch bore, and weighs nearly 1.00C pounds. 












LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. 

First invented by B. Franklin, in 1752. Copper is the 
best material. When circumstances are not such as to 
promote corrosion iron may be used, but of larger dimen¬ 
sions. Its conductivity is about one-fifth that of copper. 
Copper lightning conductors should be of the following 
dimensions: Rods y 2 in. diam., tubes % in. diam., % in. 
thick, or bands iy 2 in. wide, % in. thick. Iron lightning 
conductors should be either solid rods 1 in. diam., or 
bands 2 in. wide, % in. thick. 


Popular Vote for Presidential Candidates from 1824 
to and Including 1900. 

Prior to 1824 electors were chosen bj* the legislatures of the 
different states. 

824, J. Q. Adams —Had 105,321 to 155,872 for Jackson, 
44,282 for Crawford, and 46,587 for Clay. Jackson over Adams, 
50,551. Adams less than combined vote of others, 140.869. Of 
the whole vote Adams had 29.92 per cent., Jackson 44.27, Clay 
13.23, Crawford 13.23. Adams elected by House of Representa¬ 
tives. 

,1828, Jackson —Had 687,231 to 509,097 for Adams. Jackson’s 
majority, 138,134. Of the whole vote Jackson had 55.97 per 
cent., Adams 44.03. 

1832, Jackson —Had 687,502 to 530,189 for Clay, and 33,108 
for Floyd and Wirt combined. Jackson’s majority. 124,205. Of 
the whole vote Jackson had 54.96 per cent., Clay 42.39, and the 
others combined 2.65. 

1836, VanBuren —Had 761,549 to 736,656, the combined vote 
for Harrison, White, Webster, and Maguin. Van Buren’s majority, 
24,893. Of the whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 per cent., and 
the others combined 49.17. 

1840, Harrison— Had 1,275,017 to 1.128,702 for Van Burea; 
and 7.059 for Birney. Harrison’s majority, 139,256. Of the 
whole vote Harrison had 52.89 per cent., Van Buren 46.82, and 
Birney.29. * 

1844. Polk— Had 1,337,243 to 1,299.008 for Clay, and 62,360 
for Birney. Polk over Clay, 38,173. Polk less than others com¬ 
bined, 24,125. Of the whole vote Polk had 49.55 per cent., Clay 
48.14, and Birney 2.21. 

1848, Taylor— Had 1,360,101 to 1.220.544 for Cass, and 
291 263 for Van Buren. Taylor over Cass, 139,557. Taylor less 
than others combined, 151,706. Of the whole vote Taylor had 
47.36 per cent., Cass 42.50, and Van Buren 10.14. 

>1852, Pierce— Had 1,601,474 to 1.386,578 for Scott, and 
156,140 for Hale. Pierce over all, 58,747. Of the whole vote 
Pierce had 50.90 per cent., Scott 44.10, and Hale 4.07. 

1856. Buchanan—H ad 1,838.169 to 1,341.264 for Fremont, 
and 874.534 for Fillmore. Buchanan over Fremont 496,901* 



298 


Buchanan less than combined vote of others, 377,629. Of the 
whole vote Buchanan had 45.34 per cent., Fremont 33.09, and 
Fillmore 21.57. 

1860, Lincoln —Had 1,866,352 to 1,375,157 for Douglas, 
846,763 for Breckinridge, and 589,581 for BeM. Lincoln over 

Breckinridge, 491.195. Lincoln lesa than Douglas and Breckin¬ 
ridge combined, 354,568. Lincoln less than combined vote of all 
others, 944,149. Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 percent., 
Douglas 29.40, Breckingridge 18.08, and Bell 12.61. 

1864, Lincoln— Had 2'216,067 to 1,808,725 for McClellan. 
(Eleven states not voting, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.) Lincoln’s majority, 408,342. 
Of the whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent., and McClellan 
44.94. 

1868, Grant —Had 3,015,071 to 2,709,613 for Seymour. 
(Threestates not voting, viz.: Mississippi, Texas and Virginia.) 
Grant’s majority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant had 52.67 
per cent., and McCelllan 47.33. 

1872, Grant— Had 3,597,070 to 2,834,079 for Greeley, 29,408 
for O’Connor, and 5,608 for Black. Grant’s majority, 729.975. 
Of the whole vote Grant had 55.63 per cent., Greeley 43.83, 
O’Connor .15, Black.09. 

1876, Hayes— Had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 for Tilden, 81,740 
for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith, and 2,636 scattering. Tilden’s ma¬ 
jority over Hayes. 250,935. Tilden’s majority of the entire vote 
cast, 157,037. Hayes less than the combined vote of others, 
344,833. Of the whole vote cast Hayes had 47.95 percent., Tilden 
50.94 per cent., Cooper .97 per cent., Smith 11 per cent., scatter¬ 
ing .03. 

1880, Garfield —Had 4.449.053 to 4.442.035 for Hancock, 
307,306 for Weaver, and 12,576 scattering. Garfield over Han¬ 
cock, 7,018. Garfield less than the combined vote for others, 
313,864. Of the popular vote Garfield had 48.26 per cent.. Han¬ 
cock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .13. 

1884, Cleveland— Had 4.913,248 to 4.848,150 for Blaine, 
151,062 for St. John, 133,728 for Butler. Cleveland over Blaine, 
65,098. Cleveland less than entire vote of opponents, 219,712. 

1888, Harrison —Had 5,430,607 to 5,538,045 for Cleveland, 
257,243 to Fisk, and 114,623 to the Labor issue. Cleveland over 
Harrison, 107,438. Harrison less than entire vote of opponents. 
479,304. * 

1892, Cleveland— Had 5,553,142 to 5,186,931 for Harrison, 
1,030,128 to AVeaver (People’s party) and 268,361 to Bidwell 
(Prohibition). Cleveland over Harrison, 366,211. Cleveland less 
than entire vote of opponents 932,278. 

1896. McKinley— Had 7,105,959 to 6,454,943 for Bryan, to 
132.878 for Palmer (Gold Democrat), to 131,748 for Levering 
(Prohibition), to 36,260 for Matchett (Social-Labor). McKinley 
over Bryan, 651,016. McKinley over all competitors, 336,265. 

1900. McKinley— Had 7,206,677 to 6,374,397 for Bryan, 208,- 
555 for Wooley (Prohibition), 84,003 for Debs (Social-Democrat), 
McKinler over Bryan, 832,280. McKinley over all 443,054. 


299 


UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE. 

The purpose of the Civil Service act, declared in its 
title, is “to regulate and improve the Civil Service of the 
United States.” It provides for the appointment of three 
Commissioners, a Chief Examiner, a Secretary, and oth¬ 
er employees, and makes it the duty of the Commissioners 
to aid the President as he may request in preparing suit¬ 
able rules for carrying the act into effect; to make regu¬ 
lations to govern all examinations held under the pro¬ 
visions of the act, to make investigations and report upon 
all matters touching the enforcement and effect of the 
rules and regulations. The address of the Commission is 
Washington, D. C. 

Extent of the Service. 

It is estimated that the number of positions in the Ex¬ 
ecutive Civil Service is now about 182.000, of which 
80,000 are classified competitive positions and 102,000 
unclassified. Less than 20,000 of the official force are 
employed in Washington, D. C. Most of the unclassified 
positions are held by fourth-class postmasters, of whom 
there are more than 71,000. 

Divisions of the Service. 

The rules require that all that part of the Executive 
Civil Service of the United States which has been or may 
hereafter be classified under the Civil Service act shall be 
arranged in branches as follows ; The Departmental 
Service, the Customs Service, the Postal Service, the 
Government Printing Service, and the Internal Revenue 
Service. 

The Departmental Service includes all officers and em¬ 
ployes. who on the one hand are not appointed subject to 
the consent of the Senate, and on the other hand are 
above the grade of laborer, and who are serving in or on 
detail from the Departments, Commissions, and offices 
in the District of Columbia, the Railway Mail Service, the 
Indian Service, the Pension Agencies, the Steamboat In¬ 
spection Service, the Marine Hospital Service, the Light- 
House Service, the Life-Saving Service, the Revenue Cut¬ 
ter Service, the Mints and Assay offices, the Sub-Treas¬ 
uries, the Engineer Department at large, the Ordnance 
Department at large, the Land-Office Service, and the 
force employed under Custodians of Public Buildings, 
and in the U. S. Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kan. In 
addition to these are included all other employes (except 
laborers and persons whose appointments are subject to 
the Senatel whose duties are clerical and medical, or who 
serve as watchmen, messengers, draughtsmen, engineers, 
firemen, computers, or as superintendents of construc¬ 
tion, superintendents of repairs, or foremen under the 
Supervising Architect of the Treasury, or who are in any 


300 

branch of the Treasury Department cot enumerated 
above. The Customs Service includes all officers and 
employes between the extremes before mentioned, who 
are serving in any customs district. The Postal Service 
includes all similar offices and employes at free-delivery 
post-offices. The Government Printing Service and the 
Internal Revenue Service cover all like positions in the 
branches indicated by their designations. 

Applications. 

Persons seeking to be examined must file an application 
blank. The blank for the Departmental Service at Wash¬ 
ington, Railway Mail Service, the Indian School Service 
and the Government Printing Service should be request¬ 
ed directly of the Civil Service Commission at Washing¬ 
ton. The blank for the Customs, Postal, or Internal Rev¬ 
enue Service must be requested in writing of the Civil 
Service Board Examiners at the office where service is 
sought. These papers should be returnd to the officers 
from whom they emanated. 

Applicants for admission must be citizens of the United 
States and of proper age. No person using intoxicating 
liquors to excess may be appointed. No discrimination 
is made on account of sex, color, or political or religious 
opinions. The limitations of age vary with the different 
services, but do not apply to any person honorably dis¬ 
charged from the military or naval service of the United 
States by reason of disability resulting from wounds or 
sickness incurred in the line of duty. 

Examinations. 

The applicants to enter the services designated are ex¬ 
amined as to their relative capacity and fitness. For or¬ 
dinary clerical places in the Departmental Customs and 
Internal Revenue Services the examination is con¬ 
fined »o orthography, penmanship, copying, letter-writing 
and simple arithmetic. Patent examiners are examined 
in physics and technics, mathematics, chemistry and me¬ 
chanical drawing. Meat inspectors are examined in let¬ 
ter-writing. veterinary anatomy and physiology, veterin¬ 
ary pathology and meat inspection. One of the tests for 
post-office and railway mail clerks is an exercise in read- 
f ig manuscript addresses. Specimen sets of questions 
<Vill be furnished by the Commission upon request Ex¬ 
aminations are held twice a year in every State and Ter¬ 
ritory at fixed times and places. All examinations relate 
as nearly as possible to the duties to be performed, and, 
wherever practicable, include experience and practical 
tests. No applicant is admitted to an examination in 
any one of the different recognized trades, such as those 
in the Government Printing Office, unless he has had five 
years' experience in his trade, one year of which must 


301 

have been as a journeyman. This information is obtained 
by personal questions relating to the applicant’s exper¬ 
ience at his trade and the certificates of persons who have 
employed him. No one is certified for appointment whose 
standing in any examination is less than 70 per centum 
of complete proficiency, except applicants whose claims 
for military or naval preference under Section 1,754 R. S. 
have been admitted. These need obtain but 65. The law 
also prescribes competitive examinations for promotion 
in the service. A certificate is given to each person ex¬ 
amined, stating whether he passed or failed to pass. 

Excepted Peaces. 

Among the places excepted from examination or sub¬ 
ject only to non-competitive examination are the follow¬ 
ing : Two private secretaries or confidential cleras to 
the President and each of the heads of departments; one 
for each head of bureau appointed by the President and 
confirmed by the Senate, if authorized by law; all persons 
appointed solely by the President, attorneys, and special 
assistant attorneys. The excepted positions throughout 
the departments were increased in number by the Presi¬ 
dent’s order of May 29, 1899, but are too diverse and 
too numerous to mention here specifically. 

Appointments. 

Upon the occurrence of a vacancy, the appointment to 
fill, if not made by promotion, reduction, transfer, rein¬ 
statement (for all of which provision is made by the Civil 
Service rules), must be made by selection from the eligi- 
bles of highest grade on the appropriate register. In the 
Executive Departments at Washington and in the Gov¬ 
ernment Printing Office appointments are apportioned 
among the States and Territories on the basis of popula¬ 
tion. "Every appointment is made for a probationary 
period of six months. Whenever there are no names of 
eligibles, upon a register for any position in which a va¬ 
cancy exists, and the public interest requires that it be 
filled before eligibles can be provided by the Commission, 
such vacancy may, subject to the approval of the Com¬ 
mission, be filled by appointment without examination 
and certification until an eligible can be provided by the 
Commission. The number of women applying for cleri¬ 
cal places is greatly in excess of the calls of. appointing 
officers. The positions to which the largest numbers of 
them are appointed are. those of assistant microscopists in 
the branch offices of the Bureau of Animal Industry at 
the various stockyards throughout the country, and 
teachers, matrons, seamstresses, etc., in the Indian Ser¬ 
vice. A few receive appointments as stenographers and 
typewriters in the Departmental Service, and a few are 
appointed to technical and professional places. 


NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED 

STATES. 

The conditions under and the manner in which an 
alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United 
States are prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised 
Statutes of the United States. 

DECLARATION OF INTENTION. 

The alien must declare upon oath, before a circuit or 
district court of the United States, or a district or 
supreme court of the Territories, ora court of record of 
any of the States having common law jurisdiction, and a 
seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, 
that it is, bona fide , his intention to become a citizen of 
the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance 
and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particu¬ 
larly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen 
or subject. 

OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION. 

He must, at the time of his application to be admitted, 
declare on oath, before some one of the courts above 
specified, “ that he will support the Constitution of the 
United States, and that he absolutely and entirely 
renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every 
foreign prince, potentate, State or sovereignty, and par¬ 
ticularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, State or 
sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject,” 
which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the 
court. 

CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP. 

If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to 
which the alien has applied that he has resided continu¬ 
ously within the United States for at least five years, and 
within the State or Territory where such court is at the 
time held one year at least; and that during that time 
“he has behaved as a man of good moral character, 
attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United 
States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness 
of the same,” he will be admitted to citizenship. 

TITLES OF NOBILITY. 

If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order 


303 

of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the 
same at the time of his application. 

SOLDIERS. 

Any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upward, 
who has been in the armies of the United States and has 
been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a 
citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration 
of intention, provided that he has resided in the United 
States at least one year previous to his application, and is 
of good moral character. 

MINORS. 

Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has 
resided in the United States three years next preceding 
his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside 
therein to the time he may make application to be admit¬ 
ted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of 
twenty-one years, and after he has resided five year? 
within the United States, including the three years of hi? 
minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a 
declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the 
court that for two years next preceding it has been his 
bona-fide intention to become a citizen. 

CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS. 

The children of persons who have been duly natural 
ized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time 
of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling 
in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. 

CITIZENS’ CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD. 

The children of persons who now are or have been 
citizens of the United States are, though born out of the 
limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered a 
citizens thereof. 

PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS. 

Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United 
States declares that “ all naturalized citizens of the United 
States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall 
receive from this Government the same protection of 
persons and property which is accorded to native-born 
citizens. ” 


PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT. 

Statement of Outstanding Principal of the Public Debt of the United States on January 1 
of each year from 1791 to 1842, inclusive, and on July 1 of each year from 1843 to 1886, 
inclusive, and on December 1 of each year from 1887 to 1891, inclusive. 

Jan. !• Jan. 1. July 1. July 1. 


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305 

How the price of Southern Confederate) 
Money Dropped. 

When the first issue of the Confederate money was scattered 
among the people, it commanded a slight premium. It than; 
scaled down as follows: June, 1861, 90c.; December 1, 1861, 80c.; 
December 15, 1861, 75c.; February 1, 1862, 60c.; February 1, 1863, 
*oc.; June, 1863, 8c.. January. 1864, 2c.; November, 1864, 4%c.; 
January, 1865, 2%c.. April 1, 1865, i l / 2 c. After that date, it toot 
from $800 to $1,000 in Confederate money to buy a one-doll&r 
greenback 


Length of Navigation of the Mississippi 

River. 

1 

The length of navigation 01 ..ie Mississippi river itself for ordi- 
nary large steamboats is about 2, c6i ..files, but small steamers can 
ascend about 650 miles further The following are its principal 
navigable tributaries, with the miles open to navigation. 


Minnesota. 
Chippewa . 
1 'owa .. . 


Big Horn.., 
Allegheny... 
Muskingum. 


Tennessee. 
Osage. 


Little White. 
Big Hatchie. 
Sunflower ... 
Tallahatchie., 

Red. 

Cypress ..... 

Black. 

Bartholomew 
Macon.. 


Miles 


20 v 

Wisconsin. 

y^* 

Rock. .... 

80 

Illinois... 

2,900 

Yellowstone. 

50 

Ohio. 

325 

Monongahela. 

94 

Kenawha..... 

105 

Green. 

365 

Cumberland. 

270 

Clinch.. 

302 

St. Francis. 

779 

Black.. 

48 

Arkansas.. 

75 

Issaquena. 

271 

Yazoo... 

175 

Big Black... 

986 

Cane. 

44 

Ouachita. 

61 

Boeuf.. 

100 

Tensas.. 

60 

Teche. 

218 

D’Arbonne. 

168 



16c 

64 


950 

no 

94 

200 

600 

So 

180 


328 

35 

54 

384 

55 

Z12 

5® 


Lafourche. 

The other navigable tributaries have less than fifty miles 
each of navigation. The total miles of navigation of these 
fifty-five streams is about 16,500 miles, or about two-thirds 
the distance around the world. The Mississippi aud its trib^ 
utaries may be estimated to possess 15,550 miles nav^able to 
steamboats, and 20,221 miles navigable to barges 
















































AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 


306 



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307 

THE HALE OF FAME. 


March 5, 1900, the Council of New York University 
accepted a gift of $100,000, afterward increased to 
$250,000, from a donor, whose name was withheld, 
for the erection and completion on University Heights, 
New York City, of a building to be called “The Hall of 
Fame for Great Americans.” A structure was accord¬ 
ingly built in the form of a semi-circle, 50 6 feet long, 
15 feet wide, and 17 0 feet high, connecting the Univer¬ 
sity Hall of Philosophy with the Hall of Languages. 
Within the colonnade 150 panels, each 2 by 8 feet, are 
to be placed, t 9 bear the names of Americans deemed 
the greatest in their respective fields. 

Under the rules adopted only persons born on what is now 
United States territory and who shall have been dead 
ten or more years are eligible to be chosen. Fifteen 
classes of citizens were recommended for consideration, 
to wit: Authors and editors, business men, educators, in¬ 
ventors, missionaries and explorers, philanthropists and 
reformers, preachers and theologians, scientists, engi¬ 
neers and architects, lawyers and judges, musicians, 
painters and sculptors, physicians and surgeons, rulers 
and statesmen, soldiers and sailors, distinguished men 
and women outside the above classes. Fifty names were 
to be inscribed on the tablets at the beginning, and five 
additional names every fifth year thereafter, until the 
year 2000, when the 150 inscriptions will be completed. 
Should there be a failure to select the entire fifty names 
at the beginning the vacancies shall be filled in a fol¬ 
lowing year. 

The rules prescribed that the Council should invite 
nominations from the public. Every nomination seconded 
by a member of the University Senate should be submit¬ 
ted to an electorate of one hundred eminent citizens se¬ 
lected by the Council, each of whom must vote for fifty 
of the candidates. 

In October, 1900, the University Senate received the 
ballots of the judges. Of the one hundred judges select¬ 
ed ninety-seven voted. The number of names which had 
been submitted to them was 252. Of these each judge 
returned a vote for fifty. The rule required that no 
candidate receiving less than fifty-one votes could be ac¬ 
cepted. The returns showed that but twenty-nine candi¬ 
dates received the required number and were chosen. 
These were as follows: George Washington, Abraham 
Lincoln, Daniel Webster, Benjamin Franklin, Ulysses 
S. Grant, John Marshall, Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo 
Emerson, Henry W. Longfellow, Robert Fulton, Wash¬ 
ington Irving, Jonathan Edwards, Samuel F. B. Morse, 
David G. Farragut, Henry Clay, Nathaniel Hawthorne, 
George Peabody, Robert E. Lee, Peter Cooper, Eli Whit¬ 
ney, John J. Audubon, Horace Mann. Henry Ward 
Beecher, James Kent, Joseph Story, John Adams, Wil¬ 
liam E, Channing, Gilbert Stuart, Asa Gray. 


308 


By vote of the committee of 100 chosen for that pur¬ 
pose it was decided, in October 1905 , that the names of 
John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Gen. 
Wiliam T. Sherman, John Quincy Adams, John Paul 
Jones, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Louis Agas¬ 
siz, Mary Lion, Emma Willard and Maria Mitchell be 
added to the roll of those entitled to places in the Hall 
of Fame, making the total number forty. The next 
balloting takes place in 1910 . 


GENERALS AND LIEUTENANT-GENERALS OF THE ARMY. 

1. George Washington: Elected General (and Com* 
mander-in-Chief ) of the Continental Army by the Con* 
tineutal Congress. June 15. Resigned December 23,1783. 

Nominated to the Senate, July 2, and commissioned by 
President John Adams, July 4, 1798, to be Lieutenant- 
General (and Commander-in-Chief) “of all the armies 
raised or to be raised in the service of the United States,” 
under authority conferred by an act of Congress, May 
28, 1798. Washington held this office till his death, Dec¬ 
ember 14,1799. 

2. Major-General Winfield Scott: Commissioned Lieu¬ 
tenant-General, by brevet, March 7, 1855, to rank from 
March 29,1847. Held this brevet rank on the active list 
to November 1, 1861, and on the retired list from that 
date until his death, May 27,1866. 

3. Major-General Ulysses S. Grant: Commissioned 
Lieutenant-General March 2, 1864. underact of Congress 
of Feb 27,1864, reviving that grade, and commissioned 
General July 25, 1866, creating the grade of General. 
General Grant vacated as General when he assumed the j 
office of President, March 4, 1869, He was appointed 
General, on the retired list, Mar. 3, 1885, and died July 
23,1885. 

4 Maj.-Gen Wm. T. Sherman: Appointed Lieut.-Gen. 
July 25, 1866, vice Grant, appointed General; and ap¬ 
pointed Gen Mar. 4. 1869. in place of Grant, when the 
latter assumed the office of President. General Sherman 
held the rank of Gen. on the active list until 1884, and on 
the retired list until his death. Feb. 14,1891. 

5. Maj.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan: Appointed Lieut.* 
Gen. Mar. 4. 1869, vice Sherman, appointed General. Was 
appointed General, June 1, 1888, and died Aug. 5, 1888. 

6. Maj.-Gen John M. Schofield: Appointed Lieut.- . 
Gen. Feb. 5, 1S95, Was retired Sept. 29, 1896, and now 
holds the rank of Lieut.-Gen. on the retired list. 

7. Maj.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles, the senior Maj-Gen., as¬ 
signed to command of the army on retirement of Gen. 
Schofield. The rank of Lieut.-Gen., conferred upon Gen. 




309 

Miles-by act of Congress of June 6, 1900, which provides: 
“That the senior major-general of the line commanding 
the army shall have the rank, pay, and allowances of a 
lieutenant-general.” 


Armories, Arsenals, Depots and Soldiers’ Homes, 

ARMORIES, ARSENALS AND ORDNANCE DEPOTS. 


Allegheny Arsenal, Pa. 
Augusta Arseual, Ga. 
Benicia Arsenal, Cal. 
Columbia Arsenal, Tenn. 
Fort Monroe Arsenal, Va. 
Fort Snelling Ordnance De¬ 
pot, Minn. 

Frankfort Arsenal, Pa. 
Indianapolis Arsenal, Ind. 
Kennebec Arsenal, Me. 
National Armory, Mass. 


New York Arsenal, N. Y. 
Omaha Ordnance Depot 
Rock Island Arsenal, Ill. 

St.Louis Powder Depot, Mo. 
San Antonio Arsenal, Tex. 
U. S. Powder Depot. N. J. 
Vancouver Barracks Ord¬ 
nance Depot, Wash. 
Watertown Arsenal, Mass 
Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y 


UNITED STATES ARHY RECRUITING REQUIREMENTS. 

Applicants for first enlistment mast be between the 
ages of eighteen and thirty-five years, of good character 
and habits, able-bodied, free from disease, and must be 
able to speak, read, and write the English language. 

No person under eighteen years of age will be enlisted 
or re-enlisted, and minors between the ages of eighteen 
and twenty-one years must not be enlisted without the 
written consent of father, only surviving parent, or legal 
ly appointed guardian. 

Original enlistments will be confined 'to persons who 
are citizens of the United States, or who have made legal 
declaration of their intention to become citizens thereof. 

Married men will be enlisted only upon the approval 
of a regimental commander. 

Applicants will be required to satisfy the recruiting of 
fleer regarding age and character, and should be pre 
pared to furnish the necessary evidence. 

For infantry and heavy artillery the height must, be not 
less than five feet four Niches, and weight not less than 
one hundred and twenty pounds (120) pounds and not 
more than one hundred and ninety (190) pounds. 

For cavalry and light artillery the height must be not 
less than five feet four inches and not more than five feet 
• ten inches, and weight not to exceed one hundred and 
sixty-five (165) pounds. No minimum weight is pre¬ 
scribed for these arms, but the chest measures must be 
satisfactory 




310 


RECRUITING DEPOTS. 

Columbus Barracks, Ohio; David’s Island, N. Y.; Jefferson Bar¬ 
racks, Mo., and 44 Recruiting Rendezvous all over the country. 

NATIONAL HOME FOR DISABLED VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS. 

The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers comprises seven 

branches. 

Eastern Branch. —National Home, Togus, Me. 

Southern Branch. — National Soldiers’ Home, Elizabeth City 
County, Va. 

Central Branch. —National Military Home, Montgomery County. 
Ohio. 

Northwestern Branch. —National Home, Milwaukee County, Wis. 
Marion Branch. —National Military Home, Grant County, Ind. 
Western Branch. —National Military Home, Leavenworth County, 
Kan. 

Pacific Branch.— Soldiers’ Home, Los Angeles County, Cal. 

Agency in Washington, D C. 


STATE HOMES. 

Vermont Soldiers’ Home, Bennington, Vt. 

National Soldiers’ Home, Quincy. Mass. 

Soldiers’ Home in Massachussetts, Chelsea, Mass. 

Fitch’s Home for the Soldiers, and Soldiers’ Hospital of Connecti¬ 
cut, Noroton Heights, Conn. 

New York State Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Bath, N. Y. 

New Jersey Home for Disabled Soldiers, Kearny, N. J. 

Pennsylvania Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers and Sailors, 
Erie, l’a. 

Michigan Soldiers’ Home, Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Sandusky, Ohio. 

Illinois Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Quincy Ill. 

Wisconsin Veterans’ Home. Waupaca, Wis 
Minnesota State Soldiers’ Home, Minnehaha, Minn. 

Iowa Soldiers’ Home, Marshalltown, Iowa. 

Nebraska Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Grand Island, Neb. 

Kansas State Soldiers’ Home. Dodge City, Kans. 

California Veterans’ Home, Yountville, Cal. 

South Dakota Soldiers’ Home, Hot Springs, S. Dak. 

Colorado Soldieis’ and Sailors* Home. Monte Vista, Colo. 

New Hampshire Soldiers’ Home, Tilton, N. H. 


The word “news ” was not. as many suppose, derived 
from the adjective new, but from the fact that many 
years ago it was customary to put at the head of the 
periodical publications of the day the initial letters of 
the compass, thus: 

N 



S 


Signifying that the matter contained therein was from 
the four quarters of the globe, From, these letters came 
the word “ news.” 






3 11 

Workshop Rules and Receipts. 

Moisture-Proof Glue.- One pound glue, melted In 
two parts skim-milk. 

To Remove Rust from Steel. —Brush the rusted 
steel with a paste composed of % oz. cyanide potassium, 
y z oz. castile soap, i oz. whiting, and enough water ta 
make a paste. Then w r ash the steel in a solution of 
oz. cyanide potassium in 2 oz. water. 

To Test Quality of Iron. —A soft , tough iron is 
indicated by the fracture giving long, silky fibers of a gray¬ 
ish hue, the fibers cohering and twisting together before 
breaking. Badly refined iron is indicated by shorty 
blackish fiber. Good iron is indicated by a medium, even 
grain, mixed with fibers. Brittle Iron is indicated by 
coarse grain, with brilliant crystallized fracture, brown or 
yellow spots. It works easily when heated, and welds 
easily. 

Hot Shot Iron is indicated by cracks on the edge of 
bars. Good iron heats readily, throws few sparks, and is 
soft when hammered. 

Marine Glue. —One part India rubber, twelve parts 
mineral naphtha. Mix, heat gently, and add twenty 
parts of shellac, powdered fine. Cool on a slab. Heat 
to 250 degrees when wanted for use. 

Parting Sand. —Burnt sand, scraped from the sur¬ 
face of castings. 

Loam. —Mixture of brick, clay and old foundry sand. 

Blackening for Molds. —Charcoal powder, or, in. 
some instances, fine coal dust. 

Black Wash. —Charcoal, plumbago and size. 

Mixture for Welding Steel.— i sal ammoniac, 10 
borax, pounded together, and fused until clear, when it 
is poured out, and, after cooling, reduced to powder. 



312 

Notes on Working of Steel. 

i. Good, soft heat is safe to use if steel be immediately ana 
thoroughly worked. 

It is a fact that good steel will endure more pounding than any 
iron. 

а. If steel be left long in the fire, it will lose its steely nature and 
grain, and partake of the nature of cast iron. 

Steel should never be kept hot any longer than is necessary tc 
the work to be done. 

3. Steel is entirely mercurial under the action of heat, and a 
careful study of the tables will show that there must, of necessity, 
be an injurious internal strain created whenever two or more parte 
of the same piece are subjected to different temperatures. 

4. It follows, that when steel has been subjected to heat not 
absolutely uniform over the whole mass, careful annealing should 
be resorted to. 

5. As the change of volume due to a degree of heat increase* 
directly and rapidly with the quantity of carbon present, there¬ 
fore high steel is more liable to dangerous internal strains than low 
steel, and great care should be exercised in the use of high steel. 

б. Hot steel should always be put in a perfectly dry place, of 
even temperature, while cooling. A wet place in the floor might 
be sufficient to cause serious injury. 

7. Never let any one fool you with the statement that his steel 
possesses a peculiar property which enables it to be “ restored " 
after being “ burned; ” no more should you waste any money on 
nostrums for restoring burnt steel. 

We have shown how to restore “ overheated ” steel. 

For “ burned ” steel, which is oxidized steel, there is only one 
way of restoration, and that is, through the knobbling fire or the 
blast furnace. 

“ Overheating n and “ restoring ” should only be allowable for 
purposes of experiment. The process is one of disintegration, and 
Is always injurious. 

8. Be careful not to overdo the annealing process; if carried 
too far it does great harm, and it is one of the commonest modes 
of destruction v 1 ’“h the steel-maker meets in his daily troubles. 



3*3 


If is hard to induce the average worker in steel to believe that 
eery little annealing is necessary, and that very little is really more 
efficacious than a great deal. 

The mean strength of American wrought iron is 45,900 lbs.; 
English 43,900. Ultimate extension of wrought iron is 600th part 
of its length. The working strain is from 1-6 to the mean 
strength. 

Resistance to flexure, acting evenly over the surface, equals 
one-half the tensile strength. Bars of wrought iron will expand 
or contract 151200th of their length for each degree of heat With 
range of temperature of this country (=20 to -f- I2o°)=i40°, will 
expand or contract 1080th part of its length, equal to a force of 
20,740 lbs., or 9^ tons per square inch of section. Tensile strength 
Increases, in from 1 to 6 reheatings and rollings, from 43,904 lbs. 
to 60,824 lbs.; in from 6 to 12, is reduced again to 43,904. 


Capacity of Cisterns. 

For each ten inches in depth. 


Twenty-five feet in diameter holds.3,059 gallons 

Twenty feet in diameter holds.1.958 gallons 

Fifteen feet in diameter holds.1,101 gallons 

Fourteen feet in diameter holds. 959 gallons 

Thirteen feet in diameter holds. 827 gallons 

Twelve feet in diameter holds. 7°5 gallons 

Eleven feet in diameter holds. 59 2 gallons 

Ten feet in diameter holds. 489 gallons 

Nine feet in diameter holds. 39^ gallons 

Eight feet in diameter holds.. 3 X 3 gallons 

Seven feet in diameter holds. ' 239 gallons 

Six and one-half feet in diameter holds. 206 gallons 

Six feet in diame.er holds. 176 gallons 

Five feet in diameter holds. 122 gallons 

Four and one half feet in diameter holds. 99 gallons 

Four feet in diameter holds.... 78 gallons 

Three feet in diameter holds... 44 gallons 

Two and one-half feet in diameter holds. 30 gallons 

Two feet in diameter holds. . 19 gallons 






















314 

THE NATION’S COLONIES AND POSSESSIONS. 


UNITED STATES. 


Alaska . 

Guam . 

Hawaii . 

Porto Rico . 

Philippines . 

Samoan Islands . 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

Aden and Perim . . 

Ascension ... 

Australian Commonwealth . 

Bahamas . 

Bahrein Islands . 

Barbados . 

Basutoland . 

Bechuanaland . 

Bermuda . 

British Guiana . 

British Honduras. 

British New Guinea. 

British North Borneo. 

Canada ... 

Cape Colony. 

Central Africa Prot. 

Ceylon ... 

Cyprus . 

East Africa Prot. 

Falkland Islands . 

Federated Malay States. 

Fiji .. 

Gambia . 

Gambia Protectorate. 

Gibraltar . 

Gold Coast. 

Gold Coast Prot. 

Hongkong . 

Hongkong (leased territory). 

India . 

Jamaica and Turkish Islands. 

Labuan . 

Lagos . 

Lagos Protectorate. 

Leeward Islands.. 

Malta .. 

Mauritius .. 

Natal .. 

N ewfoundland-Labrador .\. 

New Zealand... 

Northern Nigeria... 

Orange River Colony. 

Rhodesia .. 

St. Helena . 

Sarawak . 

Seychelles ... 

Sierra Leone.. 

^Sierra Leone Prot . 


l. Miles. 

Population. 

. 599,446 

63,592 

150 

9,000 

. 6,449 

154,001 

3,606 

953,243 

. 119,542 

7,635,426 

79 

5,800 

80 

41,222 

35 

400 

.2,972,906 

331,274 

4,404 

53,735 

273 

25.000 

. 166 

197,792 

. 10,293 

348,848 

. 275,000 

120,000 

19 

19,455 

. 109,000 

295,848 

7,562 

38,981 

. 90,540 

350,000 

. 31,106 

200,000 

.3,619,819 

5,528,847 

. 276,995 

2,409,804 

. 40,890 

794,000 

. 25,481 

3,740,562 

3,584 

243,184 

. 180,482 

2,400,000 

7,500 

2,044 

. 26,350 

801,240 

. 7,740 

117,696 

69 

13.461 

3,057 

155,000 

2 

19,032 

. 71,300 

1,379,000 

. 48,000 

107,500 

30 

320,794 

376 

102,254 

.1,766,797 

294,361,056 

4,373 

800,685 

30 

8,411 

3,420 

41,847 

. 23,280 

1,024,300 

700 

130,434 

117 

197,070 


374,644 

. 36,170 

1,039,787 

. 162,734 

224,192 

. 104,471 

832,505 

. 315,000 

10 ,000,000 

. 50,000 

385,945 

. 582,000 

1 ,000.000 

47 

3,500 

. 50,000 

500,000 

. 148 

19,972 

. 4,000 

76,655 

. 30,000 

950,000 
























































315 


O. iU llCot 

Somaliland Protectorate. 60,000 

Southern Nigeria. 49,704 

Straits Settlement. 1,526 

Tonga and Pacific Islands. 800 

Transvaal .,. 117,732 

Trinidad and Tobago. 1,868 

Uganda . 89,400 

YVei-hai-wei . 285 

Windward Islands. 499 

Zanzibar Protectorate . 1,020 

GERMAN Y. 

Bismarck Archipelago. 20,000 

Caroline and Pelew Islands. 560 

German East Africa.. 384,180 

German Southwest Africa. 322,450 

Kaiser Wilhelm Land. 70,000 

Kamerun . 191,160 

Kiauchau Bay. 200 

Marianne Islands. 250 

Marshall Islands, etc. r . 150 

Samoan Islands. 1,000 

Solomon Islands. 4 200 

Togoland .,. 33,700 

ITALY. 

Fritrea, etc. 88,500 

Somali Coast. 100,000 

\ JAPAN. 

Formosa . 13,455 

Pescadores . 85 

FKA NCE. 

Algeria .. 2 . 184,474 

Anam . 52,100 

Cambodia . 37,400 

Cochin China. 22,000 

' Comoro Isles. 620 

Dahomey . 60,000 

Guadeloupe, etc. 688 

Guiana . 30,500 

Guinea, French. 95,000 

India, French. 196 

Ivory Coast. 116,000 

Kongo, French. 450,000 

Laos . 98,400 

Madagascar and Islands. 227,950 

Martinique . 380 

Mayotte . 140 

New Caledonia, etc. 7,650 

Oceanic Establishments. 1,520 

Reunion . ' . 966 

Sahara, YVestem.1,544,000 

St. Pierre md Miquelon. 92 

Senegal . 806,000 

Senegambia and Niger. 210,000 

Somali Coast. 46,000 

Tonquin . 46,000 

Tunis . 51,000 


Population. 

300,000 


589,881 

30,000 

1,354,000 

300,000 

1,650,000 

124,000 

167,067 

200,000 

188,000 

50,000 

6,847,000 

200,000 

110,000 

3,500,000 

32,000 

2,000 

15,000 

33,000 

45,000 

1,500,000 

450,000 

400,000 

2,899,586 

53,448 

4,739,300 
6,124,000 
1,500,000 
2,968,600 
47,000 
1,000,000 
182,110 
32,910 
' 2,200,000 
273,700 
2,000,000 
10,000,000 
605,000 
2,505,240 
203,780 
11,640 
51,410 
29,000 
173,200 
2,550,000 
6,250 
4,523,000 
3,000,000 
200.000 
10,000,000 
1,900,000 
























































316 


NETHERLANDS. 


t 

Bali and Lombok. 4,065 

Banca . 4,446 

Billiton . 1,863 

Borneo . 212,737 

Celebes . 22,080 

Curacao . 403 

Dutch Guiana . 46,060 

JaTa and Madura. 50,554 

Molucca Islands. 43,864 

New Guinea. 151,789 

Riau-Linnga Archipelago. 16,301 

Sumatra . 161,612 

Timor Archipelago. 17,698 

PORTUGAL. 

Angola . 484,800 

Azores . 922 

Cape Verde Islands. 1,480 

Damao, Diu.. 169 

East Africa. 293,400 

Goa ... 1,469 

Guinea . 13,940 

Macao, etc. 4 

Prince’s and St. Thomas. 360 

Timor . 7,330 

RUSSIA. 

Bokhara . 80.000 

Khiva . 22,320 

SPAIN. 

Canaries . 2,807 

Ceuta . 13 

Fernando Po, etc. 780 

Rio de Oro and Odrar. 70,000 

Rio Muni, etc. 780 

BELGIUM. 

Kongo Free State. 900,000 

CHINA. 

Chinese Turkestan, etc. 580,000 

Manchuria . 364,000 

Mongolia .1,200,000 

Tibet . 700,000 

DENMARK. 

Faroe Islands. 540 

Greenland . 46,740 

Iceland . 39,756 

West Indies. 138 

TURKEY. 

Bulgaria . 37,200 

Crete . 3,330 

Cyprus . 3,710 

Samos . 180 

Egypt . 400,000 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Bosnia and Herzegovina. 19,702 


1,041,696 

106,305 

43,386 

1,087,597 

429,773 

53,046 

72,205 

28,746,688 

410,190 

200,000 

86,186 

3,052,699 

119,239 

4,119,000 

255,594 

147,424 

56,285 

3,120,000 

475,513 

820,000 

63,991 

42,103 

300,000 

1,250,000 

800,000 

358,564 

13,000 

21,946 

130,000 

21,946 

30,000,000 

2,000,000 

13,000,000 

2,000,000 

2,000,000 

15,230 

11,893 

78,470 

30,527 

3,744,300 

310,400 

237,000 

54,840 

9,821,100 

1,568,092 


•s. 















































3*7 

EUROPE. 

Europe is a peninsula, projecting from Asia. It is situated faj 
Ihe same latitude as the United States and the Dominion of Canada. 

The extreme length of Europe from northeast to southwest it 
about 3,500 miles. The population is about six times that of th» 
United States. 

Its water boundary, if a continuous line, would reach four-fifth9 
of the way around tHe world. 

The British isles are separated from the continent by the North 
Sea, which has an average depth of about 600 feet. There is 
much evidence to show that they were formerly a part of the main¬ 
land. 

In relative extent of coast Europe surpasses all other countries. 
It is partly to the great number of indentations of the coast that 
Europe owes its commercial supremacy. 

The islands of Europe constitute about one-twentieth of its 

area. 

The greater part of the continent is low and level. Russia and 
all the territory bordering on the North and Baltic seas constitute 
a vast plain, called Low Europe. The basin of the Caspian Sea 
and much of the Netherlands are below the sea-level. 

A high plateau, extending along the southern part of the conti¬ 
nent, is known as High Europe. This plateau is surrounded by 
the irregular and broken mountain ranges which constitute the 
Alpine System, the main axis of the continent. 

The Alps are the highest range. The other principal ranges are 
the Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Carpathian and Caucasus 
mountains. 

The Alps have long been celebrated for the number and extent 
of their glaciers, among which are the sources of the Rhine, Rhone, 
Po and several tributaries of the Danube. 

The chief lake region of Europe is in Northwestern Russia, 
Lake Ladoga is the largest lake. 

The lakes in Switzerland, especially Geneva and Constance, are 
celebrated for their beautiful scenery. There are many salt 
lakes in Russia, most of which are situated in the basin of the 
Caspian Sea. 

Most of the rivers of Western Europe are connected with one 
another by canals, and are navigable. 

Climate. —Europe enjoys a more equable climate than any other 
country situated in corresponding latitudes. Its mildness is due, 
chiefly, to the southwesterly winds, which are warmed by the water 
of the Gulf Stream. 

Rain is most abundant on the western coasts. 

The tundras, or frozen marshes of the Arctic Slope, are covered 
with mosses and willows. South of this region is a belt of dAnso 
forest, chiefly of pine, oak, elm and ash. 

Grains, hemp, flax and tobacco are cultivated in the central 
regions. The cultivation of the grape, olive, orange, lemon, tig, 
mulberry and cotton is confined, chiefly, to the Mediterranean 


Most of the wild animals have disappeared. The reindeer, 
white bear and other animals valuable for their furs are, however, 
found in the more thinly settled regions; the wolf and wild boar 
are common in the forests, and the chamois and ibex inhabit the 
Alpine heights. . 

Water-fowl are numerous. The sardine, herring, pilchard, 
anchovy and other fish suitable for food abound in the surrounding 
waters. , . 

Minerals. —Coal, iron and copper are very widely distributed. 
Silver, zinc and lead are plentiful in the central highlands. 
Quicksilver, niter, sulphur and salt in volcanic regions. Coral of 
great beauty and value is obtained in the Mediterranean Sea. 

People. —The inhabitants of Europe, numbering about 330,000,- 
000, belong to the Caucasian and Mongolian races. 

ASIA. 

Asia, the largest country in the world, occupies the eastern part 
of the Eastern Continent. 

It contains about one-third of the land surface of the earth — is 
twice as large as North America, and nearly five times the size of 
the United States. Its greatest length is 7,500 miles, nearly one- 
third the circumference of the earth. 

The islands of Asia are a partly submerged mountain chain. Al) 
of them vclcanic 

The northwestern Asia is a continuous plain; the southeastern, 
an elevated plateau traversed by high mountains. The line of 
greatest length is also the line which separates the highlands from 
the lowlands. From the Hindoo Koosh, the mountain ranges of 
Asia radiate toward the east. 

The Himalaya Mountains are the highest in the world. The 
summit of Mt. Everest is over 29,000 feet above the sea-level, being 
more than 6,000 feet higher than the highest peak of the American 
continent. 

The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral are thought to have been 
formerly arms of the ocean. Both are salt lakes. The former if 
below the sea-level. 

Lake Baikal is the largest body of fresh water in Asia and is 
about as large as Lake Erie. 

The rivers of Asia, though of great length, are distinguished by 
narrow valleys, rather than large basins. Most of them rise in the 
central highlands, from which they radiate in three directions, 
— north, east, and south, and mingle their waters with those of 
three oceans. 

The Yang-tse and Hoang rivers are subject to great changes, 
brought about by the shifting of their channels. In 1851, the 
Hoang Ho burst through its banks and poured its waters into the 
Gulf ot Pecheelee, and within two years its lower course had so 
changed that the*ttouth of the river had shifted 250 miles from its 
former position. ' 

Central Hindoostanis often called the Plateau of the Deccan. 

The Obi is the only river navigable to any considerable distance. 


319 

The river valleys and the plains which are well watered are. 
«xtremely fertile. The high, central region and the western pla¬ 
teaus are dry, sandy, and barren. 

Every degree of temperature and moisture may be found in Asia, 
from that of the frozen tundras of Siberia, to that of the hot, pesti¬ 
lential jungles of India. The deserts of Arabia, Persia, Turkestan 
and Gobi receive little or no rain, while the southern slope of the 
Himalaya is annually inundated. 

Siberia is swept by icy winds from the Arctic Ocean; Arabia, by 
the hot and fatal simoom. India is traversed by winds which 
scorch the entire surface for half the year, and flood it with rain the 
remaining part. 

Destructive cyclones often visit the coast, frequently piling up 
the waters of the Bay of Bengal until the lowlands of the Ganges 
are submerged. 

Southern Asia is covered with a dense tropical vegetation. The 
palm, bamboo, and banyan tree are abundant Rice, cotton, 
sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, poppy', and the spices, are the prin¬ 
cipal plants cultivated in the plains and valleys of Southern Asia. 

Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in the tem¬ 
perate zones. Vast forests of pine, larch, teak, maple and birch 
are on the upland terraces of Siberia. The chief cultivated 
plants of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Asia are wheat, tea 
and rice. 

Western Asia produces the famous Mocha coffee, tobacco, the 
fig, date and olive. 

Nearly all the domestic animals of the earth are found in Asia, 
and most of them are native to it. The camel and elephant are 
used as beasts of burden. 

Southern Asia abounds in fierce animals and dangerous reptiles. 
The largest animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, lion, tiger, 
hyena, and jackal. The reptiles include the crocodile, py'thon 
and cobra de capello. Monkeys and beautiful birds are numerous. 

In the colder regions the bear, wolf, fox, buffalo and several 
species of wild cattle are common. Also many kinds of deer. 

Gold and platinum are widely diffused throughout the Ural 
Mountains and the central plateaus. 

Silver is mined in Siberia. Copper and iron are abundant and 
widely distributed. 

Tin is abundant in the Malay Peninsula and the Island off 
Banca, near Sumatra. 

Petroleum is found in the basin of the Caspian Sea. 

Asia has always been famous for precious stones. Mosz of the 
large and valuable diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are 
from the mines of India. 

The finest pearls are obtained in the Persian Gulf and in the 
water along the coasts of Ceylon. 

Asia is probably the birthplace of the human race. The strongs 
est evidences of history and science point to the highlands oil 
Asia as the birthplace of man. Somewhere in the valleys of 
Persia, the old name of which was Arya, there lived a people who 
built houses, cultivated the soil and had forms of government 


320 


Siberia. Russian Turkestan and Transcaucasia are sub¬ 
ject to Russia, whose capital is St. Petersburg. Siberia 
mav be divided into three belts; agricultural ana grazing 
land in the South; forests in the middle; frozen marshes 
in the North. Gold, silver, platinum, graphite, etc., are 
mined in the Ural and other mountains; and numerous wild 
animals are hunted for their costly furs. Trade is car¬ 
ried on by means of caravans and camel trains. In sum¬ 
mer boats navigate the rivers, and in winter sledges are 
drawn on the ice and snow by dogs, horses and reindeer. 
The Siberian and Manchurian railroad connects European 
Russia with the Pacific shore, both at Vladivostok, the 
Russian stronghold, and at Dglny and Port Arthur, now 
held by the Japanese. The chief cities are Tifiis in 
Transcaucasia, west of the Caspian Sea; Tashkend, in 
Russian Turkestan; Omsk, in Western Siberia; Harbin 
and Irkootsk, in Eastern Siberia. Yakootsk, on the Lena 
River is said to be the coldest city in the world. 

The Chinese Empire is larger by one-half than the 
United States and contains about four times as many in¬ 
habitants. The greater part of the population dwells in 
China proper, where the land is fertile and well cultivat¬ 
ed, agriculture being the chief occupation of the peo¬ 
ple. Rivers and canals are numerous; much traveling is 
done in boats. Thousands of the inhabitants of China have 
their houses and gardens on rafts and boats which float 
on the rivers. The food of the Chinese consists, princi¬ 
pally, of rice and fish. The leading exports from China are 
tea, silk, and porcelain. Its trade is carried on, mainly, 
with Great Britain, Australia, Germany, Japan, the 
United States and Russia. The influence of the Japanese 
in China is growing rapidly. Many of the inhabitants of 
the Northwest of the empire are wandering tribes, raising 
horses, sheep and goats. Pekin, the capital of the Chinese 
Empire, is noted for its surrounding walls, magnificent 
gates and temples. Its houses are only one or two stor¬ 
ies high. Its populatiori is 1,000,000. Thibet is situated 
on a high plateau, surrounded by the highest mountains 
in the world. 

Corea is a kingdom, ft is, however, under the con¬ 
trol of the Japanese government, and will be annexed to 
Japan before long. 

The Empire of Japan consists of a chain of islands 

extending along the Eastern coast of Asia. Japan con¬ 
tains beautiful lakes, rivers, water-falls, trees, and flow¬ 
ers of great variety. The Japanese are small of stature, 
and like them, the trees, gardens, houses and everything 
tends to miniature size. The country, owing to its nat¬ 
ural beauty, is called one grand park. The most cele¬ 
brated mountain in Japan is Fujiyama, whose summit 
is covered with snow nearly all the year. In summer 


321 


bands of pilgrims dressed in white travel to its summit to 
\v. rship. The principal occupations of the Japanese are 
agriculture, manufacturing and mining. They export tea, 
rice, silks, porcelain, fans and lacquered ware. The Jap¬ 
anese took Formosa from China, and by their victory over 
Russia gained complete control over Korea and Liaotung 
peninsula. Tokio, the capital, is the residence of the em¬ 
peror, called the mikado. Its chief port is Yokohama. 

India is larger than all the Pacific States and Territories, and 
contains about four times as many inhabitants as the United 
States. ij 

The Empire of India is ruled by the Governor-General, -who is 
appointed by Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and 
Empress of India. Next to the Chinese Empire it is the most 
populous in the world. India was settled by the Aryans, about 
1400 B. C. They were Brahmins, but unlike the Brahmins of the 
present time in their religious teaching and practices. Their lan¬ 
guage was the Sanskrit. The people are divided into castes. They 
believe in the transmigration of souls. Gautama or Buddha, about 
500 B. C-, introduced a form of religion which, after a long struggle 
with Brahmanism, was overcome in India and transplanted in 
China, where it has degenerated into a debasing form of idolatry. 
Queen Elizabeth chartered the East India Company in 1600 A. D. 
The vast empire, which had grown by its conquests, was tiaas- 
ferred to the British Crown in 1858. 

Nearly the whole of India is subject to Great Britain, either 
absolutely or as tributary states. 

India is remarkable for its high, snow-covered peaks, hot 
climate and large population. 

Its low plains in the north are the most fertile in the world. The 
west and south contain desert tracts. 

Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal industries. 

The exports are cotton, opium, rice, wheat and jute. Cattle, 
camels, buffalos, sheep and goats are numerous. The inhabitants 
subsist, principally, upon rice, fish and tea. 

Calcutta is the capital and the largest city in India, and the 
most important city in Asia. Bombay, on the western coast, and 
Madras, on the eastern, are important cities. 

Ceylon is a mountainous island, belonging to Great Britain. It 
Is famous for coffee and spices Pearl oysters abound on the 
southern coast, and the fishery is often very profitable. 

Farther India or Indo-China, forming the southeastern 
peninsula of Asia, comprises the kingdoms of Burmah, Siam and 
Anam, Lower Cochin China, Cambodia and the Malay Peninsula. 

This division of Asia is remarkable for its long mountain 
ranges and fertile valleys, its hot, moist climate, and its dense 
forests and jungles. 

It contains large, savage animals, and many tribes of people 
scarcely removed from barbarism. 

The chief occupa-tion of the inhabitants is the cultivation of rice, 
wmch is their principal article of food 


322 

Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is the largest city in Farther 
India. It contains royal palaces and many pagodas. These are 
surrounded by bamboo houses built on piles. 

Mandalay is the capital of Burmah. 

Saigon is a sea-port of French Cochin China. 

Singapore, on the Island of Singapore, is a sea-port belonging 
to Great Britain. 

Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan and Bokhara are 

remarkable for their desert tracts, forest-covered mountains and 
fertile river valleys. 

The principal products are grain, fruits, sugar, indigo and 
dates. 

Many of the inhabitants own large flocks of goats and sheep, 
while others are engaged in the manufacture of silk goods, shawls, 
rugs and perfumery, or in the caravan trade. There are, also, 
many roving, warlike tribes. Nearly all are Mohammedans. 

Persia is remarkable for extensive salt deserts. Near the Cas¬ 
pian Sea, however, vegetation is luxuriant. Here, as in other 
Mohammedan countries, education is confined to learning portions 
of the Koran and scraps of poetry. The Persians are a slow, easy¬ 
going people, hospitable, generous, but procrastinating. 

These countries are important because of their situation between 
Russia and the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan has been called the 
“gateway to India.” 

Teheran, the capital of Persia, and Tabriz, are the chief cities. 

Cabul, Herat and Candahar are the principal cities in Afghan¬ 
istan. 

Arabia is chiefly a hot, desert plateau, with oases of different 
sizes, in which dates, grapes, tamarinds and other fruits grow. 

It has no general government, the inhabitants being ruled by 
sheiks or chiefs. The rulers are called Sultans. 

Arabia is celebrated for fine dromedaries and horses, and excel¬ 
lent coffee. 

Muscat, the capital of Oman, is the largest city in Arabia, and 
the chief sea-port. 

Aden is a fortified sea-port belonging to Great Britain. 

Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed, is visited by many Mo¬ 
hammedan pilgrims every year. It is said to be the hottest city in 
the world. 

' .Turkey in Asia is a part of\he Ottoman, or Turkish Empire, 
whose capital is Constantinople. 

Its northern part is remarkable for forests, mountains and fertile 
valleys. Its eastern part for the fertile plains of the Tigris and 
Euphrates, and its southern for a desert region. 

Tropical fruits, cotton, grain and tobacco grow abundantly. 

The people are.chiefly Turks and Arabs, professing the Moham. 
me dan religion. 

Smyrna, an important commercial port and steamer station, i» 
the largest city. 

Damascus is the oldest city in the world. It contains grand old 


323 

mosques, and is the center of the caravan trade. Xtt manufactures 
comprise saddles and silk goods. 

Palestine, or the Holy Land, is mentioned in Scripture as thfe 
Promised Land of the Ancient Hebrews, and the birthplace o t 
Christianity. It contains the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, 
the Valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee, 

AFRICA. 

Africa, the south-western continent of the Old World, is the only 
Country stretching entirely across the Torrid Zone. 

It is a peninsula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. The 
ship-canal, constructed across the isthmus, makes it, artificially, 
an island. The shortest distance across the Isthmus of Suez is 
about seventy-two miles; the line of the canal is one hundred 
miles. The average height of the isthmus above sea-level is 
scarcely ten feet. 

The Suez Canal was completed in 1869. It has a depth of twenty- 
four feet, and a clear channel seventy-two feet in width. By con¬ 
necting the Red sea with the Mediterranean, this canal furnishes an 
shorter route between European ports and India, than that around 
the Cape of Good Hope. It extends from Port Said, on the Medi¬ 
terranean, to Suez, a sea-port town near the head of the Gulf of 
Suez. 

Africa is the second country in size. Its length and breadth are. 
each about 5,000 miles. 

The coast is unbroken by bays and inlets such as make secure 
harbors for vessels. In proportion to its size, it has the shortest 
coast-line. 

There are many continental islands lying along the coast off 
Africa. Madagascar, the largest, is separated from the continent 
by a very shallow channel. 

The interior of Africa is a plateau, which is highest in the south 
and south east. This, in most parts, is bordered by mountains, 
between which and the sea is a low and narrow strip of coast. 

The average elevation of the high plateau is about 5,000 feet; 
and of the northern region, about 1,500 feet. 

The principal mountain system extends along the eastern sideo^ 
the continent. Mount Kenia, the highest peak, is about 20,000 fee: 
above the level of the sea 

The Great Sahara Desert has an undulating surface, and i£ 
covered mostly with shifting sand and gravel. A small portion^ 
south of Barca, is below the sea-level. 

Oases, watered by springs and covered with groves of date-palm 
trees, are met with in different parts of the desert. 

Soudan, situated south of the Great Desert, is a region remark 
able for its extreme heat and excessive rains and droughts. 

Central Africa, or the region crossed by the Equator, ir 
remarkable for its fertility; and, owing to its great height above^ 
the sea-level, its climate is mild and healthful. This region i*- 
drained hv many large rivers. 


324 

Southern Africa is mountainous, but it contains many fertile 
valleys and plains well adapted to agriculture and stock-raising. 
The Kalahari Desert, though destitute of streams, is covered 
during a great part of the year with grass. The lakes of Africa 
are confined chiefly to the high, equatorial region, and are remark¬ 
able for their number and size. Lake Victoria is the largest lake 
in the world. Its outlet is the Nile river. 

The River Nile flows through the most important part of Africa. 
Its lower course is in a region almost rainless, and for more than 
1,500 miles it does not receive a single tributary. It is fed by the 
annual rains and the melting snows of the high mountains. 

The water of the Nile is highest from May till September, when 
the lower valley is covered with a fine, rich soil, brought down by 
the flood; and the seeds which are scattered over the water, as it 
subsides, bring forth abundant crops of grain. Cotton, also, is an 
important product of the Nile Valley. 

The Congo, first explored by Livingstone, and afterward by 
Stanley, drains the most fertile part of the continent. Its source is 
In the region of heavy rains. 

The region of greatest heat is in the Egyptian Soudan. There 
the midday temperature during the summer months is often 140 
deg. Fahr., while the nights are sometimes so cold that ice forms. 
In the desert, hot winds, known as simooms, are prevalent, and 
sand storms are often destructive. The coast, generally, is very 
unhealthy. ) 1 

Southern Africa possesses a mild and genial climate. Here 
ire the principal settlements formed by Europeans in Africa, 
This is the home of the Caffre. 

Northern Africa yields grain, cotton, dates, almonds, and olive- 
oil. Rice is a leading product of the Guinea Coast. The date- 
palm flourishes along the shores of the Mediterranean and in the 
oases of the desert. The famous baobab-tree is found in Central 
Africa. Itis famous for its great size and age. Groves of teak, 
mangrove, ebony, and India rubber abound on the western coast. 
Gum arabic, myrrh, cotton, coffee, sugar-cane, and spices are 
products of Eastern Africa. The islands produce tropical fruits, 
wine and amber. 

Africa is noted for large and ferocious animals, and venomous 
serpents. The lion is found in all parts of the continent. The 
hippopotamus inhabits the upper Nile, while the marshes and 
streams of the low coast contain many crocodiles, lizards, and other 
reptiles. 

The gorilla, the largest and fiercest of apes, and the chimpan¬ 
zee, are met with in the west. The elephant, giraffe, and the two¬ 
horned rhinoceros, belong in Central and Southern Africa. There 
are many species ofdeer and antelope. The zebra and the gnu or 
horned horse, are numerous in the grassy plains of Southern 
Africa. The ostrich is hunted in various parts of the continent; 
but in Southern Africa, jthe rearing of those birds for their olumes 
Is an important occupation. 

The most useful arimal in crossing desert regions is the camel. 
■Travelers and merchants, wiih> their camels carrying merchandise. 


325 

cross the desert in companies, called caravans. For more than four 
thousand years camels have been almost the sole means employed 
to carry merchandise across the deserts. The camel will carry a 
load of four or five hundred pounds weight fifty miles a day for five 
or six days, although he may not be supplied with food or water 
during that time. 

The coasts of Guinea and Senegambia have long been cele¬ 
brated for gold. Copper, lead, salt, and saltpeter are obtained in 
some places. 

Important diamond fields are in South Africa. 

Africans comprise three races — the Caucasian, Negro, and 
Malay. 

The Moors, Arabs, Berbers, Egyptians, and various tribes of 
the north are Caucasians; the tribes of Central and Southern Africa, 
and the east and west coasts, Negroes; and those of Madagascar, 
Malays. 

Excepting the European colonists who have settled along the 
coast, nearly all the Caucasian inhabitants are Mohammedans, and 
are in a low state of civilization. 

Most of the Negro tribes of Africa are savages, in a degraded 
condition. There are, however, several tribes which cultivate the 
soil, raise cattle, and observe laws. 

The Barbary States, formerly so-called, situated on the 
Mediterranean coast, extend from the Atlantic Ocean to 
Egypt. The climate is mild and healthful. South of the 
Atlas Mountains, it is extremely hot and arid. There 
are two seasons, a rainy and a dry. 

The highlands are covered with forests of cedar, pine, cork-trees 
and other valuable timber. The lowlands are finely adapted to 
agriculture. 

The most important productions are dates, oranges, bananas, 
pomegranates and figs. 

The natives consist of Moors, Arabs, and Berbers. Although 
descended from a very enlightened people, they are extremely 
Ignorant, degraded and treacherous. The foreigners are mainly 
French and Jewish colonists. Wherever they settled, agriculture, 
manufactures and commerce quickly followed. 

Morocco is under the absolute government of a sultan, 
but certain European nations exercise a degree of control. 
The country is sparsely settled. Cattle, sheep, and goats 
are reared extensively. In tanning and dyeing leather the 
people exhibit great skill, and the leather manufactured 
there is exported to all parts of the world. 

Morocco and Fez are the most important cities. The sultan 

holds court at one and the other, alternately. 

% 

Algeria is a French possession, and contains a large European 
population. T.t is one of the most prosperous of the Barbary 
States. 

Several lines of railway are in operation, and caravans, trading 
in ivory, gums and ostrich feathers, penetrate the interior of 
the Sudan. 


326 


0r 


Algiers is the capital and commercial center. It Is 
connected with Marseilles by a submarine telegraph cable. 

Tunis, also, is a French possession. It was formerly 
subject to Turkey. It is noted for its olive groves, date 
plantations, coral fisheries, and the manufacture of red 
caps, soap and leather. 

Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage, is the capi¬ 
tal and seaport. It is a very old city. 

Tripoli is a Turkish province, the military and civil 
authority being in the hands of a vali. 

It contains no rivers, and rain seldom falls; yet, on 
account of heavy dews, the soil is productive. 

The leading exports are w r ool, hides, and ivory. 

Tripoli is the capital and sea-port. Mourzouk, the cap¬ 
ital of Fezzan, is the center of a large caravan trade. 

The Nile Countries comprise Egypt proper, Nubia, and 
the Egyptian Sudan. They are governed by a hereditary 
monarch called the khedive, and are subject to Turkey. 
Finances and Public Works are under British supervision. 

The greater part of Egypt is a desert, only the narrow 
valley of the Nile, which is annually inundated, being 
capable of producing crops. Since the completion of the 
Suez canal (see page 9 0), rapid progress has been made 
in developing the agricultural and commercial interests 
of Egypt. Railways have been built, and by means of a 
system of immense dams across the bed of the upper Nile 
and irrigating canals extensive tracts of desert land have 
been made productive. 

Most of the wealthier classes have been educated in 
Europe, and foreign customs are being introduced through¬ 
out the country. 

The principal products of Egypt are cotton, grain, sug¬ 
ar and rice. Gum arabic, ivory, indigo, and ostrich feath¬ 
ers are obtained in the Sudan. Manufactures have been 
established in the larger cities and towns. 

Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is the largest city in Africa. 
Alexandria is the principal sea-port. Railways connect 
both cities with Suez, the southern sea-port of the Sues 
Canal. The northern, or Mediterranean, seaport of the 
canal is Port Said. 

The other seaports of Egypt are Rosetta and Damietta. 

Nubia and the Egyptian Sudan are inhabited by war¬ 
like tribes of Arab and Negro descent. 

Khartoum, at the junction of the Blue and the White 
Nile, is the center of a large caravan trade. 

Abyssinia is a high and rugged plateau, containing a 
number of fertile valleys. The climate, owing t<f the high 
altitude of the surface, is mild and healthful. The peo¬ 
ple, though of a dark, or swarthy complexion, belong to 
the Caucasian race, and consist, chiefly, of Copts and 
Berbers, who are ignorant and degraded. 

Abyssinia’s ruler styles himself Negus. The political 
system is of a feudal character. 


327 


Britreais an Italian colony on the Red Sea, with Mas- 
sawah as the capital. Italian Somali Land (100,000 sq, 
miles) adjoins it on the south. 

British Bast Africa includes the East African Pro¬ 
tectorate, the Uganda Protectorate, and the Islands of 
Zanzibar and Pemba, the latter two still governed 
through their Arab Sultan. 

German Bast Africa (384,000 sq. miles) extends 
from the mouth of the Umba to Cape Delgado and from 
the Indian Ocean to the great lakes. There are several 
railroads and government experimental stations. Dar-es- 
Salaam and Bagamoyo are the chief seaports. 

Germany also possesses three colonies in West Africa: 
Kamerun (191,000 sq. miles), German Southwest 
Africa (322,000 sq. miles), and Togoland (33,700 sq. 
miles). 

The Congo Independent State, whose sovereign is 
Leopold IT, the king of Belgium, extends from the Nile 
at 3 0 degrees E. Long, and 5 degrees 3 0 minutes N. Lat. 
to the Atlantic Ocean, and measures about 9 00,000 sq. 
miles. It is densely populated. 

Portugese Bast Africa comprises the three districts 
of Mozambique. Zambezia and Lourenco Marques, to¬ 
gether 293,4 00 sq. miles. There is a railroad which 
connects Delagoa Bay with Pretoria, 34 7 miles long, 
and a brisk trade is carried on. 

Portugal possesses also Angola with a coast line of 
1,00 0 miles, Portuguese Guinea on the coast of Sene- 
gambia (13,940 sq. miles), the Cape Verde Islands, the 
Azores, Madeira, and the islands of S. Thome and 
Principe. 

Tlie Cape Colony comprises also East Griqualand, Tem- 
buland, Transkei, Walfish Bay, Pondoland and Bechuana- 
land, together 27 6,99 5 sq. miles. 

Great Britain possesses in Africa besides the terri¬ 
tories named abirve, Natal with Zululand (35,371 miles), 
Nigeria (310,000 sq. miles) between German Kamerun 
and French Dahomey, Transvaal and Orange River Col¬ 
ony, Rhodesia (including the whole interior region be¬ 
tween the Transvaal and the Congo Free State, over 
5 8 0,000 sq. miles), the Somali Protectorate, the four 
West African crown colonies: Gold Coast, Lagos, Gam¬ 
bia and Sierra Leone, also Nyasaland (4 0,98 0 sq. miles 
on the south and west shores of Lake Nyasa), Basuto¬ 
land, Bechuanaland. and St. Helena, Ascension Island, 
Mauritius, and the Seychelles. 

French West Africa comprises practically the whole 
of the Sahara, besides the Colony of Senegal, French 
Guinea, the Ivory Coast. Dahomey, and the Colony of 
Upper Senegal and the Niger. 

The French Somali Coast, between Italian and British 
Somali lands, contains 12,0 00 sq. miles. 

French Congo, between the Congo Free State and the 
German Kamerum, contains 4 5 0,000 sq. miles. 

The island of Madagascar, the third largest island in 
the world (224,000 sq. miles), became a French posses¬ 
sion in 189 6. 


3 2 S 

Reunion, Mayotte and the Comoro Islands are also 
French. 

The ^Iberian Republic had its origin in the efforts of 

steveral philanthropic societies of Europe and America 
to make permanent provision for freed American slaves. 
The first settlement was made in 182 2 near the spot 
where Monrovia, the capital, now stands, but the state 
was not constituted till 1847. It is modelled after that 
of the United States. Only negroes can vote. Liberia 
has an area of 45,0 00 sq. miles, and a coast line of 35 o 
miles. . 

The division of Africa, carried out most energetically 
in the last twenty years of the 1 0th century and com¬ 
pleted by 19 00, gives a guaranty that this continent, 
hitherto regarded as a vast wilderness, may soon be 
opened up to the blessings of civilization by means of the 
railroad, telegraph and irrigation. The English have near¬ 
ly completed a railroad from the Cape of Good Hope to 
Cairo, and have reclaimed hundred thousands of acres 
of desert on the upper Nile; the French are doing won¬ 
ders in the northern and western parts of the Sahara, 
greatly reducing the size of the inhospitable desert, and 
the Germans are also building railroads and waterworks 
in all their dependencies. 


NORTH AMERICA. 

North America is the northern division of the western oontinent. 
It extends almost from the North Pole to the Equator. 

The shape of North America is nearly that of a triangle, broad 
at the north and tapering almost to a point at the south. Its 
length is nearly 5,000 miles. Its area is equal to one-half that of 
Asia, or two and one-half times that of Europe. Its northern and 
eastern coasts are remarkable for numerous indentations and good 
harbors, while the western coast has but few. 

The western part of the continent is a high plateau, on which 
are many nearly parallel ranges of mountains. The direction of 
these ranges is from north-west to south-east. They constitute 
the Rocky Mpuntain system, and form the main axis of the con¬ 
tinent. The culminating ranges of this system inclose a large, 
oval-shaped plateau, called the Great Basin. 

The Appalachian system, in the eastern part, is composed of 
several parallel ranges, extending from north-east to south-west. 
Their average height is about 3,000 feet, or about one-third that 
of the Western Highlands, 

Volcanoes are numerous in the Western Highlands, and several 
0< them are constantly active. 

The highest peak of the Rocky Mountain system is Mt. St. Elias, 
19,300 feet; and of the Appalachian system, Ml Mitchell, 6,707 
feet. 

The great central plain, extending from Hudson Bay to the Gulf 
of Mexico, lies between the two mountain svstems. The Height 

















of Land, an almost imperceptible divide, crosses the plain, sep* 
arating the Arctic Slopg from the Gulf Slope. 

The lakes of North America are remarkable for their number 
and size. If a straight line were drawn from Chesapeake Bay to 
the mouth of the Mackenzie River, it would pass through nearly 
every large lake in North America. 

The great lakes contain about one-half the fresh water on the 

g lobe. Lake Superior, the largest, however, is exceeded in size 
y Lake Victoria, in Africa. 

Salt and alkaline lakes are numerous in the Pacific highlands. 
Great Salt Lake, in Utah, has an area twice that of Rhode Island. 
With the exception of the Caspian Sea, it is the largest salt lake 
on the globe. 

The Mississippi basin is the largest basin in the world, except¬ 
ing that of the Amazon river. Its chief stream, the Mississippi 
and Missouri, exceeds every other river in length. 

The Yukon river, second in size, is, in many respects, unlike 
any other river on the continent. Its upper course is remarkable 
for falls and rapids. Its lower part contains many islands, and is 
often five and six miles wide. 

The Columbia, Colorado, and many of their tributaries which 
rise, in the interior of the continent, flow, in some places, through 
deep canons. , 

The soil is very productive. The Mississippi basin and the 
slopes of the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico contain soil 
of great fertility. On the Pacific coast the climate is much milder 
than in corresponding latitudes on the Atlantic coast. The north¬ 
ern part of the continent is extremely cold; the central portion is 
characterized by hot summers and cold winters; the southern part, 
has a tropical climate. The rain-fall is greatest in the north-west 
and south-east. The rains of the Pacific Coast fall mostly in 
winter. In northern regions, vegetation is limited to mosses, 
lichens, and a few shrubs. A belt of cone-bearing and deciduous 
trees extends through the middle of the Temperate Zone. In the 
south, these are replaced by palms, tree-ferns, bananas, and 
agaves. Grasses are abundant throughout the Temperate Zone. 
Indian corn and tobacco are native to North America. 

The fur seal, whale, walrus, polar bear, and musk-ox are the 
most important animals of the northern regions. The bison, deer, 
bear, wolf, and panther are common in the north central part. The 
griz2ly bear is found_ in North America only. The monkey in the 
tropical regions. 

Reptiles are numerous in the south. Nearly 500 species of birds 
are known. Fish are abundant; the cod, salmon, herring and 
mackerel are valuable as food. 

The mineral resources of North America surpass those of any 
other continent. Iron and coal, minerals on which civilization and 
commerce so greatly depend, are abundant and widely distributed 
Petroleum and natural illuminating gas are found in the Alleg han y 
Mountains an d the Coast Range. Gold, silver, and quick-silver 
*re found chiefly in *he Western Highlands; copper and lead, ip 


33 * 

the vicinity of the Great Lakes; and zinc, in the Eastern High¬ 
lands. 

American Indians inhabited North America at the time of the 
explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries. A civilized people 
preceding these had disappeared from the region which now con¬ 
stitutes the United States, as the ruins of their habitations bear 
witness. 

Civilized people were found by the Spanish explorers of Mexioo. 
They were conquered by the Spaniards, and gradually disap¬ 
peared. 

The Esquimaux, who are found in the Arctic regions only, are 
thought by many to be of Mongolian origin. The Indians, also, 
are said to be of Mongolian descent, and to have come, originally, 
from Asia. 

The white race, the ruling element of the population, are the 
descendants of Europeans. The inhabitants of Mexico and Central 
America are the descendants, in part, of Spaniards and native 
Indians. 

The Negroes, originally brought to America as slaves, are fast 
becoming educated. 

Industries.—The geographical distribution of the various indus¬ 
tries is more noticeable in North America than in the other con¬ 
tinents. Foreign commerce, manufactures, and fisheries ate 
Confined chiefly to the coasts and navigable streams. 

Agriculture is carried on, principally, throughout the fertile 
prairies and river-valleys of tne interior. Stock-raising is most 
profitable where there are mild winters and an abundance of 
grass. 

Mining is a leading industry in the highlands. 

North America includes Danish America, British America, the 
United States of America, Mexico, Central America and the West 
Indies. 

Danish America belongs to the Kingdom of Denmark. It com¬ 
prises Greenland, Iceland, and a few smaller islands. 

Greenland extends farther north than any other country, or to 
within about 400 miles of the North Pole. Its area is nearly one 
third that of the United States. 

The surface of Greenland is covered with ice and snow. The 
coasts are scored by enormous glaciers. The products are fish, 
oil, and reindeer skins. 

The people comprise a few Danes and a number of Esquimau 
tribes. 

Iceland, which is about half the size of Kansas, is noted for 
volcanoes, geysers, glaciers, and lava fields. Its southern part 
has a milder climate than its northern, and contains all the settle¬ 
ments. 

The Icelanders are generally educated. Their trade is carried 
on with Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. Their capital 
Reikiavik, contains a college. 


332 


THE UNITED STATES. 

A Republic, it is the middle division of North America. Alaska, 
a territory occupying the northwestern part of North America, is 
partly in the North Temperate Zone and partly in the North Frigid 
Zone. It was purchased from Russia by the United States. Ex¬ 
tends from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on 
the west, from the Dominion of Canada on the north to the repub¬ 
lic of Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. The distance 
across the United States from east to west through the center, is 
about 2,600 miles, and from north to south about 1,600 miles. 
The shortest distance between the Dominion of Canada and the 
Gulf of Mexico is about 800 miles. 

The high mountains and plateaus of the United States are in 
the western part. There the mining of gold and silver, and the 
raising of cattle and sheep, constitute the leading occupations of 
tile people. 

The plains, prairies, slopes and lowlands extending from the 
great highland region eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, are remark¬ 
able for their fertile soil, which produces immense crops of grain, 
cotton, fruits and vegetables. 

The valleys of the Pacific Slope are noted for their mild, genial 
climate and their great yield of wheat, fruits and vegetables. 

Coal and iron *re mined extensively in various parts of the 
United States. 

The variety and importance of the products and industries of 
this country are due principally to its vast extent of territory and 
Its great diversity of soil, elevation and climate. 

Its increase in population, wealth and power is unsurpassed. 
A century ago there were but thirteen states, containing less than 
4,000.000 inhabitants. Now there are forty-five states, six ter¬ 
ritories, and the District of Columbia, with a total population of 
more than 70,000,000. A territory is under control of the Gen¬ 
eral Government of the United States, until it is admitted into th< 
Union as a state by Congress. The original thirteen states werr 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Nev 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia 
North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The first state3 
admitted after them were Kentucky, Vermont, Tennessee, Ohio, 
Louisiana, Indiana and Mississippi. 

The first colonies in the region now called the United States 
were established by the English, in Virginia, in 1607; by the 
Dutch, in New York, in 1613; and by the Pilgrims, in Massachu¬ 
setts, in 1620. 

All were subject to Great Britain from 1664 to 1776, when th 
thirteen colonies declared themselves free and independent states. 

Each state has its own constitution, laws, legislature, and gov¬ 
ernor, while all the states are united under the constitution and 
laws of the United States. A state is entitled to be represented 
in the United States Senate by two senators, and in the House of 
Representatives by one member for every 154,325 inhabitant*. 
\ 


333 


Every state is entitled to, at least, one member. A territory 
may send a delegate to the House but he has no vote. There 
are at present 9 0 senators and 38 6 members of t,Jie House 
of Representatives. The states which have the largest rep¬ 
resentation in the House are New York 3 7 members, Penn¬ 
sylvania 32 , Illinois 25 , and Ohio 2 1 . The states and ter¬ 
ritories of the United States have legislatures consisting of 
two houses similar to those of Congress, elected by the peo¬ 
ple. They are divided into counties, which are, in some cases 
subdivided into townships. The divisions of Louisiana 
corresponding to counties are called parishes. The highest 
officials in a state are the Governor, Lieutenant-Gov¬ 
ernor, Secretary of State, Attorney-General, and Superin¬ 
tendent of Schools, Towns and Villages are collections of 
houses and inhabitants. Cities have certain rights and 
privileges not possessed by towns and villages. The affairs 
of a city are usually controlled by its mayor and aider- 
men. A county seat is the chief town in which the offi¬ 
cial business of the county is conducted. 

The general government comprises three departments, the legis¬ 
lative, the judicial and the executive. It has control of all matters 
pertaining to commerce and treaties with foreign countries, the 
army and navy, the declaration oi war, the post-offices, and the 
coining of money. 

The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of 
the Si nate, (composed of two senators from each state, chosen by 
the state legislature, for six years. The Vice-president of the 
United States is the president of the Senate) and House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. Congress holds its sessions in Washington. The 
session of Congress begins on the first Monday in December of 
each year. A law cannot take effect unless passed by both the 
Senate and the House of Representatives, and approved by the 
President. If, however, he disapprove a measure which has been 
passed by both houses of Congress, it may become a law on being 
repassed bv two-thirds of each house. 

The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, which 
Interprets the laws. The Supreme Court consists of a chief-justice 
and eight associate justices, all appointed for life by the president 
with the consent of the Senate. - 

The executive power is vested in the President, whose duty is to 
execute or enforce the laws. He is elected for four years. The 
President and Vice-President are elected by a number of electors, 
called the electoral college, chosen by the people ot the states, or 
their legislatures. Each state is entitled to a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
it is entitled in Congress. In case of a vacancy in the office of 
President, it shall be filled by the Vice-President. If there be no 
Vice-President, the law of 1886 vests the succession in those mem¬ 
bers of the cabinet who are constitutionally eligible, in the following 
order: Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of 
Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, 
and Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 

S' 


3J4 


MEXICO. 

Mexico is a republic, composed of twenty-seven states, a federal 
-district and the Territory of Lower California. It is situated in 
die North Temperate and the Torrid Zone, and is about one-fourtb 
the size of the United States. 

The surface is a high plateau, fringed by a belt of low, narrow 
coast. Several ranges of the Rocky Mountain System, of which 
the Sierra Madre is the highest, extend through the country from 
aorth-west to south-east. 

A chain of volcanoes crosses the highest part of the plateau. 
The summits of several of these are above the limit of perpetual 
snow. Vol. Popocatepetl is the highest mountain in Mexico, and, 
■next to Mt. St. Elias, the highest in North America. 

The lakes are small and unimportant. Most of them are situ¬ 
ated in the Valley of Mexico. 

The rivers are short, and, excepting the Rio Colorado and 
Jftio Grande, not navigable above tide-water. 

The climate is hot and pestilential along the narrow coast, but 
nrild and healthful in the high interior. In going from Vera Cruz 
lo the city of Mexico, one may, within a few hours, experience 
nearly every gradation of climate, and find the productions pecul¬ 
iar to each zone. There are but two seasons; the rainy, and the 
dry. 

The vegetable productions comprise mahogany, rose-wood, mes- 
quite, various dye-woods, the agave, and cactus. Oranges, 
lemons, pine-apples, olives, and bananas are extensively culti¬ 
vated. Tobacco, corn, sugar-cane, cocoa, beans, coffee, vanilla, 
and the indigo-plant are also grown. 

The wild animals of Mexico comprise the grizzly bear, puma or 
Mexican lion, and coyote. Venomous reptiles and insects are 
numerous. Cattle, horses, and donkeys, in vast numbers, are the 
.principal domestic animals. 

The minerals include gold, silver, tin, quicksilver and marble. 

The leading industries are agriculture, stock-raising, and min¬ 
ing. Coffee, sugar, cotton, cochineal, vanilla, metals, hides, and 
ornamental woods are exported. Great progress has been recently 
aiade in the building of railroads; but the unsettled condition of 
the government depresses every kind of industry. 

The people consist chiefly of mixed races. About ene-tenth ar^ 
Creoles, or descendants of Spanish colonists. Spanish is the 
language of the country. 

Mexico, the federal capital, is the metropolis. It is in thfe 
Valley of Mexico, elevation about 7,400 feet above sea-level. 

Guadalaxara and Puebla are manufacturing centers. 

Vera Cruz is the chief Atlantic sea-port. 

Acapulco and Guaymas are the principal ports on the Pacific 
Coast of Mexico. 


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3 3 0 


* 


CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Central America forms the most southern part of North 

America. It comprises six republics: Costa Rica, Salva¬ 
dor, Guatemala, Honduras. Nicaragua and Panama, and 
British Honduras, capital Belize, noted for mahogany. 

Panama, formerly a part of Colombia, became inde¬ 
pendent in 11)03. 

The surface resembles that of Mexico, being a high 
plateau situated between low coasts. The climate, how¬ 
ever. is hotter and more moist, and its vegetation more 
luxuriant. It contains several volcanoes. Destructive 
earthquakes are of frequent occurrence. The principal 
products are coffee, dye-woods and sugar. Gold, silver, 
and coal are found in the highlands. 

The inhabitants are chiefly mestizos and Indians. The 
white people are mainly of Spanish descent. There are 
many European merchants and planters in Belize and 
Costa Rica. The language of the country is Spanish. 

The West Indies comprise two chains of islands, extending 
southeast from the coast of North America. 

The Bahama Islands, about 6oo in number, are low, coral 

formations. Their climate is warm and healthful. 

The sponge fisheries constitute the chief industry. 

Oranges, lemons and pine-apples are the principal fruits. Salt 
Is obtained from the lagoons of Turk’s Island, by evaporation. 

Nassau, the capital and commercial port, is situated on Provi¬ 
dence Island. 

The Greater Antilles comprise the islands of Cuba, Hayti, 
Jamaica, and Porto Rico. Their surface is mountainous; their 
climate and productions are those of tropical regions. The popu¬ 
lation is made ud of Spaniards, Creoles and Negroes. 

Cuba, celebrated for its forests of ebony, mahogany 
and rosewood, commenced an open revolt against its 
Spanish oppressors early in 1895. American sympathy with the 
Cubans, and the blowing up of the Maine, Feb. 15, 1898, led to 
Spanish-American war, which freed Cuba. 

The Island of Hayti comprises two independent republics, 
Hayti and Santo Domingo. The people and their rulers are 
Negroes. 

Port au Prince is the capital of Hayti; and Santo Domingo of 
Santo Domingo. 

Jamaica yields allspice, in addition to the products which are 
similar to those of the other islands. Rum is the principal export. 
Turtle-fishing is important. 

Kingston is the capital. 

Porto Rico ceded to United States, 1898. 

The Lesser Antilles extend from Porto Rico to the mouth •! 
the Orinoco River. 







































SOUTH AMERICA. 

South America was discovered by Columbus in 1498, near the 
mouth of the Orinoco. The early Spanish discoverers found an 
Indian village near Lake Maracaybo, built over the water on piles. 
As it reminded them of Venice, they called it Venezuela, which 
means Little Venice. 

Balboa, in 1513, crossed the Isthmus, and was the first man who 
saw the Pacific Ocean from the coast of the Western Continent; 
out, iong years before this, the ancient Peruvians had lived there. 
They had built strong cities, fine temples, great aqueducts, and 
splendid roads and bridges, ruins of which still remain. Peru was 
tnvaded by the Spaniards, under Pizarro, who cruelly treated the 
natives, destroying their cities and plundering their temples. 

South America was thus conquered and settled by Spaniards, 
except Brazil, which was settled by Portugese, and Guiana, which 
was settled by British, Dutch and French. 

About 300 years afterward the people of the countries of South 
America (except Guiana) declared themselves independent of 
Spain and Portugal. 

Simon Bolivar was the most distinguished general and patriot 
of South America. He was called the “ Liberator,” also the 
14 Washington ofSouth America.” 

South America is the Southern part of the Western Continent, 

Its area is nearly twice that of the United States. In shape it 
is a triangle, which tapers to a point toward the south. The coast 
tine has but few indentations. 

Like North America it has mountain ranges in the west and 
east and a vast plain in the center. 

The Andean Plateau, the main axis of the continent, extends 
along the entire western coast. It supports parallel ranges, which 
constitute the Andean System. Its high peaks are always cov¬ 
ered with snow. The highest measured peak is Mount Aconca¬ 
gua, which is about 24,000 feet in height. The most celebrated 
volcano is Cotapaxi. 

The plains of South America cover about one-half its area. The 
llanos of the Orinoco are treeless plains. During the rainy season 
they become a vast inland sea. With the disappearance of the 
water comes a profusion of tropical vegetation, which quickly 
withers under the intense heat of the sun. 

The largest lakes in South America are Maracaybo and Titicaca, 
The latter is 12,000 feet above the sea-level. 

The Amazon is the largest and one of the longest rivers in the 
world. Its course is nearly along the Equator. Its highest source 
is within 70 miles of the Pacific Oce-ofi At its mouth the river is 
nearly 200 miles wide. • Its current and the freshness of its water 
are perceptible 200 miles out at sea. 

The soil is fertile in nearly all parts of the continent The south- 
ern part, however, is barren, rocky and desolate. 

The climate along the sea-coast is generally warm, except in tht 
south. In the interior of the lowland plains, the heat is almo** 0 
^tolerable. 


339 


The banks of the Amazon produce a wonderful variety of orna¬ 
mental woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, vegetable-ivory, a,;d 
tortoise-shell wood. The India rubber, cacao, and cocoa-pain* 
trees are abundant. 


The lowlands abound in wild grasses, and on the mountain 
slopes are found the cinchona-tree and many kinds of medicinal 
plants. 

The chief cultivated plants are coffee, sugar-cane, cotton, 
tobacco, indigo. manioc, and spices. 

Minerals.—South America is rich in minerals. A large part at 
me silver now in use in the world was obtained from the Ande* 
Mountains. Gold is mined in Colombia and Brazil. 

Industries.—The chief industries of the inhabitants of Soui*- 
America are herding, agriculture, and mining. 

The Republic of Brazil is the largest country of South 
America. 

It comprises the eastern plateau and the basins of the Amazon, 
and the La Plata. The northern and western parts are low, 
swampy, and, during the rainy season, completely inundated. 

Near the coast, the valleys are rich and well cultivated. 

The greater part of the country has a tropical climate. 

Coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, grain, tropical fruits, nuts* 
and spices are raised in abundance. 

The leading industries are cattle-raising and agriculture. 

The natives live in the interior. The ruling people are thfe 
Portuguese, or their descendants. 

Rio Janeiro, the capital, is the largest city in South America. 
Its chief exports are coffee and India rubber. 

Bahia is the center of the diamond trade. 


Brazil, under President Penna, has entered upon the 
path of progress by adopting the gold standard and in¬ 
augurating a school reform. 

Ecuador produces cocoa chiefly, also coffee, Brazil 
nuts, Peruvian bark and Sarsaparilla. Gold is plentiful, 
also copper, iron, lead and coal. Panama hats are made 
here exclusively. Quito, the capital, situated on a very 
high plateau, is surrounded by volcanoes. The chief com¬ 
mercial city is Guayaquil. 

Peru produces chiefly cotton, coffee, rubber and sug¬ 
ar, also grains, alpaca, sheep and llama wool, cocoa, 
coca and cocaine. The capital is Lima, and the chief 
commercial city Callao. Lake Titicaca, with an area of 
3,20 0 sq. miles, and in places over 700 feet deep, is 
12.045 feet above the sea. 

Bolivia exports rubber, chinchona bark and metals. 
Its capital is La Paz. 

Colombia is rich in precious minerals, but only a small 
section of the country is under cultivation. The staple 
product is coffee. Its capital, Bogota, although within 
four and a half degrees of the Equator, has a climate of 
perpetual spring, due to its altitude of nearly 0,000 
feet. Its wet seasons are our spring and autumn, its dry- 
seasons our summer and winter. 


340 


Venezuela naturally divides itself into three zones— 
the agricultural, the pastoral, and the forest zone. In the 
first grow sugar-cane, coffee, cocoa, cereals, and in the 
third tropical products. The country is rich in metals 
and other minerals. Caracas is the capital. The most 
important port is Maracaibo. 

The countries along the western coast of South Amer¬ 
ica, from Colombia southward to Cape Horn, are uni¬ 
formly mountainous, lying in and across the mighty 
chain of the Andes, the principal mountain system of the 
continent, with many parallel branches. The range rises 
abruptly from the Pacific coast and contains many fa¬ 
mous volcanoes. 

Chile is the most powerful a»d enterprising of the Spanish- 
American republics. 

It is the same in extent from north to south as the United States 
from east to west — about 2,600 miles. 

It is situated on the western slope of the Andes and extends 
from the Bay of Arica to Cape Horn. 

Along the coast are numerous islands, which are rich in guano 
And niter. 

•' Its climate is temperate and moist. 

The people are chiefly of Spanish origin. They are active, 
Industrious and intelligent. 

Santiago is the capital. Valparaiso is the largest commercial 
City on the west coast of South America. 

The Argentine Republic is a broad and level country, com 
prising most of the pampas. 

The people are engaged in herding and in preparing dried beef, 
hides, tall°w and horns, for export. 

Bircccs Ayres, the capital and largest city, has an extensive 
commerce. 

Paraguay and Uruguay resemble the Argentine Republic ie- 
surface, products and the occupations of the people. 

Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, is an important cemmercia? 
city. 

Asuncion is the capital of Paraguay. 

Patagonia with Terra Del Fuego at its southern end 

forms the point of the pear-shaped continent of South America. 

It is for the most part a region of steppe-like plains rising in a 
succession of abrupt terraces, with only a thin olothing of coarse 
brushwood. 

Vast herds of guanaeo form the chief means of subsistence for 
the aborigines, famous for their huge size and wild habits. 

Four-fifths of Patagonia belong to the Argentine Republic; the 
balance to Chile. 

Guiana embraces three colonies—British, French and Dutch. 
Its products are like those of Venezuela. 

Cayenne is thesapital of French Guiana, Georgetown of Brititfc 
^iiana, and Paramaribo of Dutch Gui**na. 




























342 


DOMINION OF CANADA. 

Tho Dominion of Canada embraces the provinces of 

Nova Scotia. 21.068 sq. miles; Prince Edward Island, 2,184 sq. 
m. New Brunswick, 27,911 sq. m.; Quebec, 341,756 sq. m.; On¬ 
tario 220,508 sq. m.; Manitoba, 64,327 sq. m.; British Columbia, 
310,191 sq. m.; Alberta, 251,180 sq. m.; Saskatchewan, 242,332 
sq. m.; Keewatin, 500,191 sq. m.; Yukon, 196,237 sq. m.; Mac- 
Kenzie, 532,634 sq. m.; Ungava, 349,109 sq. m.; Franklin, 500,000. 
Total, 3,619,818 sq. m. 

The surface is mostly a vast plain, bordered by a high plateau 
in the west, on which stand the Rocky mountains and the Cas¬ 
cade range. A chain of lakes extend from the mouth of the 
Mackenzie river to the Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence, Nelson 
and Mackenzie rivers drain the principal basins. 

A belt of timber, mostly pine, extends from the Rocky mountains 
to the Atlantic ocean. The Pacitic slope is covered with forests of 
fir, the valley of the St. Lawrence contains growths of maple, oak 
and elm. 

The central prairie regions are covered with luxuriant crops of 
wild grasses, and, where cultivated, yield large crops of grain. 

The wild animals comprise the bison, bear, moose, wolf, beaver, 
otter, ermine, mink and marten, most of which are hunted for their 
skins. The coast waters abound in seal, cod and salmon. 

The minerals comprise gold, silver and coal, which are mined in 
the west. Copper and iron are found near Lake Superior. Coal is 
mined in Nova Scotia also. 

The chief industries in the eastern provinces are lumbering and 
fishing. The central regions are agricultural. The uninhabited 
regions of the north yield valuable furs in great quantities. 

Most of the inhabitants are of English descent. In the eastern 
provinces, however, there are many descendants of the early 
French settlers. 

The government of the dominion is vested in the Governor- 
General and Parliament. The Governor-General is appointed by 
the sovereign of Great Britain. Parliament consists of a Senate 
and a House of Commons. The members of the Senate are 
appointed by the Governor-General. The members of the House 
are elected by the people. Each province has a Lieutenant-Gov¬ 
ernor and a legislature. 

Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion of Canada. It contains 
magnificent public buildings. 

British Columbia, including Vancouver and other islands, 
is the largest and most mountainous province of the dominion. 
Its mines of gold and coal are valuable. Lumber, fish and wool are 
exported. 

Victoria, on Vancouver Island, is the capital and metropolis. 
Manitoba is noted Tor wheat and furs. Steamers ply on the 
Red River of the North, and on Manitoba and Winnipeg lakes. 
Winnipeg, the capital, is the agricultural and commercial center. 
Ontario, the most important province, contains nearly one* 

























344 


*hird the population of the dominion. Grain, fruit, and lumber 
•ire the principal products. Petroleum, copper, and iron are ob¬ 
tained near Lake Superior. 

Toronto, the capital of the province, is noted for its manu¬ 
factures and educational institutions. It is an important railway 
center and lake-port. 

Hamilton, situated near the western extremity of Lake Ontario,, 
*s an important lake-port and manufacturing center. 

Quebec is hilly. Its winters are extremely cold; its summers 
warm, short, and foggy. 

Its agricultural region is south of the St Lawrence, and pro 
duces good crops of oats, potatoes, and hay. The most valuable 
export is lumber. 

The people of this province are, chiefly, descendants of early 
French settlers. 

Quebec, the capital, is the oldest city in the dominion. The 
heights, on which the upper portion of the city is built, are strongly 
fortified. The fortress of Quebec, next to that of Gibraltar, is con 
sidered the strongest in the world. It was, however, captured by 
General Wolfe during the French and Indian War. The principal 
business part of the city occupies the low ground. 

Montreal, the metropolis, is noted for its magnificent cathedral^, 
and the tubular bridge across the St. Lawrence River. 

New Brunswick is noted for lumber and ship-building. 

Fredericton is the capital of New Brunswick. 

St. John is the metropolis and largest port 

Nova Scotia has more sea-coast than any other province. 
Ship-building and the fisheries constitute the chief industries. Its 
coal-fields are extensive. Gold and gypsum are also mined. 

Halifax, the capital, has an excellent harbor, and is the chiet 
British naval station in North America. 

Prince Edward Island, the smallest province, is the most 
densely populated. Agriculture and fishing are the chief occupa¬ 
tions. Fish and eggs the principal exports. 

Charlottetown is the capital. 

Newfoundland is noted for its barren soil, cold climate and 
dense fogs. 

The dense fogs which prevail in this latitude are due to the 
meeting of the cold Arctic Current with the warm waters of the 
Gulf Stream. During the spring and summer, icebergs and pack- 
ice are brought down by the Arctic Current, and drift about until 
melted. It is for this reason that the steam-ship route between 
America and Great Britain is one of the most dangerous in the 
world. 

Its cod, salmon and seal fisheries give employment to about 
nine-tenths of the inhabitants. 

St. John’s, the capital, is the most easterly city in North America, 
south of Greenland. 

The Territories were formerly owned by the Hudson Bay Cou*~ 
panv 
























346 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

One of the thirteen original states. Named for Hamphsire 
county, England, called the -‘GraniteState.” Ratified United 
States Constitution June21,1788. Union soldiers 33,937. Num¬ 
ber counties 10; miles railroad 1,285, All elections Tuesday after 
first Monday in Nov., number senators 24, representatives 358, 
sessions of legislature biennial, in even-uumbeied years, meet¬ 
ing first Wednesday in J une. Terms of senators and representa¬ 
tives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2, 
number voters 92,348. Paupers excluded from voting, Dart¬ 
mouth College, at Hano ver, founded 1769. Compulsory educa¬ 
tion law, common schools excellent, school age 5-15. Legal in¬ 
terest 6 percent, usury forfeits three times the excess. Popula 
tion, census of 1900, 411,588. Extreme length N. and S. 185 miles, 
■extreme width 90 miles, area 9,305 sq. miles—5,855,200 acres. 
Coastline 18 miles. Highest peak Mt. Washington. Largestlake, 
Wiunipiseogee, 74 sq. miles General elevation 1,200 ft. Isles 
of Shoals form partof state. The White Mountains occupy the 
northern partof the state with unsurpassed scenery. Soil rocky, 
with small fertile districts. Hay best crop; corn, wheat, oats 
and ordinaly vegetables do fairly with close cultivation. For¬ 
ests largely exhausted, except at the, north. Cleared lands aver- 
age$16% and woodland $25peracre. Micaquarried at Grafton, 
soapstone at Haverhill, Keene and Fran'cestown, granite at Ply¬ 
mouth. Troy, Roxbury, Concord. State ranks high in cotton 
manufacturing. Climate.— -Winter averages24, summer69deg. 
Extremes great in White Mountains. Summer short and hot, 
with violent storms. Rainfall 41 inches. Frost late in spring and 
early in fall. Winter begins in Nov., cold till May. Snow lie« 
two-thirds of year in mountains, elsewhere 70 to 130 days. 
Health good. Principal Industries.— Agriculture, manufact¬ 
ure of cotton, woolens, lumber, leather, boots and shoes, etc. 
Quarrying mica, granite and soapstone. Principal Cities.— 
■Census of 1900—Manchester. 56.987; Nashua, 23,895; Concord, 
(the capital), 19,632; Dover, 13,207; Portsmouth (chief harbor) 
10,637. The harbor of the latter place, Great Hay, never 
freezes over. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor. $2,000 

Secretary of State. .$800 and fees 

Treasurer. 1,800 

Attorney General. 2.200 

Superintendent Public Institutions... 2.000 

Three Railroad Commissioners. $2,000 to 2.500 

Adjutant General. 1,000 

Secretary Board of Agriculture. 1,000 

Librarian. 800 

Chief Justice. 2,900 

Six Associate Justices. 2.700 















Map of 

NEW HAMPSHIRE > V, 

and JSgfrff. $ 

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VERMONT 


First state tojoin the original 13. Called the “Green Mountain 
State.” Active in war of 1812. Union coldiers furnished 33,288. 
Number counties 14. Miles railroad 988. First railroad built 
from Bellows Falls to Burlington 1849. Stat^ elections biennial, 
first Tuesday in Sept. ; number senators 30, representatives 245. 
Sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meet¬ 
ing first Wednesday in Oct. Terms of senators and representa¬ 
tives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. 
Bribers excluded from voting. Colleges 2. School age5-20. Legal 
interest rate 6 per cent., usury forfeits excessive inteiest. Pop¬ 
ulation, census of 1900, 343,(341. Length N. and S. 149 miles, 
width34 to52 miles, area 9,565 sq. miles, 5,847,040acres. Highest 
Point (Green Mountains) about 4.600ft. Green Mountains run 
N. and S. through the state and are 3,000 to4,600 feet high The 
surface is generally hilly. Alleast of mountains drained by the 
Connecticut,the only navigable river. Small streams abundant. 
Soil rocky but good in narrow strips on streams. Potatoes best 
crop. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hops and buckwheatyn ld moder¬ 
ately if well artended. Forests remain to considerable extent, 
but are cut over or culled. Clearealand averages $17.50and for¬ 
est land $18 per acre. Dairying profitable. Manganese, copper, 
iron, gold, black, white, red and variegated marbleand slate are 
found, the marble in great abundance. State ranks lstinquar 
ries,4th in copper. Temperature ranges from 15dee. below to 
95 deg. above, but changes not sudden; winter averages 18 deg. 
to33 deg. Summer averages 66 deg. to 75 deg. Summer short. 
Rainfall greatest at south and east, where itaverages 43 inches; 
mother sections the averageis 35 inches. Snows heavy. Frosts 
early in fill and late in spring. Snow lies 80 to 140 days. Health 
excellent. Death rate very low. less than 1 % in the 100. Indus¬ 
tries very varied, numbering2,900. Principal ones, agriculture, 
dairying, manufacture of flour, furniture, leather, tin, iron and 
copper ware, and lumber, miniug, quarrying and finishing mar 
bles and stones, and maple sugar making. 

Principal Cities, Census of 1900—Burlington, 18,640; Rut 
land, 11,499; Montpelier (capital) 6 266; Brattleboro and Bel 
lows Palls are thriving towns and seats of large industries. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor, $1,500; Lieutenant Governor, $6 a day: Secretary of 
State, $1,700; Treasurer, $1,700; Auditor, $2,000; Inspector of 
Finances, $500; Railroad Commissioner, $500; Adjutant Gen 
eral, 750; Superintendent of Public Instruction, $1,400; Chief 
Justice, $2,500; Six Associated Justices, $2,500; Senators and 
Representatives, $3 a day; District Judge, $3,500; Collector of 
Internal Revenue, $2,650; Collector of Customs, $1,003 and fees. 


349 


KENTUCKY. 

Name Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, bec&us 
the state was the hunting and battle ground of the tribes 
Called “Corn-Cracker State.” Louisville founded 1780. Admit 
ted as a State June 1, 1792. State furnished 7,000 troops in wa. 
of 1812, and 13,700 m Mexican war. Won great credit in latter 
Neutral at beginning of civil war. State the scene of continuous 
cavalry raids (luring the war, and some sharp battles at Perrynr 
ville, Richmond, etc. Put under martial law 1864. Civil govern, 
ment restored 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,7b0. Number 
counties, 119, State elections biennial, first Monday in August 
in odd-numbered years. Number senators 38, representatives 
100 , sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered years, 
meeting last day of Dec., holds 60 days. Term of senators i 
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electorial votes 13, 
number of congressmen 11. Bribers, robbers and forgers 
excluded from voting. Number of colleges 15, public school 
system framed in 1838, good schools, school age 6 to 20 
years. Legal interest 6%, by contract 10%, usury forfeits excess 
over 10%. Miles of railroad 3,093 Population census of 1900, 
2,147,174. Number of slaves in 1860, 225,489. Extreme length E 
and W 350, width 179 miles, area 40,000 sq. rn iles. 25,600.030 acres. 
River frontage 832 miles, navi '/able water ways 4,120 miles. Soil 
fair, except m the famous “ Bluegrass Region,” extending fo> 
40 or 50 miles around Lexington, aud one or the most beautiful 
sections on the globe. Natural wonder Mammoth Cave,greatest 
in the world. Kentucky ranks high as an agricultural and stock 
state. Staple crops, con wheat, tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, 
rye and vegetable3. Fruits do fairly. Famous for thoroughbred 
horses and cattle. Mules and hogs largely raised. At the East 
in the mountains are immense forests of virgin oak, poplar,, 
ash, chestnat, elm, walnut, cucumber and other valuable tim¬ 
ber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil stone, etc., also abound. 
Iron deposits of irnmen 3 magnitude are known to exist. 
Cleared land averages $20 and woodland $5 per acre. The 
average of the former is raised materially by the hprices, 
often §100 or more per acre, in the Bluegrass section. Mount, 
ain lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricul¬ 
tural value, rate -T2 to $5 per acre. The state ranks first in to 
bacco aud fourth in malt and distilled liquors. Climate vari. 
able, favorable to health and agriculture, healthfulness not 
surpassed. Thermometer ranges from 5 deg. below zero to 9$ 
above, rarely greater extremes are known. Temperature aver¬ 
ages, summer 75 deg., winter 38 deg., rainfall 50 inches. Snows* 
fall, but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only for a day 
orso. Winters moderately long. Malaria very rare, except 
on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Chief Cities—Census of 
1900—Louisville, 204,731 : Frankfort (the capital) .; Cov¬ 

ington, 42,938. Lexington, former capital, founded 1776, pop 
26,369 Newport, connected with Covington by bridge, poo. 
28,301 



























* 351 

TENNESSEE. 

"Big Bend State.” First settled 1854. Became a part of North 
Carolina 1777. Organized -as the State of Frankiin 1785, but 
again became part of North Carolina 1788. Ceded to United 
States by North Carolina 1789. Admitted as state June 1, 1795. 
Capital, Nashville. First railroad part of N. C., 1853. Nash¬ 
ville to Bridgeport, miles of railroad in 1800, 3,109. Seceded 
June 8, 1861. Re-entered Union 1866. Number counties 66. 
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November, number senators 33, representatives 
99, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first 
Monday in January; holds 75 days. Terms of senators and 
representatives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 12. 
Number of congressmen, 10. Legal interest 6 per cent, by 
contract any rate, usury forfeit, excess of interest and 
$100 fine. Schools fair. Miles railroad 2,166. Population 
census of 1900, 2,020.616. Slaves 1860 , 275,519. Extreme 
length E. and W. 430 miles, width 110 miles, area 42.056 
sq. miles, 29,475,840 acres. Mountainous at E. where 
Apalachians separate state from North Carolina. Sell fair, 
except in central basin, where it is very productive. State 
abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper 
and other minerals. Possesses one of the finest areaB of forest 
in the Union. Principal timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, 
hickory, etc. Staple products, mules, hogs, peanuts, corn, 
wheat, cotton, vegetables cf all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, 
hemp, flax, brooincorn, iron, copper, coal, marbles, etc. 
Ranks second in peanuts and third in mules. Resources but 
little developed, 5,000 square mites of coal field, with 3 to 7 
workable veins. Cleared land averages $12.50, forest $5 per 
acre. Grape growing pays. Climate one of healthiest in world. 
Mild and pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very di¬ 
verse. Snow light, and lays briefly. Ice rarely more than a 
mere film in thickness. Average temperature winter 38 deg. 
Summer 75 deg. Extremes seldom occur. Rainfall 45 to 47 
inches. Air bracing. Chief cities.—Nashville, capital; 
Memphis, 102,320; Chattanooga, 32,490; Jackson, 15,- 
852; Knoxville, 32,637. Industries chiefly agricultural, 
mineral, lumbering and iron-making. 

Salaries of State officers. 


Governor.$4,000 

Secretary of State.$1,800, and fees 

Treasurer .$2,750 

Comptroller. 2,750 

Attorney General.3,000 

Superintendent of Public Instruction.'.. 1,800 

Adjutant General. 1,200 

Commissiener of Agriculture. 3.000 










NORTH CAROLINA. 

One of the 13 original states. Called “Old North State,” “For 
State,” and “State of Turpentine.” Discovered by Lord Ra¬ 
leigh, 1584. Settled by English, 1650. Stateseceded May 21,1861. 
Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Soast section scene of sharp 
fighting during civil war. State re-entered Union June, 1868. 
Number counties, 96, mib s of railroad, 3,590. All elections 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators 50, rep¬ 
resentatives 120, sessions biennial, in odd numbered years, 
meeting Wednesday after first Monday in Jan., hold 60 days. 
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. No. elec¬ 
toral votes 11,No. congressmen 9. Convicts excluded from vot¬ 
ing. Public school system adopted 1840, at present over 2,000 
public schools in operation; school age 6-21; separate schools 
for whites and blacks. Legal interest rate 6 per cent, by con¬ 
tracts, usury forfeits interest. Rate of tax less than 50c on $100. 
Population, census of 1900—1,893,810. Number of slaves in I860 
331,059. Greatest length E. and W, 453 miles, greatest width, 
185miles, area, 52,674 sq. miles, or 33,711 360 acres, less area 
water surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors Much 
forest yet remains. Swamps extensive, most noted of them,the 
Great Dismal, north of Albemarle sound.contains 148,000 acres. 
Small streams abundant, water powers numerous tcorn best crop 
tobacco largest product, other staples are orchard products, 
sweet potatoes, rice, wheat, oats,peanuts, cotton, hay and vege 
tables in the order named. North Carolinaranks first in tar and 
turpeutiue, second in copper, third in peanuts and tobacco,and 
fourth in rice. Has rich deposits of gold and the baser miner¬ 
als. 'Stone, slate, coal, marble, rni< a. 'Excellent fi-a • es. Nat¬ 
ural resources but slightly developed. Ampleopp u-t nitiesfor 
homes, enterprise and capital. Cleared land -.v m, 'K$<0and 
woodland $5 per at re,and much of excellent qua! ty >. the mar¬ 
ket below this average. Stock thrives. Sc a y varied 
picturesque and grand. Wheat, harvested Ju re, t.i l' -ipeSept. 
Climateisvaried,warm ana moisduiow section, < end dry 
in mountains, withall intermediaieconditious. Av nr* winter 
temperature, 49 deg., summer, 78 to 79 deg. Fr; - li.ht and 
seldom come till the end of fall. Rainfall,indue i - , me snow 
in mountains. 45 in. Health good. Chief Cities of T . 'arolina, 
Wilmington, Raleigh (capital), Asheville, vV-uf ct Fayette¬ 
ville. New Berne, Charlotte contains assay ofium industries 
—Agriculture principal occupation. Fishing, imm r-acture of 
turpentine and lumber, mining, etc. Number of ii fersnt in¬ 
dustries, 3,800. Number boats engaged in fisheries, about 
3,000. Copper mined 1,640,000 lbs, 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $4,000, Secretary of’ State $2,000, Treas¬ 
urer $3,000, Auditor. $1,500, Attorney General $2,000, 
Superintendent of Public Instruction $1,500, Adjutant 
General $600, Commissioner of Agriculture $1,200, 
State Librarian $7 50, Chief Justice $2,500. 





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354 

SOUTH CAROLINA 


One of the thirteen original states, “Palmetto state.” Rev¬ 
olutionary record, brilliant. English seized the territory, but 
were thrashed at Cowpens and Eutah Springs and penned up 
in Charleston. First railroad in United States using American 
locomotive, 1830. First state to secede, Nov., 1860. Sumter 
bombarded April 12-13, 1861. Ordinance of secession repealed 
Sept. 1865, and slavery abolished. Re-entered Union June 1868. 
No. counties 41, miles railroad 2.688. State, congressional and 
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. 
State senators 41, representatives 124, sessions annual, meet¬ 
ing fourth Tuesday in Nov. Term of senators 4 years, repre¬ 
sentatives 2 years, No. electoral votes 9, No. congressmen 7. 
Insane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons, United 
States army and duelists excluded from voting. No. colleges 
9, school age 6-16, school system fair. Legal int. 7%, by con¬ 
tract, any rate, Population, census of 1900—1,340,316. Num¬ 
ber slaves in 1860, 402.406. Greatest length 280 miles, greatest 
width 210 miles, area 31,048 sq. miles, or 19,870,720 acres, coast 
line 212 miles. Principal river Savannah, navigable 130 miles. 
Magnificent water power, undeveloped. Soil from medium to 
very rich. Forests extensive and valuable. Land cleared or 
uncleared, averages $7 per acre. Rice and cotton, best crops. 
All other cereals as well as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fiber 
crops grow well. Phosphate beds euormous, gold, mica, mar¬ 
bles of all colors, building stones found in large quantities. 
Turpentine, tar, lumber and oysters largely produced. Stock 
thrives. Gold mines m Abbeville, Edgefield and Union coun¬ 
ties, first mint deposits, $3,500, in 1827. White and variegated 
marbles found in Spartanburg and Laurens counties. Climate 
—Temp, ranges 15 to 96 deg. F. Averages, summer 82 deg., 
winter 51. Average rainfall 48 inches, decreasing to the south. 
Health good. Epidemics rare and confined to seaports. Re¬ 
sort for consumptives. Changes slight and infrequent, frosts 
rare. Chief cities, census of 1900—Charleston, 55,807; 
port of entry, seat of a Catholic bishop; Columbia. 2 2,- 
836; Greenville, 12,835; Spartanburg, 13,150. United 
States customs districts at Beaufort, Charleston and 
Georgetown. Capital, Columbia. Principal Industries— 
Agriculture, mining, fishing, quarrying, lumbering, tur¬ 
pentine and tar making and phosphate digging. 


SALARIES OP STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $3,000, Lieutenant Governor $1,000, Secretary of 
State $2,100, Treasurer $2,100, Comptroller General $2,100, At- 
torney General $2,100, Superintendent of Public Instruction 
$2,100, Commissioner of Agriculture $2,100, Adjutant and In¬ 
spector General $1,500, Chief Justice $4,000, Associate Justices 
$3,500, Clerk of Supreme Court $1,000, Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives $5 per day, mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,50C 
Collector of Internal Revenue $3,250. 


355 

VIRGINIA. 

One of the thirteen original states. Called the “Old Domin¬ 
ion,” and “The Mother of Presidents.” First English settle¬ 
ment in America, 1607. Active in Revolution and subsequent 
steps toward founding the Union, Virginia won the title of 
“First of the States.” British burnt Norfolk 1779, and Rich¬ 
mond 1781. Yorktown surrendered Oct., 1781, practically van¬ 
quishing England. State seceded May 7, 1861. and capital of 
Confederacy moved to Richmond. Scene of gigantic energies 
of the war. Bull Run. the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fredericks¬ 
burg, PortRepublicandmany otherfamousbattles were fought 
on Virginia soil. Lee surrendered at Appomattox April 9,1865, 
ending the war. State returned to the Union Jan. 26, 1870. 
Number counties, 118. Sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in December: holds- 
90 day8. Term of senators 90 days, representatives 2 years. 
Number electoral votes 12, congressmen 10. Lunatics, idiots, 
convicts, duelists, United States army and non-taxpayers of 
capitation tax excluded from voting. Number colleges7,schools 
4,502, school age 5-21, school system fair. Legal interest 6 per 
cent, by contracts per cent, usury forfeits all over 6 per cent. 
Miles of railroad, 3,676. Population, census of 1900, 1,854,184. 
Slaves, 1860, 490,865. Greatest length east and west, 445 miles, 
greatest width, 190 miles, area, 42,330 sq. miles, 27,091,200 acres. 
Coast line, 130 miles, tidal frontage, 1.556 miles. The state ie 
rich in iron, gold, salt, coai, marble,slate.zinc, lead, stone, tim¬ 
ber and other natural resources as yet little developed. Much 
good farming land is untilled. Cleared land averages $10 and 
woodland $6 to $7 per acre. The opportunities for homes and 
enterprise are inviting. All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state' 
ranks first in this crop and second in tobacco), fruits, grapes, 
and vegetables are extensively raised. Stock thrives. Climate 
varies, is genial and healthful, cool in mountains and warm in 
lowlands m summer 4 .- Winters are seldom severe. Winter aver¬ 
ages 44. summer 78 deg. Rainfall,including snow,averages 44 in., . 
being heaviest on the coast. Chief Cities—Richmond (capital), 

8 5,0 50; pop. of Norfolk, 4 6.62 4; Petersburg, 21,5 49; 
Hampton Roads, one of best harbors on coast. Seven ports 
of entry. Industries—half population engaged in agricul¬ 
ture, balance in quarrying, ship-building,. lumbering, the 
trades, iron working, meat packing, tanning. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $5,000. Lieutenant Governor $900, Secretary of State- 
12,000, Treasurer $2,000, Auditor $3,000, Secretary Auditor $2,000 
Attorney General $2,500, Superintendent of Public Instruction 
$2,500, Adjutant General $600, Commissioner of Agriculture 
$1,500, Superintendent of Land Office $1,300, President of Su¬ 
preme Court $3,250, f >ur Judges of Supreme Court $3,000, two 
District Judges $3,500, Senators and Representatives $540 per 
year. 


WEST VIRGINIA. 


Originally part of Virginia. Called “Pan Handle State.” 
Hiotory up to 1861 same as that of Virginia. Refused to secede 
Ap/. 22, 1861. F. H. Pierrepont elected governor June 20, 1861. 
Admitted as state June 20,1863, and Wheeling made the capital. 
Capital changed to Charleston 1870. Moved again to Wheeling 
1875, and to Charleston again in 1884. Union soldiers furnished 
32,068. State advanced rapidly in wealth. Number counties 55. 
Miles railroad 2,143. Governor and state officers elected quadri- 
ennially, and legislature every two years on second Tuesday in 
Oet.; number senators 26. representatives 71. Sessions bien¬ 
nial in odd-numbered years, holdiag 45 days. Terms of sena¬ 
tors 4 years, representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 
6 , congressmen 4. Insane, paupers and convicts not voting. 
Flourishing free school system, school age 6-21. Legal interest 
6 per cent, by contract 6, usury forfiets excess of interest. Popu¬ 
lation, census of 1900, 858,800«,. Number of slaves in 1860,18,371. 
Topography, Area, Soil. Products, Etc.—Length N. and S. 241 
miles, greatest width 158 miles, area 24,404 sq, miles, 16,682,560 
acres. Surface mountainous with fertile valleys, the Alleghenys 
principal range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine and much 
visited by tourists. Western part hilly but gradually descends 
from 2,500 feet above the sea toward the Ohio river, where the 
elevation is 800 to 900 feet. Much of the state is virgin forest 
densely ciothed with oak, walnut, poplar, ash and other timber 
trees. Mineral springs abound. The soil, where not mountain¬ 
ous, is excellent. Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, 
salt is prodigal. Staple products include the minerals named, 
sheep, hosts, tobacco, wheat, corn, dairy products, fruit, wine, 
lumber. Tetroleum extensively produced. The state ranks 
fifth in salt and coal, seventh in buckwheat, iron and steel. 
Cleared land averages $22.50. Climate moderate, average tem¬ 
perature, winter 30 deg., ssummer 70 deg. Elevation reduces 
beat which in the valleys averages 76 to 78 deg. Average rain- 
flail 42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. Chief Cities, Census 
of 19 00—Wheeling, 3S.878; Charleston, capital, 12,407; 
Parkersburg, 16,193; Huntington, 12,469. Chief indus¬ 
tries—sixty per cent of laborers engaged in agriculture, 
balance mining, iron making, lumbering, manufacturing. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor, $5,000, Secretary of State $1,000 and fees, 
Treasurer $ 1,4 0 0, Auditor $2,000 and fees. Superintend¬ 
ent of free schools $1,500, Attorney General $1,000, 
Presiding Judge of Supreme Court $2,250, Associate 
Judges $2,250, Senators and Representatives $4 per day; 
mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,500. 



























358 

ALASKA. 

Discovered by Vitus Behring 1741, and became Russian ter¬ 
ritory by right of discovery. Purchased by the United States 
for $7,200,000, 1867, as a deed of gratitude to Russia for her 
course in civil war. Has paid 5 per cent on investment ever 
since, and promises to become the source of enormous mineral, 
far, agricultural and timber wealth. Governor appointed by 
the president of the United States. 

Pop.—Census of 1900—63,441; Indians, estimated: Innuits 
18,000, Aleutian 2,200, Ninneh 4,000, Thlinket 7,000, Hyda 800. 

Extreme length north and south 1,200 miles, width 800 miles, 
area (estimtd.) 514,700 sq. miles. Yukon, chief river, 80 miles 
wide at mouth, navigable 840 miles, length about 1,300 miles; 
coast line 5,000 miles. Fertile land. Good oats, barley and 
root crops are raised without difficulty. Rich grass land in 
the valley of Yukon. Timber abundant. Yellow cedar best, 
being of great value for boat-building. Berries plentiful. 
Fine quality of white marble is on Lynn Channel. Coal, am¬ 
ber and lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on 
Cook’s Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are 
found; sulphur abundant. Noted for fur-bearing animals, the 
chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter, squirrel 
and wolf. The main revenue is the fur seal, taking of which is 
regulated by law. The walrus is of value in furnishing ivory 
and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut and salmon are 
abundant. 

Climate—Pacific coast modified by Pacific Gulf Stream and 
long summer days. Temperature at Sitka averages, winter 
about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious and foggy 
weather common on coasts and islands. Sitka one of the rain¬ 
iest places in the world outside the tropics; annual precipita¬ 
tion 65 to 90 Inches; rainy days 200 to 285 in year. 

Chief Cities—Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church, and 
Fort St Nicholas, Cook’s Inlet, Fort St. Michael, Norton’s 
Sound, and a number of other mining settlements. Other 
harbors at Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain’s Harbor. 

Industrie—Fishing, canning, trapping and mining. 

SALARIES OF TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 


Governor ...$3,000 

District Judge. 3,000 

Clerk of District Court and ex-officio Secretary and 

Treasurer. 2,500 

District Attorney. 2,500 

Marshal and Surveyor General. 2,500 

Collector of Customs.$2,500 and fees 

Three Deputy Collectors. 1,500 

One Deputy Collector. 1,300 

Two Inspectors, per day. 3 







































N 


300 


ALABAMA. 

Name Indian, means ‘We rest here.” Mobile founded by 
French 1702. Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan. 
11,1861. Montgomery made capital of Confederacy Feb. 4,1861. 
Subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. State re-entered Union 
July 14. Number counties 66,miles of railroad 3,846. State elec¬ 
tions biennial first Monday in Aug., number senators 33, repre¬ 
sentatives 100,sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered 
years, meetings Tuesday after second Monday in Nov., and 
holding 50 days, term of senators 4 .years, of representatives 2 
years. Number of electoral votes 11, congressmen 9. Indians, 
idiots, convicts of crime excluded from voting. Number col¬ 
leges 4, school age 7-21, schools good. Legal interest 8 per 
cent, usury forfeits entire interest. Population, census of 
1900, 1,828,697. Number of slaves in 1860, 435,080. LengthN. 
and S. 330 miles, width averages 154 miles, area 52,250 sq.miles, 
32,985,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged, extending into Alle¬ 
gheny mountains, gradually descends, forming rolling prairies 
at center of state and flat low stretches at the soutt Sea coast 
68 miles. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf, 1,600 miles of 
navigable waterways. Has fair soil and is enormously rich in 
coal, iron, lime and sandstone, timber and various minerals. 
Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but 
by proper cultivation prolific, Vegetable farming near Mobile 
very successful. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice,tobacco, 
hay, oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop. Much 
forest remains. Cleared land averages $7,and woodland $4 per 
acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, 
sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. Climate. —Tem¬ 
perature mild, cold at north, warm at south, average winter 47 
deg., summer 81 deg., July hottest month, range of themome- 
ter 20 to 95 deg., sometimes for a day reaching 102 deg. Rain¬ 
fall 50 inches. Snow or ice very rare. Trees bloom in Feb. 

Chief Cities, census of 1900.—Mobile, 38.464; Birmingham, 
38,415; Montgomery (the capital), 30,346; Selma, 8,713; Hunts¬ 
ville, 8,068. Leading Industries. —Agriculture and kindred 
pursuits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc. Number in¬ 
dustries 2,070. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor. $5,000 

Secretary of State. 1,800 

Treasurer. 2 ,150 

Auditor. l)su0 

Attorney General. 1.500 

Superintendent of Purilie Instruction. 2^250 

Librarian. 1)500 

Three Railroad Commissioners.$2,000 to 3,500 

Chief Justice. . 3,000 

Two Associate Justices. 3)000 













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362 

ARKANSAS 


“Bear State.” Settled 1685. Arkansas territory organized 
1819. Admitted as a state June 15, 1836. Slavery acknowledged. 
Seceded May 6, 1861. Considerable lighting during the war, 
but no great battles. Re-entered Union 1868. Number coun¬ 
ties 75. Miles railroad, 2,717. State elections biennial, in even- 
numbered years first Monday in Sept.; number senators, 32, 
representatives 100, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
aumbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan., holding 60 
days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years. Num¬ 
ber of electoral votes 8 , congressmen 6. Idiots, Indians, con¬ 
victs not voting. Number colleges 5,school system progressive, 
school age 6-2i. Legal interest rate 6 per cent, by contract 10 
per cent, usury forfeits, principal and interest. Population, 
census o f 1900—1,311,56-1. Length N. and S. 240 miles, average 
breadth 212 miles, area 53,845 sq. miles, 44,460,800 acres. The 
seenery varied and charming. Hot Springs (temp. 140 deg.) 
great natural wonder and famous for medicinal properties. 
Soil varies, but greater portion exceptionally rich and suited to 
all crops, especially fruits, berries and gardening. State espe¬ 
cially favorable to agriculture. Magnificently timbered. Pine, 
oak, cypress, cedarrhickory, wain., linn, locust chief growth. 
Cleared land ave-ages $10, and woodland $3 per acre. Coal 
exists on the Ash river, iron in theOzarks, salt near Ouachita. 
Oilstone near Hot Springs, kaolin in Pulaski county. Staple 
products, corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, sweet" potatoes, 
mules, tar, turpentine, lumber, etc. Climate—Genial. Temp, 
ranges 15 dog. to 95 deg., on rare occasions going to 100 deg. 
Averages winter, 45 deg.; summer 80 deg. Rainfall 44 inches, 
heaviest in S. E., lightest inN. W. Health unsurpassed, espe¬ 
cially in N. W. Chief Cities, census of 1900—Little Rock, the 
capital, 38,307; Helena. 5,560; Fort Smith, 11,587; Hot Springs, 
9,973; Pine Bluff, 11,496. Industries, 2,100 in number. Cheifly 
agricultural. 

• 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor. $3,000 

Secretary of State. 1,800 

Treasurer. 2^250 

Auditor. 2,250 

Attorney General.. ] *500 

Superintendent of Public Inst. 1,600 

Land Commissioner. 1.800 

Chief Justice. S^OOO 

Two associate Justices. 3^000 

Senators and Representatives.$6 a day. 

Two District Judges.. •. 3,500 

District Attorney.$200 and fees. 

Two Assistant District Attorneys.$1,800, 1,000 

















$hut>*JL 



















364 


ARIZONA TERRITORY. 

Explored 1526. Mineral wealth found, no important settle¬ 
ments effected because of hostile natives. Organized as terri¬ 
tory, Feb.24,1863. Number counties 11. Miles railroad 1,320. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov ; number sena¬ 
tors, 12; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, 
in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., holds 
60 days ; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. 
School age, 6 21 years. Legal interest rate, 10 per cent., by 
contract, an y rate; no penalty for usury. School endowment 
in lands reserved very large. 

Population, census 1900, 122,931. Extreme length north and 
south, 378 miles, width, 339 miles, area, 113,929 sq. miles, 72,- 
914,560 acres. Volcanic peaks reach an altitude of 10,500 feet. 
Southern portion a plain, dipping occasionally below sea level, 
and rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to 600 feet 
usually , mountains numerous, highest point San Francisco, 
11,056 feet. Colorado river navigable 620 miles. Flows between 
perpendicu'ar walls cut in solid rock iu places 7,000 feet high. 
Agriculture possible only in the valleys or where irrigation is 
practicable. Soil in valleys and bottoms very rich and pro¬ 
lific. Wheat, barley, potatoes, hay, corn, onions are staple 
field crops, com follows wheat or barley, giving two crops 
yearly. Oranges and all semi-tropical fruits do well where 
water is obtainable. Cattle raising extremely profitable. De¬ 
sert tracts of considerable area are found. Timber grows on 
the mountains, foot-hills and along the streams. The varieties 
include pme and cedar on mountains, cotton-wood, walnut 
aud cherry on streams. Size of trees fair and quantity large. 
Abuudant mineral wealth exists, which can be developed with 
profit, owing to completion of railways. Nearly all mountain 
ranges contain gold, silver, copper and lead. Superior quality 
of lime found near Preston ana Tucson, beds of gypsum in 
San Pedro valley, remarkable deposits of pure transparent 
salt near Callville. Territory ranks second in production of 
silver. 

Climate exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, except 
in mountains, temperature averages 38 deg. winter, 73 sum¬ 
mer, mucli warmer at south, the thermometer reaching occa¬ 
sionally 115, and rarely falling below 35 deg, iu winter In 
central portion heat seldom exceeds 83 deg. to 90 deg., D now 
in mountains, Put melts soon. Rainfall ou Gila 6 inches, in 
foot-hills 28 inches. Heaviest in July and August. 

Cutee Cities.— Census of 1900: Tucson, pop.7,531; Prescott, 
the capital, pop.3,559. Phoenix, 5,544. 

Leading Industries.— Mining, grazing, agriculture, lum¬ 
bering, smelting, etc. 



.r'H'it Sprin 
Eldorado 5 
Speihjj’s .Ranch 0 .*~v 

y k M O, H A V 

F-K \ i j o 

MincHlWrk - 

v 'i^r&pw r n rSo^7i^ 


^ TY?tr ll TP n:r o 

%sigLiO> c4W>^ 

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ni F R °#l^ir l rv > I^GliaftcsJ 

\r J>' BiU' ; r^pri>/ v 'r = 

ftlJ 


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Pj&IRN M 
Hite Ror^jFt. Di 

' *Wiligw Spring 


oodruffi ' 


■fsivp] 
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C 


ivaip-^ 

itigs 


iv 'rpoo l /prB<VOXT 0 * 1 o C^npWordf^A V 

W^inut *% ‘S rr/ I 

- * * ~~ —7“ ■ —A-Ft.'ApVu nJ 

Cos! 7p 

; ! ohiiup c'HU 


It "... i**-',,, Sl.Joh 
'( i I Taylor}® y^ 

'* Arf'* 


seymouWo ^'/ U 
>Mc ]pjp.we 


NlsA- c - ( 

=wa '■>):■. f.Es, 1 
% w" f £y 

S** 0 ^ j—*—Sancifai-.l^ed-Rock 


7v/ a ,, p ,V>Q n /' a M. ) ■ ! o Si iiiL'V 


-jP V\ I o3 % M fS^A I r Ft. Bowie o 
'•'nMesmift/c, ^labi V-^s^on L^r ; "i 


: Jil % Pa«o'^u)turitbl^ t - 1)aV ^#- Tombfloi. J 


Tut>ac 


""CatehgzaJ 


7 




iston 


, ®ii-;,*.C'harlesUra» ; ' . 

"’ 14 ® il-jcker | 

O, 

.^a^d Springs 

MAP OF 

ARIZONA 


Jamgrtn Broe.Ji 'iri’s.Chioago 


D 


ft 





























CALIFORNIA. 

•‘Golden State.” First settled at San Diego 1768. Gold dis¬ 
covered 1848. Rush of immigration set in 1849. State constitu¬ 
tion. without the preliminary of a territorial organization, 
framed Sept. 1849. Admitted as a state Sept. 9, 1850. Number 
counties 57. Miles railroad 5,274. Governor and state officers 
elected quadrennially and legislature every two years; number 
senators 40, representatives 80, sessions or legislature biennial 
in odd-numbered years, meeting 1st Monday after Jan. 1, holds 
60 days; term of senators 4, representatives 2 years. Number 
electoral votes 9, congressmen?. ^ Idiots, 

Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from voting. School 
system very fair; school age 5-17. Legal interest 7 per cent, 
by contract any rate. Population, according io census of 1890, 
1,206,1*0. Extreme length N. and S. 735 miles, width 3?0 miles, 
area 158,360 sq. miles, 91,350,500 acres. Coast line over 800 miles. 
San Francisco Bay, 40 miles long 9 miles wide, magnificent 
harbor. Yosemite in the Sierras, one of the greatest natural 
wonders of the world and the greatest marvel of the state, 
where scenery is always grand. Mt. Whitney 15,000, highest 
peak. Very rich agriculturally and in minerals. Soil warm, 
genial and rich. Two crops may be raised in season Irriga¬ 
tion necessary in parts and almost always desirable. Wheat 
most valuable crop, all cereals, root crops and grasses do well, 
corn, barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, hops and oats staples. 
Mineral deposits include gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, 
coal, stones, salt, soda, etc. Ranks high as a fruit growing 
state, ‘‘ruits of temperate climates, sub-tropical fruits and nuts^ 
grapee N. to 41 deg., olives, etc., grow to ^reat perfection. Fine 
sheep raising country. Ranks first in Darley, grape culture, 
sheep, gold and quicksilver, third in hops, fifth in wheat and 
salt. Noble forests of redwood and other valuable growths. 
Land runs from $1.25 to several nundred dollars per acre. Im¬ 
proved land averages $30, unimproved $7.50 per acre. It is the 

E aradise of the small farmer. Plenty ot room for men with a 
ttle something to begin on. 

Climate varies with elevation and latitude. Mild and piea» 
ant on coast. Average temperature at San Francisco in sum¬ 
mer 62 deg., winter 50 deg. Varmer in interior, reaching at 
times 100 deg. Rainfall variable, from 7 to 50 inches at San 
Francisco. Average at S. 10 inches. Melting snow from 
mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts rare. 

Chief Cities, census of 1900—San Francisco, pop. 342,782; 

S ort of entry, regular line of steamers to Australia, Panama, 
texico. China and Japan; Sacramento, capital, 29,282; Oak¬ 
land, 66,960; San Jose, 21,500; Stockton, 17,506,'Los Angelea 
102,479;U. S. navy yard at San Pueblo Bay; Fresno, 12,470; 
Aiameda, 16,464; Berkeley, 13,214; San Diego, 17,700. 

Leading Industries—Agriculture, stock raising, fruit cultsra 
mining, lumbering, etc. 



1 >i*nkville 


^XS Cr ' $3 


Tates] 


c Skeplier.ls M olv^v e t' 

Camp Cady 'M 

j, _y^^Spauish It ancle 

-Op Cotton wYkI / 
Lanes 

/ TalaaaJkbte 

jColtpn o 

CbutkenSlla 

\ >sLoi&e Pain* 

rndian^WeUi’^^ ( 

CWr ‘ MammotLiT-ank) 


S^yrtin EagUjv 
aW* c Madtf';i 


Shasta. 


Aj p i,.Robiikwdv 

lla'Cyy r^jT'ownia 


( (Nellie 

LeestfilJt 

a'kiafi'',, ... 


ijrn^IiBgo- 

jJuOWE R 
CAL. 


PHAMMffeM&Aleev X 

^gfKy l gteJ^r* , rH i 

K. % l H;n'. .V./^ . i K\ BJaek Ewk, 

\ 

X Sa ^ J a n d oWeldon 

* & )\ l.nj’anza Tu—n ^ 

mV ©I’fcg^fickKj—^alientfe 

r \ Orape vime-- 

ImSl " LaSe* 

N r e$pal! c rC \ 


OtlO Cl 


> rnnoi' 


MAP OP £ 
CALIFORNIA y 


:eoce 


jtomgren Bro*., E*>ffr’$, Chicagt 






















868 


CONNECTICUT. 

‘Wooden Nutmeg State.” One ot the original 13 states ex¬ 
plored by the Dutch settlers of Manhattan Island, 1615,by whom 
settlement was made, 1633, at Hartford. The state furnished a 
very large quota of men to the Revolutionary armies. Yale 
College founded 1701. Union soldiers furnished 55,864. Number 
counties 8. Miles railroad 1,009. State elections yearly on same 
date as presidential election. Elects 24 senators, 252 representa¬ 
tives, 4 congressmen and 6 presidential electors. State seuarors 
hold 2 and representatives 1 year. Legislature meets yearly on 
Wednesday after first Monday in Jan. Convicts and persons 
unable to read not permitted to vote. School system superior, 
includes 3 colleges with 160.000 books in libraries. School age 
4-16 years. Legal interest 6 per cent. No penalty for usury. 
Population, according to census of 1900, 908,355. Area 4,990 sq. 
miles, average length 86 miles, average breadth 55 miles; sea 
coast 110 miles. Surface less rugged than the other New Eng¬ 
land states. Mountain range terminates in this state in a series 
of hills. The coast is indented by numerous bays and harbors. 
Soil, except in valley, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, 
tobacco and vegetables are the staple crops. Cleared land 
averages $40 and'Avood land $30 per acre. No valuable timber 
remains.'# Stone extensively quarried. Valuable iron mines 
exist. Climate moderate and healthy; average temperature, 
summer 72 deg., winter 28 deg. Occasionally the thermometer 
sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers warm, rain 
fall, including snow, abont'47 inches. Chief Industries—Manu¬ 
facture of hardware, clocks, silks, cotton, rubber, carpets,wool* 
eras, arms, seAving machines and attachments, dairying, quarry- 
5n x, agriculture, etc.; total number of industries 4,488, Prin¬ 
cipal cities, census of 1890—Hartford, capital and noted for 
banking and Insurance business, pop.79,850; New Haven, 
"City - f Elms,” seat of Yale college, 108,027; Bridgeport., noted 
for manufacture-of lire arms ana sewing machines, 70,996; 
Wvterl.u’p important manufacturing city, 43,859: Danbury, 
16 .'37 ; I.fe irkn, 24,293, Middletown, 9,589; New Britain, 25.998; 
New Lor ion, 17'.748; Norwich, 17,251; Stamford, 15,997. Fair- 
fcehi, M'< dir own New Haven, New London and Stonington 
ar: p »rf£ of entry. 


SALARIES OP STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor.$4,000 

Lieutenant Governor. 500 

Secretary o f S ta te..".!!..*!*..*! 1 500 

Treasurer. 1500 

Comptroller.. ’ j’sqq 

Secretary State Board of Education.3^000 

Adjutant General . 1,200 

Insurance Commissioner. 3^500 

Three Railroad Commissioners.3,000 

Chief Justice.’. 4*500 

Four Associate Justices... .. ’ 4,000 

















































370 

COLORADO 

“ Centennial State.” John C. Fremont, “ The Pathfinder,” 
crossed Rockies 1842-44. First American settlement near 
Denver, 1859, Mining begun. Organized as territory Feb. 
1861. Indian troubles 1863-4. Union soldiers furnished 4,903. 
Admitted as a state Aug. 1, !8?6. Number counties 56 No 
railroad in 1870. Mileage 1899. 4,572. All elections Tuesday 
after first Monday in Nov.^number senators 36, representatives 
65, sessions biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first 
Monday in Jan., limit of session 40 days, term of senators 4 
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 4 
congressmen 2. Convicts excluded from voting. Number 
colleges 3, school system fair endowment, school age 6-21 
years. Legal interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate. 

Population— census of 1900— 439,700 

Length E. and W. 380 miles, width 270 miles, area 103,925 sq. 
miles, 66,460,800 acres, three-fifths unsurveyed. Rocky moun¬ 
tains traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges having many peaks 
more than* 13,000 feet high. Fine grazing grounds. Scenery 
grand beyond words. Much rich soil along streams and wher¬ 
ever irrigation is possible. Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, 
oats, hay, staple crops. Cattle, sheep and hog raising safe and 
profitable. Dairying pays, as does gardening. Timber re¬ 
sources moderate. Mountains fairly clothed with pine and 
other trees. Mineral wealth inexhaustible. State ranks first 
in silver, fourth in gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, 
mica, etc.,, exist in large deposits. 

Cli.mate.— Dry and range of temperature comparatively 
small. Winters mild, summers cool. Average temperature 
winter 31 deg., summer 73 deg. Rainfall, mainly in May, June 
and July, average 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, 
accompanied by heavy snowfall; violent winds common; fogs 
unknown. Health unsurpassed. 

Chief Cities.— Census of 1900— Denver, capital and me¬ 
tropolis, and contains assay office ; pop. 133,859 Leadville, 
12,455 Colorado Springs, 21,085 State University at Boulder; 
Agricultural College at Fort Collins ; School of Mines at 
Golden City. Pueblo, 28,157; Cripple Creek, 10.147. 

Leading Industries.— Mining, smelting ores, agriculture, 
grazing, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor. $5,000 

Lieutenant Governor.. 1,000 

Secretary of State. 3,000 

Treasurer. 3,000 

Auditor..*. 2,500 

Attorney General. 2,000 

Chief Justice. 5.~^ 











hi 








































372 

NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Named for Dakota Indians. First setteled at Pembina 1812. 
Dakota was organized as territory March, 1861, and admitted 
to the Union as North and South Dakota on Nov. 3,1889. First 
legislature met 1862, 'at Yankton. Immigration became active 
1866. Railroad building active and systems mammoth in their 
scale. Number counties North Dakota, 30; South Dakota, 53. 
Number senators and representatives, North Dakota, 93; South 
Dakota, 132; sessions biennial. Teim of senators 4 years, and 
of representatives 2 years. Legal interest iate 7 per cent, by 
contract 12 per cent . usury forfeits excess. Miles railroad in 
North Dakota, 2,584; in South Dakota, 2,802. 

Population, census of 1900, N. D.. 319,146; S. D., 401.570. 
Ateas, N. D., 70.894 sq. miles or 45,362.560 acres; S. D., 77.580 
sq.miles or 49,661,200 acres. Indian reservation principally west 
of Missouri river, 42,000,000 acres, one-seventh good farming 
land. Surface high, level plain, 950 to 2,600 feet above the sea, 
traversed by ranges of lofty hills, which at the S. W. reach an 
elevation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. The Missouri river 
traverses the territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is 
navigable. Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and 
east. Devil’s Lake is semi-salt. Other large lakes Soil is 
very rich and peculiarly suited to wheat, which is the staple 
crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit is not a 
good crop. Cattle, and especially sheep-raising, favored and 
growing industries. Timber scarce, except along the streams 
and some of the hills. Gold and silver extensively mined. 
Black Hills very rich in precious minerals. Ranks fourth in 
gold output. Good coal west of the Missouri. Not much de¬ 
veloped as yet. Deposits of tin said to be of great value exist. 
Price of land $1.25 to $20 per acre (later improved). 

Climate. —Temperature^ranges from 32deg.belowzero to 100 
deg. above. Averages, winter4 to20 deg., summer 65 to 75 deg. 
Winters at north severe, with heavy snow. Moderate at the 
south. Air clear, dry and free from malaria. Cold not so pene¬ 
trating as in moister climates. Springs late and summers of 
medium length. Rainfall 19 in., chielly in spring and summer. 

Chief Cities of North Dakota. —Fargo, northern metrop¬ 
olis. Bismarck, Giand Forks. 

Chief Cities of South Dakota. —Yankton, Pierre, Dead- 
wood. 

Industries. —Almost entire laboring population engaged in 
agriculture and mining. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor N. Dakota, $3,000; S. Dakota, 3,000 Lieutenant 
Governors. $1,000; Secretaries of State, $2 000; Treasurers, 
$2,000: Auditors, $2,000; Superindents of Public Instruction, 
$2,000; Chief Justices, $3,000; Senators and Representatives, 
$5 a day, mileage 20 cents. 



Fort Elb'ce 
o Brule 


Y aiWlew 

\ •j.tWfera 


Otterbjnre 

Feeh e / V 


Glenora 


Penza 


"Crystal Cit; 




.ncent 


White Rbch Hill 


Garfield 


o Minni-ivajcan 


jMIUTARY 

■fflESERVATLI 


iMardell 


. } Durbin" 


he. Moureol 


Grand River Agency 


ittle Bend 


^^^Rcssemv^Hu ronir - ^ -0 

\ Corvallis UgX , 

> Crow CreeP^^ForesfburghTCJl^ 

•^ChamberkiuM.iambaU 1VV 

r BijouJILUA ° - AleranfinS' 

"* *r v 7 , ''Grand Viow Maty 

r CSJ& ?fef ’wtSkSw^ 0 ^*'!^ 


endwood 


OF SOUTH DAKOTA 


6lumgren*Br«»'. thtgr'e .. Chicago 


MAP 

OF 

NOKTH 

DAKOTA. 


v- u* 

Sval simile 


VJ^C* Devil s We Le r ; vVAvMri 
Villard Fod. TottegWS^ ^ 0 ^ 



























374 


DELAWARE. 

One of the thirteen original states. “The Diamond State.” 
Settled by Swedes 1658, who bought from Indians. Took vig¬ 
orous part in the revolution. Was a slave state. Slaves 1860, 
2,000. Union soldiers furnished 12,284, the biggest percentage 
of any state. Contains three counties. Miles of railroad 317. 
All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November, number 
senators 17, representatives 35, legislature meets in odd-num¬ 
bered years first Tuesday in January, holds 21 days, term of 
senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years, number electoral 
votes 3, number congressmen 1, idiots, insane, paupers and 
criminals excluded from voting. Colleges at Newark and Wil¬ 
mington, school age 6-21, schools fair, legal interest rate 6. 
usury forfeits the principal. Population census of 1900, 184,- 
735. Length north and south nearly 100 miles, width 10 miles 
at north, 36 at south. Area 2,050 square miles, or 1,248,000 
acres. Available area large. Northern portion rolling, but free 
from large hills. Scenery Deautiful. Southern portion level and 
sandy, with frequent cypress marshes. Coast low and swampy 
with lagoons separated from sea by sand-beaches. Streams flow 
into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are small. Tide reaches 
to Wilmington. The soil is good and the state of cultivation 
superior. Cleared land averages 845 per acre, and wood-land 
840. Staple crops, corn, wheat, peaches, berries, garden vege¬ 
tables, aweet potatoes. Iron is found, but is no longer worked. 
Climate mild. Tempered by sea breezes. Average tempera¬ 
ture, winter, 32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 72 deg. to 78 deg. 
Rainfall 48 to 50 inches. At north health excellent. Some ma¬ 
laria on the lowlands bordering the swamps at the south. 
Chief Cities, census of 1900.—Wilmington, pop. 76,508. Dover, 
(cap.) 3,329,Newcastle 3,380. Breakwater protecting Delaware 
Bay at Cape Henlopen, greatest work of its kind in America, 
eost the United States $2,127,400, and was over 40 years in 
eourse of construction. Industries.— Agriculture and kin¬ 
dred pursuits, manufacture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, 
leather, etc., shipbuilding, fishing, canning and preserving. 
Total number different industries, 750. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor.82,000 

Secretary of State. 1,000 

Treasurer. 1.450 

Auditor. ’700 

Adj u tan t General. 200 

Attorney General. 2.000 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 1,500 

State Librarian. 450 

Chief Justice. 2.500 

Chancellor. 2,500 

Three Associate Justices. 2,200 

Senators and Representatives..83 per day and mileage. 

















'Oerntrerille 


-A MAP OP 

P/DELAW AKE 


(burg 

VStanton 


wedeslioro 


Juss borough 


Watertown 


lontoj 


pBay- 

llook. 


Millville 1 


Jreen 


aSttmyrna). 

Brenford 


Claytei 
enton J 

I /koorton\b' ,,lc t.'rei 
, J T 1 -x O 

[ /Slaughter \\ ~~—' 

/ DOVER/S j ba 

1 Wyoming / oX^ 0 
Ipetersburgh 


.i-znolia. 

S&n\S\\ 


/ J • Canterbury 
HoU^noville o | 


'rederic: 


Felton 


iarrington 

Vernon'’ 


Famii/ktoi 
vHfcincoln - 


FJlendal< 

Miltoa 0 
) CooL^ 

rlfaber ao 


►enton 


rc^nv. 


Ldgeville 

'Cannon 


[>oth Beach 


irtrtown 


^__Astockley\ Uolley' 
Concord \ 

Millaborougfe 

-T XlilagJiWater J 

”^->TBag3bor®ugnb o 

GuJiAugh Fr ^“^I^| WillSmsj H 
)elmar V SeHVyyilleK J 


wimamsbuy-g 


Laurel 


Barren Cr, 


BwinyTtn- Brus[Eriijr’i>. Chicaga. 



























376 

FLORIDA. 

Named for its flowers, “Peninsula State.” Pensacola taken 
from England by Gen. Jackson during the war of 1812. Entire 
province ceded to United States 1819. Organized as a territory 
1822. Admitted as a state March 3, 1845. State seceded Jan. 10, 
18(51, re-entered Union July 4, 1868. Number counties 45 niihs 
of railroad 3,182. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
Nov. Numbers senators 32, representatives 68. Sessions of 
legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday 
after first Monday in January, bolds 60 days. Term of senators 

4, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 4, con¬ 
gressmen 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elections and 
duelists excluded from voting. Schools fair, school age 4-21. 
Legal interest 8 per cent, by contract any rate. Population, 
census of 1900—528,542. Number of slaves in 1860, 61,745. Four- 
fifths of Floridais in the peninsula,which is about 350 miles N. 
and S. and 105 miles E. and W. Remainder is the narrow 6trip 
along the Gulf, 342 miles E. and W. and 10 to 50 miles N. and 

5. Area 58,580 sq. miles. 37,931,520 acres. Twenty-first state in 
size. State surrounded by sea except on north. Coastline over 
1,200 miles. Good harbors rare, mostly on Gulf The northern 
section is a limestone formation, affording a fair soil. In the 
middle section are found tracts of great richness. At the south 
the soil, when dry or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Shores very 
low frequently not two feet above tide water. Coral growth at 
south continues. Surface dotted with lakes. The staple pro¬ 
ducts are corn (most valuable crop), sugar, molasses,rice, cot¬ 
ton, oats, tobacco, vegetables of all kinds, peaches, oranges, 
and all tropical and semi-tropical fruits, cocoanuts, lumber, 
fish, oysters, etc. Poultry and stock raising are successful. 
Cleared land averages $12, woodland $3, swamp $1, and school 
land $1.25 per acre. Much forest remains. Tim her,chiefly pine, 
of moderate size, free from undergrowth. Game abounds. Cli¬ 
mate superb. No enow. Frosts rare at north, unknown at 
south. Temperature ranges 30 deg. to 100 deg., rarely above 90. 
Winter averages 59 deg., summer 81 deg. Breezes blow across 
from Gulf to Atlantic and vice versa, temper the heat and keep 
air dry and clear. Average rainfall 55 inches, chiefly in summer. 
Chiee Cities, census of 1900—Key We«t,good harbor and naval 
station, 17,114. Jacksonville, 28,429. St. Augustine, oldest 
town in United States, 4,272. Tallahassee, capital, 2,981. 
Pensacola, 17,747. Principal Industries. —Almost the 
entire laboring population is engaged in agriculture and fruit 
growing. Fishing for fish and oysters at&a lumbering largely 
fallowed. Railroads, 1890, 2,378 miles. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $5,000, Lieutenant Governor $500, Secretary 
of State $2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Comptroller $2,000. 
Attorney General $2,000. Superintendent of Public In¬ 
struction $2,000. Adjutant General $2,000, Land Com¬ 
missioner $1,200, Chief Justice $3,500. 


I 2 3 4 & 6 



/^abowhe, 


SSffiosfn 


.ftcToandU 


1 ^Waulla^f t , 

r \ „° a St! Mark? 
rawfordW 1 lle^J ?i ^p < 

Srabelle ^Y%y y }j ScPIsSfc. 

rap&ais 

^ iVl 


Ti^rr'r^unty.uue \i j w^!-, 
C.i.vl / 0 Lak/iiutlor^i^aj V 
nv y-> v >l} 1 ie 6 He 
wnan$\ ille'Q 
llaincsvilh 
^Arc-hor^ 

Ironson, 

TKtV./i 


L«A ugwsliite 

c&«\ ' 

s&j^ssL 

Ue Apopm fji^Jm 

Y \ Oakland o 1“ \ 

Empire o f Orlando ) 

V- • J ^ Lake ' Wy 

lote Aiasunme^ ^olwpekaliiim 
Spring Inll Jiaie Cjmessl 

5i- 1° / u ,<S^La*«U/ 

&a y baTtowM^ 8i „j7nee 

£^o^Parish °Ft.W^adeV Ft.Ki3simnv 
Palmetto °jFt.G*ee3 1 St.Luoia" 
r Manatee /_p 0 paito 1, 4 a * g 
WnsAia 1 rwSato^ - 


mi 

Cedar^I 


JHomosas 


'j&rMs 

Junayerai 


© Clear Wat/iv 
Oablaut 


Palm Jj 
Cfisc^/’i 

Casey 


opine Rjel 


c7*o&e?\' 


CAar^f 

Gasp aril 


BiyJZyp ress] 


Captiye^li 


Cerro Gordo 


y Chattakuoct 
Vernon \ 
Abes Spring 0 

St A win 

^Bay) 


Euehe< 

^Anna 


f^aasa«uij| 


*^ rn9 »l 

North-western 

Port ion of fJ', 

FLORIDA ^ 

Blorngrra Brute.,£np*’e Chicago 


yp\Q l&- 
i\fe*cOmbi 
































378 

GEORGIA. 

one of the thirteen original states, named for King George 
II. ol England, called the “ Empire State of the Sonth.” Orig¬ 
inally a part of South Carolina and claimed by Spain. Active 
in the Revolution, suffering badly from devastation by English. 
Severe wars with Creeks and Cherokees settled by treaties 1790 
and 1791. State seceded January 19, 1801. Many hard fought 
battles during civil war, including Atlanta, etc. Re-entered 
Union 1870. Number counties 137, miles of railroad 5,403, state 
elections first Wednesday in October, number senators 44, rep¬ 
resentatives 175, sessions, biennial in even-numbered years, 

meeting first Wednesday in November, hold forty days. Terms 
of senators and representatives two years each. Number elec 
toral votes 13 , number congressmen 11. Idiots, insane, crim¬ 
inals and non-taxpayers excluded from voting. Number col¬ 
leges 7, State University at Athens organized 1801, public 
schools excellent, school age 6-18. No state license law gov¬ 
't ning commercial travelers, but Atlanta, Athens. Augusta "and 
Sava nil ah exact a tax. Legal interest.7%, by contract 8%. usury 
forfeits excess of interest. Population, census of 1890—1,837,- 
3oc Greatest length N. and S. 321 miles, greatest width 255 
miles, area 59,475 square miles or 38,064,000 acres, exclusive of 
water area. Surface diversified. At the north are the Blue 
Ridge. Etowah and other mountains. In the southeast is the 
Okefinokee swamp, 150 miles in circumference Joast irregu¬ 
lar and indented, shore line about 500 miles, inree seaports. 
Mountain streams are rapid picturesque cataracts and immense 
basins. Thecbief falls are the Tallulah, in Habersham county, 
Toccoa, in the Tugalo, 180 feet high, Towaliga, in Monroe Co., 
and the Amicolah, which descend 400 feet in a quarter mile. 
Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, ricej sweet potatoes, tobacco, sugar 
and melons, chief agricultural staples. Fruit*, both temperate 
and semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. "Wool-growing 
important. Gold is extensively mined. Coal, iron, marble ex 
ist. Cleared land averages $8 and woodland $5.50 per acre. 
One-fourth area heavily timbered with yellow pine of great 
value for lumber, turpentine, etc. Climate.— At the north 
mild and extremely healthy, hot in the lowlands. Range o, 
temperature 30 deg. to 105 deg. Average, winter 49 deg., sum¬ 
mer 38 deg. Rainfall averages 55 inches. State Population, 
census of 1900, 2,216.331. Chief Cities, census of 1900.— 
Savannah, pop. 54,244. Atlanta, capital, pop. 89,972; Augusta, 
39,441. Principal Industries. —Three-fourths of population 
engaged in agriculture. Remainder in various pursuits. Man¬ 
ufacturing important. Raw materials becoming more abun¬ 
dant and cheap. 


For HAWAII see Page 204. 


1 


2 



6 


6 



Pigeon Pwiver 


Franklin 


Green 


/ / ^ : Croceoft 

XuIaZ' C&nresVill# 


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Abbeville 


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omcr 

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, . :old V ? Cohutta Clayton 

^Trenton W Daltou ° Morgantown 
Stark V/ ° Spring Place 

a Favptte /i E1 ^ ° CUrkesville 
; a r ayette f ) r> aW8onvilre 


MAP OP 

GEORGIA 


■Jasper o o 
, „ Gaines V./ , 

<®B £!?&*">* Canton J^J /n .^ owcr ^ ^ 

t - , Cumml 
Jphiretta 

























880 


Gold discovered, 1880, in Oro Fino creek. Organized as ter- * 
ritory March, 1863. and admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. 
Number counties 21. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
in Nov., number senators, 21 > representatives, 49* sessions of 
legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second 
Monday iu Dec., holds 60 days, terms of senators and repre¬ 
sentatives, 2 years each. Electoral votes 3; 1 congressman. 
School age, 5-21 years. Legal interest rate 10 per cent., by 
contract 18 per cent., usury forfeits three times excess of in¬ 
terest; miles railroad, 1,106. 

Population, 1900—161,772. 

Topography, Area, Son., Products. Etc.—L ength, 140 to- 
490 miles, width 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,800 eq. miles, 53,944,- 
600 acres. Surface table laud and mountains. About one- 
twelfth is arable and oue-tenth more grazing land. One-third 
barren, but may be reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are 
found, as well as numerous water powers. Forests estimated 
at 9,000,000 acres. The soil, where water can be had, is fertile. 
Wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and hay are good crops, and 
dairying and stock-raising profitable. Gold is found in quartz 
veins in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties, silver in Owyhee 
county. Some of the mines very rich. Wood river district on 
fouthern slope of Salmon River mountains, at headwaters of 
Wood or Malad rivers, gives promise of valuable mining oper¬ 
ations, chiefly placers. Coal in vicinity of Boise City. '’Terri¬ 
tory ranks sixth in gold and silver. 

Climate severe, with heavy snows in mountains, on plains 
less severe, but cold and bracing. In the valleys it is milder, 
with moderate snowfall. Summers cool and pleasant. Tem¬ 
perature averages 20 deg. in winter, 70. deg. in summer. Rain¬ 
fall small in me Rocky and Bitter Root mountains, and very 
light at the N. and W. 

Chief Cities.— Boise City (capital), 5,957; Pocatello, 4,046: 
Wallace, 2,265. 

Leading Idustries.— Mining, grazing, agriculture, smelting 
and lumbering. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor......$5,000 

Secretary. 1,800 

Treasurer. 1,000 

Auditor. 1,800 

Librarian. 250 

Chief Justice.!. 3,000 

Two Associate Justices.3,000 

Senators and Representatives...$4 per day and20 cents mileage 

Two District Attorneys.$250 and fees 

Collector of Internal Revenue.2,250 

Three Deputy Collectors.$1,400 to 1,600 

Assayer. 2.000 















MAP OF 

IDAHO 


oCoaur-d’ 


4iTC^\ Sun Rive* 


^V^Stauford 


Mountain"'‘•*Cama3; ii \ yJ \ n 

Core-© ° Creek v \ 

LMosoow i\ '*< x 

si ..rn z p««si 3 


WmM? 

Bill 

Bearers M 

/X-i'-f ' '* 0 WMhiirgto&i^ 


Pioneer 


’llatin 


Dillod-, ’■*«, 


BrownWA^ 


f®r jxjw 

k Jordan Creek Cam as CrT 

< 0^0 :< t 

jr- r -^a ] 

j\ jr- 1 * BjackfootJs 
Bradford “ J i yZ-' 


Rcbim 


Cagle Rock 
Riverside*' 


! o ,Castle 
Silver A. 

^J^s!>uth ^ 


Salmon Falls ^ 

oTrleiinp.Falls y'-p-^ 

^o'-vfioo^reroe^ 

! JS-A.S S I A Basin 
, ^ Oak ley o { 

, EafuH.vtr BridgP | ( 


i Valley^ I 

L '/;r/un' * 


Oxford°vC Si. 
Clltton^lChajrl 


xX 0 Mountain Cy. 

N E V A D |a 

HUfagrtn iteos*, Engr’a Chicago?' 


























382 


ILLINOIS. 

Name derived from Illini tribe of Indians, meaning Superior 
Men. Called‘"Prairie State - ’and “Sucker State.” Ft. Dearborn 
(Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawatomies. Admitted as 
state, 1818. Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. Soldiers in 
Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092. Number counties, 
102. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; num¬ 
ber senators, 51; representatives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., term of sena¬ 
tors, 4years; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 
24; congressmen, 22. Idiots and convicts excluded from 
voting. School system excellent; number colleges, 28; school 
age, 6-21. Legal interest, 6 per cent.; by contract, 8 per cent.; 
usury forfeits entire interest. Miles of railroad, 10,752. Popu¬ 
lation, census of 1900, 4,821,550. Extreme length N. and S. 386 
miles; extreme width, 218 miles. Av. elevation, 482 ft., eleva¬ 
tion at Cairo, 340 ft. i. highest point, 1,140 ft. in northw. portion. 
Area, 56,000 sq. m., 36,256,000 acres; miles of navigable water¬ 
ways^, 100. Frontage on Lake Michigan, liO miles. Among 
first agricultural states of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, 
oats, rye, barley, broomcorn, vegetables, hay, potatoes, etc. 
Fruits and grapes do well at south. Yield of all crops culti¬ 
vated, large Coal area, two-thirds state. First coal mined in 
America at Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable 
forest of hardwoods at south on hills and in bottoms. Superior 
quality limestone on Fox and Desplaiues rivers; lead, most im¬ 
portant mineral; Galenaln center of richest diggings in N. W. 
Rich Balt wells in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gal. brine 
making 50 lbs. salt. State ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat 
packing, lumber traffic, malt and distilled liquors and miles 
railway; second in rye, coal, agricutural implements, soap and 
hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, iron, steel, mules, milch cows 
and other cattle. Cleared land av. 828, and woodland or raw 
prairie, 818 per acre. Climate healthful as a rule; subject to 
sudden and violent changes at north. Temp, ranges from 30 
deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Av. temp, at Springfield, 30 
deg. winter; 78 deg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter, 72 
deg. summer. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter, 8t) d. summer. Frost 
comes last of Sept. Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall 37 
inches. Chief Cities, census of 1900—Chicago, pop. 1,698,575; 
Peoria, 56,160; Quincy, 36,252; Springfield (capital), 34,159; 
Joliet, 29,353; Rockford, 31,051. Industries—Agriculture, 
mining, stock raising and manufacturing of all kinds. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor 86,000, Sec. of State 83,500, Treas. 83,500, Auditor 
$3,500, Attorney General $3,500, Chief Justice $5,000, Senators 
and Representatives $5 per day, mileage 10 cents and $50 







Kienoa 

W'ybdstocV 

SlNundkl 


►yeamore 


ulton 


Ge»»ev 

'OT|U 


vvrora 


Joliet! 


Me n a J«SP r e ix Tw ^j 

Ot fcwa^yjk i 

Uurcayff ) La Salle 


olona 


llitaff 


»ew Boston 
Keitokburi 


try omuy 
biire 


Bnrlingto' 


ores 


aiACarth^o^ V 

*Z — \\ f Lewis! 
Mendon /Vermont 
. L YUisbville <f 

np"Pt!&C'^ Wn s , 


uba| 


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Mason C 
PetensiX 
irzuiia/^v 


Beard 


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iverly 

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tytsfield y 13 
■&och 1 Ho.pt a 


rShuna 
amon t 


ART OF COOK CO 


orrentoj 


w^nls V. /^bojpoiiglNv 
iouis Patokaj 

^Central]» 

v A3hlc >'iaadoSN.^,- 

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Carbondal<>*-*-2 


ontrose 


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i -BtV 


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ress Jc« 


Grand Tower 


ngr t, Chicago. 


MAP OF 

ILLINOIS 


N u ■' u 9 uc 

*»v \, rreej'orT'.f— 

j c ^/JKockford^ 

SavanuahU-—^ 

1.1- or U a ^ 


i_rv 


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MSti 


Kemntoii Jt • 


Marion /Harris- (Shawnee 
MakamU Vg \ T. 

pneaboro /Gokonda 


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2 


3 


4 


5 


8 
























































384 


INDIANA. 

“Hooeier State.” Settled at Fort St. Vincente, now Vincen¬ 
nes, in 1702, by French-Canadian voyagers. Admitted ae a state 
Dec. 11, 1816. Sixth state admitted. Soldiers furnished in 
Mexican war 5,000. Union soldiers 196,363. Number counties, 
92. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number 
senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature bien¬ 
nial, in odd-numbered years,meet Thursday after first Monday, 
holds 60 days: terms of senators 4 years, of representatives, 2; 
number electoral votes, 15; number congressmen, 13; number 
voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and bribers excluded from 
voting. Number of colleges 15, State University at Blooming¬ 
ton; medical school at Indianapolis, university at Notre Dame, 
flourishing common-school system; school age, 6-21. Legal in¬ 
terest rate 6 pet., by contract 8 pet., usury forfeits excess of in¬ 
terest. Miles of railroad, 6 383. Population : Census of 1900— 
2.516.462. Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles, width averages 
150 miles, area 36,350 sq. miles, 23.264,000 acres. Surface some¬ 
times hilly. No mountains. Hills 200 to 400 feet above the sur¬ 
rounding country. Frontage on Lake Michigan 43 miles. River 
bottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility, highlands when 
level, rich, black or sandy soil. All crops and fruits of the tem¬ 
perate zone do well both in yield and quality. State highly fa¬ 
vored for agriculture and manufacturing. Ranks second in 
wheat, fourth in corn, hogs and agricultnral implements, fifth 
in coal. Cattle, hogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfully 
raised. Corn, wheat, oats, siaple crops. Timber still abundant 
at south, but in scattered tracts. Coal fields in southwestern 
portion of state over 7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3 
workable veins. Kiuds of coal, block, cannel and ordinary bi¬ 
tuminous, cokes well, superior for gas. Building stones varied 
and of unsurpassed quality, including the famous Bedford 
stone. Supply unlimited. Land is cheap, cleared averaging 
$18, and woodland $14 per acre. In rich section to southwest 
cleared land $15, woodland $10 to $12. Chances for making 
homes, comfort and advantages considered, not excelled else¬ 
where. Iron ore is found. 

Climate changable in winter, but seldom severe; winds from 
north and west; summers moderately long, and sometimes hot; 
temperature averages, winter 34 deg., summer 78 deg. Trees 
blossom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent. Ma¬ 
laria rapidly disappearing from bottoms before proper drain¬ 
age. 

Chief Cities: Census of 1900—-Indianapolis (capital) pop. 
169.164; contains deaf and dumb, blind and insane asylums; 
Terre Haute, pop. 36,673; Evansville, 59,007; Fort Wayne,45,115: 
Michigan City, lake port, 16,071; South Bend, 35,999. 
Industries, mining and manufacturing. 



•arats j 


ly mouth 


W arsaw 


tN’orth JU 4 V 


\RochesttrW v ^oil ! W>f=- 

" ama0 V.onh WaVhTst^^C. 

Mon on \ Denver V^RuitfligtOD' 
\ Logan,^, 

l~» '■ 

A' \ tuokerNHUl 


inssewer 


tfarioo 


L Templet< 


'Kokomo 


O.tter! 

Attica 


Rartfo d City 
Rad 


l\K& v 

l ^\uden 


XJolfaSs^rcadia 

V Nobfevvf,;, 


ewe&sUtf 


'Canil)riufe*N 
\ City | 

I .._ l iberty 


Dan vilie 


Dion 

.ockvill 


(/unerr 


"Greencastl 


Mahtfos 

Tfrcill uh t*“ \ 

^.o Ash boro V 

\ Spencer 


Laurelr'44™ 

ftreensbutg 


,osport “ * al 
Columbu 
\ Bloomington 
’ ^Guthrie 


.wrenci 


Vernon \ 

\J Rising Sun* 

j\ VgvaT „ 


Seymouj 


Medorai 


Bedford 


/O-^Mitchell 

'Shoals --^Scottel 

te’oiaery SalcoA 

isDer AliJJ to „ _cW]es 

8 P er '*’« iJefferson v) 


^ t yLeaveDworth ?/ w Allmf^ 
LiccWn 


Cotydopj 


anaville /^- c 


MAP OB 

&J!NT>IAI£A 


/Blott 


gren Brot .Engr'i* Chicago 
























































INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Set apart tor peaceful tribes. Organized 1834, no territorrial* 
government. Govertment in hands of tribes. Also encloses 
Oklahoma Territory,which was opened to settlement by procla¬ 
mation of President Harrison on April 22. 1889. Each tribe 
elects officers, legislatures aftd courts, and criminals are pun¬ 
ished as in the states. No laws for collection of debts. All 
lands held in common, and any Indian may cultivate as much 
as he wants, but one-quarter mile must intervene between, 
farms. Whites can hold land only by marrying an Indian. 
Miles of railroad, 1,200. School system excellent; pupils ed¬ 
ucated and supported by the tribes, half entire revenue being, 
set aside for the purpose. Three colleges, 200 schools. 

Pop. census of 1900, 391.9(50. Cherokees 29,599, Choctaws 
14,397, Creeks 14,632, Chicasaws 7,182, Seminoles2,561, Osages 
Cheyennes, Araphoes, Kiowas, Pawnees and Comanches, 
all together, 6808. Two-fifths of entire population can read. 
Extreme length east and west 470 miles,average length 320 miles, 
width 210 miles, area 69.991 miles, 44.154,240 acres. Surface 
vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Valleys timbered heavily 
with hard woods. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile, 
valleys rich and productive throughout territory,grass rich and 
heavy almost everywhere. Corn,cotton,rice,wheat,rye,potatoes 
are staples. Grazing interests large. Coal is found, but extent 
unknown. Fur-bearing animals numerous. 

Climate.— Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature 
averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall at east, 50 
inches, center 36, far west 22. Health as good as anywhere in 
Union. 

Chief Cities. —Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees, Tishomin¬ 
go, capital of Chicasaws; Tushkahoma, of Choctaws; Musco¬ 
gee, of Creeks; Pawhuska, of Osages; Seminole Agency, of 
Seminoles; Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees; Kiowa and Coman¬ 
che Agency, of Kiowas and Comanches. 

Leading Industries. —Agriculture and grazing. 

INDIAN RESERVATIONS (1902). 


State or Ter. Acres. Pop. 


Arizona . 

16,894,437 

43,746 

California ... 

406,396 

14,671 

Colorado . 

483,750 

941 

Florida . 


353 

Idaho . 

948,440 

3,644 

Ind, Ter. 

19,513,216 

76,886 

Iowa . 

2,965 

338 

Kansas . 

27,648 

1,262 

Michigan .... 

8,317 

6,333 

Minnesota ... 

1,566,707 

8,960 

Montana . 

8,660,700 

9,911 

Nebraska .... 

74,592 

3,610 

Nevada . 

954,135 

5,343 

New Mexico., 

1,667,485 

9,884 


State or Ter. Acres. Pop. 
New York.... 87,677 5,290 

N. Carolina.. 98,211 1,457 

N. Dakota.... 3,701,724 8,299 

Oklahoma .... 3,651,518 13,799 

Oregon . 1,300,225 3,924 

S. Dakota.... 8,591,865 19,477 

Utah . 2,039,040 2,102 

Washington . 2,333,574 10,019 

Wisconsin ... 381,061 10,156 

Wyoming .... 1,754,960 1,640 

Misoedlaneoua . 1,183 


Total . 75,148,643 263,233 
























































386 

IOWA. 

“Hawkeye State.” Settled first by Dubuque, 1788. a Freneh 
Canadian,for whom that city is named. First settlers miners of 
lead. Active immigration began 1833. Iowa territory organized 
July 4, 1838. Admitted as state 1848. Union soldiers furnished 
76.242. Number counties 99, miles of railroad 8,508. Stateelec- 
tions annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October, except¬ 
ing years of presidential elections, when all elections occur to¬ 
gether. Number senators 50, representatives 100, sessions of 
legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second 
Monday in January. Terms of senators 4 years,of representa¬ 
tives 2 years. Number electoral votes 13, congressmen 11. 
Idiots.insane and criminals excluded from voting. Number 
colleges 19, school age 5-21. School system admirable, endow¬ 
ment liberal. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by contract 10 per 
cent., usury forfeits 10 per cent, per year on amount. State 
has adopted prohibition. 

Population, census or 1900, 2,231,853. 

Extreme length.E. and W.300miles, width 208 miles, area 
56,025 sq. miles,35,850,000 acres. Surface almost an unbroken 
prairie, without mountains and with very few low hills. Nat¬ 
ural meadows everywhere, and water abundant. Many small 
lakes at north. Highest point Spirit Lake, 1,600 feet above the 
sea. Soil superior. Corn,wheat, oats, potatoes.hay,barley, sor¬ 
ghum, rye,staples. Apples unsurpassed in United States;pears, 
plums, cherries, grapes and berries are excellent crops. Cattle 
and other stock interests large and thrifty. Dairying attractive. 
Forest area small—scarcely equal to home requirements. Coal 
area fair. Other minerals unimportant. Manufacturing active. 
Improved land averages $20; unimproved, including railroad 
and government domains, $12.50. State ranks first in hogs, 
second in milch cows,oxen and other cattle,corn, hay and oats; 
third in horses; fifth in barley a»d miles of railway. 

Climate subject to extremes. Winter severe, with sharp north 
and west winds; summers pleasant. Temperature averages, 
summer 72 deg.,winter 23 deg. ;ranges from 10 deg. below to 99 
deg. above zero. Rainfall 42 inches. Wheat harvest in August. 

Chief cities—Census of 19 00—Des Moines, metropolis 
and capital, pop. 62,139; Dubuque, 36,297; Davenport, 
35,254; Burlington, 23,201; Council Bluffs, 25,802; 
Keokuk, Burlington and Dubuque are United States ports 
Of delivery. Cedar Rapids, 25,656, Sioux City, 33,111. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, stock-raising and 
manufacturing. 


< ea o ca uj 









































390 

KANSAS. 


Name Indian, means “Smoky water.” Called the “Garden 
State.” Kansas Territory organized May, 1854. Law known as 
“Missouri Compromise,” forbidding slavery in states formed 
out of Louisiana purchase north of latitude 36 deg. 30 min. re¬ 
pealed,and question of slavery left to the territory. At first it 
was decided for slavery. Constitution prohibiting slavery 
adopted July,1859. Admitted asa state 1861. Union soldiers fur¬ 
nished,20,149,number countie8l06,miles railroad 8,790, first rail¬ 
road built 1864, 40 miles long. All elections Tuesday after first 
Monday in Nov. senators 40, representatives 124,sessions bien¬ 
nial, meeting second Tuesday in Jan. in odd-numbered years, 
limit of session 50 days; term of senators 4 years, of represent¬ 
atives 2 years. Number electoral votes 9,congressman 7. Idiots, 
insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. Number col¬ 
leges 8, number schoolhouses over 8,000, school age 5-21 years; 
school system magnificent.Endowment immense. Legal interest 
7 per cent, by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits excess of inter¬ 
est. 

Population.—C ensus of 1900,1,470,495. 

Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles, breadth 210 miles, area 
82,236 sq. miles, 51,63l,040acres. No mountains. There is little 
navigable water. Water powers of fair proportion, irrigation 
necessary in large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; veins 
usually thin; quality fair. Soil fine. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, 
flax and rye, staples. Castor beans and cotton grows success¬ 
fully. Soil of prairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy 
loam. Peculiarly favorable to stock-raising. Prairie rich in 

E rasses. Dairying favored. Fruits successful. Forests small. 

imestone and colored chalk furnish building materials.Value 
improved land averages $12 per acre,woodland $15. Manufactur¬ 
ing growiug. State ranks fifth in cattle.com aud rye. Climate— 
Salubrious; winters mild, summers warm, air pure and clear. 
Temperature averages winter 31 deg., summer 78 deg., ranges 
8 deg. below to 101 deg.above zero* such extremes exceptional. 
Rainfall averages 45 inches at east, 3? inches at west. 

Chief Cities—Census of 1900.—Leavenworth, pop. 21,- 
02 6, Topeka (capital) 3 3,608; Atchison 16,250; Kan¬ 
sas City, 55,348; Wichita 24,917, Lawrence ll,123 y 
State University at Lawrence, state asylums for insane 
and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawatomie; institu¬ 
tion for education of the blind at Wyandotte. 

Industries.—Agriculture, stock-raising, manufacturing. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $2,000 Treas¬ 
urer $2,500, Auditor $2,000, Attorney General $1,500. 
Superintendent of Public Inst. $2,000, Secretary Board 
of Agriculture $2,000. Insurance Commissioner $2,500, 
three Railroad Commissioners $3,000, State Librarian 
$1,500, Chief Justice $3,000, two Associate Justices 
$3,000, Senators and Representatives $3 per day, mile 
age 15 cents, District Judge $3,500. 


Ul 



































392 

LOUISIANA. 


Named for Louis XIV of France. Called the "Pelican 
State’’ and the ‘‘Creole State.” First sugar cane cul¬ 
tivated in United States near New Orleans, 1751. 
First sugar mill 17 5S. First shipment of cotton abroad 
17 84. Purchased by United States 1803, for $15,000,- 
00 0. Louisiana admitted as a state under present 
name April 8, 1812. In the war with England imme¬ 
diately following, the state made a glorious record, and 
at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815, humiliated 
the British and ended the war. Seceded Jan. 2 6, 1861. 
Some fighting on the river between boats and forts. New 
Orleans captured May 1, 1862. 1868, in June, state 
re-entered Union. Capital, Baton Rouge. Number of 
parishes or counties 5 9, miles railroad 2,501. Legisla¬ 
ture and state officers elected quadrennially, members 
congress biennially, state elections Tuesday after third 
Monday in April, number senators 3 6, representatives 
98, sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
second Monday in May, holds 60 days, terms of sena¬ 
tors and representatives 4 years each. Number electoral 
votes 8, congressmen 6. Idiots, insane and criminals 
excluded from voting. Legal interest 5 per cent., by con¬ 
tract S par cent., usury forfeits entire interest. Educa¬ 
tional facilities average. Population: Census of 1900—■ 
1,381,625. Number of slaves in I860 was 331,726. 
Extreme length east and west 294 miles, breadth 241 
miles, area 49,626 square miles, 31,760,000 acres. 
Coast line 1,27 6 miles, very irregular. Navigable rivers 
2,700 miles. Mississippi flows in or on the borders of 
the state. Bays numerous on coast but harbors indiffer¬ 
ent. Many small islands in Gulf. Staple products, sweet 
potatoes, sugar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton, grasses, 
oats, etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thrive. 
State ranks first in sugar and molasses and third in rice. 
Forests almost inexhaustible. Timber superior in kind 
and quality, lumbering important industry. Salt produced 
on a large scale. Iron discovered. Cleared land averages 
$12.50, woodland $3 to $4 per acre. Reclamation of 
marshes very profitable and beginning to be done on a 
large scale. Moss-gathering profitable and invites more 
attention. Climate.—Temperature ranges from 44 to 
100 deg., average summer 81 deg., winter 5 5 deg. 
Rainfall 5 7 inches, chiefly in spring and summer. Sum¬ 
mers long and occasionally hot. Health average. Actual 
death rate lower than in many northern sections. Oc¬ 
casional yellow fever in the cities. 

Chief Cities.—Census of 1 900. New Orleans port of 
entry and largest cotton market in the world, 2 87,104; 
Baton Rouge (capital), 1 1,500; Shreveport, 16,922; 
Morgan City port of entry. State institution for insane 
at Jackson, for deaf mutes and blind Baton Rouge. 
Industries.—Three-fifths of laboring population engaged 
in agriculture. Average income of rural population 
among highest in Union. 



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304 


MAINE. 

Called the “Pine Tree State” or “Lumber State;” originally 
included New Hampshire; settled by French 1004, English in 
1607. Number counties 16, Union soldiers 70,107, miles of rail¬ 
road 1,340. State elections second Monday in Sept., number 
senators 31, representatives 151, sessions biennial in odd-num¬ 
bered years, meeting first Wednesday in Jan., terms of senators 
and representatives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 6, 
congressmen 4, paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from 
voting. Number colleges 3, system of common, high and nor¬ 
mal schools excellent, school age 4-21 years, legal rate interest 
6, by contract, any rate. Population.— -Census of 1900, 694,466. 
Indians—Penobscots 625, Passamaquoddies 502. Extreme 
length north and south 298 miles, width 210 miles, shore line 
about 2,480 miles, area 33,056 sq. miles, land 29,885 sq. miles, 
21,155,840 acres, 37th of states and territories in size. Surface 
hilly, mountainous toward center. Highest point, Katahdin, 
5,400 feet; largest island, Mount Desert, 92 sq. miles. Areaof 
lakes and streams, one-thirteenth entire state. The soil is 
medium, only except on some of the streams, where it is rich. 
Hay the best crop. Wheat, oats, corn, hops, potatoes, buck¬ 
wheat and the ordinary vegetables grow. Cattle do fairly, 
dairying pays. Half the state is forest of excellent timber. 
Cleared laud averages $15 and forest land $14 per acre. Slate, 
copper and granite are found in large quantities. Winter aver¬ 
age 29 deg., summer 67 deg., rainfall 45 inches, snow lies 80 to 
130 days. Climate excellent, except for pulmonary troubles. 
Beath rate low. Chief industries—Agriculture and kindred 
pursuits, luinbeskig, fisheries. $3,620,000 yearly; quarrying, 
efeip-buildmg (380 establishments). Principal cities, census of 
1903.—Portland (seaport) 50,1 45. Lewiston 24,379. 
Bangor (port of entry), 2 2,675, Biddeford 16,655, 
Augusta (capital) 12,031, Bath 11,002, Auburn 13,461. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor . 

Secretary of State. 

Treasurer... 

Attorney General. 

Adjutant General. 

Superintendent. Common Schools 
Secretary Board of Agriculture... 

State Librarian. 

Chief Justice.:. 

Seven Associate Justices. 

Senators and representatives. 

District Judge. 

Collector Internal Revenue. 

Collector Customs. 

Jarveyor Customs. 

Pension Agent. 


.$2,500 

. 1,200 

. 1,600 

. 1,000 

. 900 

. 1,000 

. 600 

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. 3,000 

. 3,000 

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396 

MARYLAND. 

One of the thirteen original states. Baltimore laid 1730. Fed¬ 
eral congress met at Annapolis 1783, when Washington re¬ 
signed command of army. Federal constitution ratified April 
28, 1778. Fredericktown and other places burned in war of 
1812, and Fort McHenry bombarded. First blood of civil war 
shed at Baltimore. April 19, 1861. Legislature opposed war 
April S3, 1861, but passed resolutions favoring the South. Bat¬ 
tle of Antietam Sept. 16 and 17, 1862. Slavery abolished 1864. 
Union soldiers furnished 46,638. No. counties24. Miles railroad 
1.316. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Num¬ 
ber senators 26, representatives 91, sessions biennial in even- 
numbered years, meet first Wednesday in Jan., and hold 90 
days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives ,2 years. 
Number of electoral votes 8, congressmen 6. Insane, convicts 
and bribers excluded from voting. No. colleges 11, school age 
6-20, school system fair. Legal interest 6 per cent, usury for¬ 
feits excess of interest. Population: census of 1900, 1,190- 
050. No. of slaves in 1860, 87,189. Topography, Area, Soil, Pro¬ 
ducts, etc.—Length E. and W. 196 miles, width 8 to 122 miles, 
areal2,297sq. miles. Acreage of state 7,871,000; water surface 
large. Western and northern sections mountainous and broken. 
Chesapeake Bay almost divides the state. Tide water coast 
nearly 500 miles. Chief navigable rivers Potomac, Susque¬ 
hanna, Patuxent, Patapsco, empty into the bay. At the west is 
the Youghiogheny. Soil varies from very poor to very good. 
Cleared land averages $22.50 and woodland $14 per acre. The 
average value of latter lowered by mountain sections. Consider¬ 
able good timber remains. Enormous coal fields west. Copper 
is found in Frederick and Carroll counties, iron ore in Alle- 

g heny, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Frederick and Prince 
ieorge’s counties. Great oyster, fish, fruit and vegetable pro¬ 
ducing state. Oyster beds most valuable in Union. Wheat, 
corn, oate, buckwheat and tobacco staple crops. Opportunities 
for capital are yet excellent. Climate mild, agreeeable and 
healthful, socne little malaria in lowlands. Temperature soften¬ 
ed by ocean. Winter averages 37 deg. summer 78 deg. Rainfall 
42 inches. Chief Cities, census of 1900, Baltimore, port of entry, 
pop. 508*957: Annapolis, capital, contains United States Naval 
Academy, 8,52 5; Cumberland, 17,128; Hagerstown, 
13,591; Frederick, 9,296. Chief industries, agriculture 
and fruit-growing, oyster and other fishing, canning, 
coal, iron and copper mining, cotton manufactures, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $4,500, Secretary of state $2,000, Treasurer $2,500* 
Comptroller $2,500, Attorney General $3,000, Chief Justice 
$3,500, Seven Associate Justices $3,500, District Judge $4,000, 
Senators and Representatives $5 per day and mileage, two col¬ 
lectors internal revenue $2,625 to $4/00, Collector of Customs 
$7,000, two collectors $250 and $1,200fees, Auditor $2,500, Naval 
Officer $5,000. Surveyor $4,500. 


I 



' 153 LEU . 
























































































































































38S 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

** Old Bay State,” one of the thirteen original states. First 
settlement 1602, abandoned the same year. Explored 1614 by 
Capt. John Smith. First permanent settlement 1620. Pilgrims 
landed on Plymouth Rock Dec. 22. boston settled 1630. First 
American newspaper, Boston, 1690. Massachusetts was 
active in bringing on Revolution. Boston massacre, March 5, 
1770- Destruction of tea Dec. 16, 1773. Boston Port Bill 
passed March, 1774. Battle of Lexington, first blood of revolu¬ 
tion. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb. 6, 17S8. Union soldiers 
146.730, Desides sailors. Number counties 13. Miles railroad 
2,124. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Num¬ 
ber senators 40, representatives 240, raeetingfirst Wednesday in 
Jan. Yearly terms of senators and representatives 1 year. Num¬ 
ber electoral votes 15, congressmen 13. Paupers, persons under 
guardians, non-taxpayers and men unable to read and write 
excluded from voting. School system excellent, attendance 
compu'^ory, age 5-15 years. Seven colleges, including Harvard. 
Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract any rate. Population- 
Census of 1900, 2,805,346. Females outnumber males. Length. 
N.-E. to S.-W., 163 miles; breadth 47 miles in western and 100 
in eastern part; area of 8,315 square miles, 5,321,600 acres. 
•Coast extensive and irregular with numerous good harbors. 
The Merrimac River only large stream entering the sea 
"Within the state. The Taconic and Hoosac ridges traverse the 
state at the west. Saddle Mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest 
peak. The east and northeast divisions are hilly and broken, 
and the southeast low and sandy. Scenery very beautiful, 
especially m Berkshire hills. Soil generally lighi Hay best 
crop. Whtat, oats, corn and vegetables grown. Forests practi¬ 
cally exhausted. Cleared land averages $80 and woodland $45 

f 'er acre. Stor-e is found. No minerals mined, Elizabeth 
elands, Martha’s Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller islands to 
the south belong to the state. Winters severe and protracted, 
summers short, and warm. Thermometer ranges from 10 deg. 
below tr 100 deg.; averages, summer 73 deg., winter 24 deg. 
Snow fails October to April. Rainfall, including enow, 
inches. Chief industries, agriculture and kindred callings, 
fishing for cod and mackarel (half the fishing vessels of the 
Union owned here), manufacture of cotton, woollen, worsted, 
silk, iron and 6teel goods, soap and implements, quarrying. 
Principal Cities: Census of 1900—Boston, 560,892; Lowell, 94,- 
969; Lawrence and Fall River, famous for cotton manufac¬ 
tures. 62,559 and 104,863: Worcester, railroad and manufactur- 
ing center, 118,421; Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, 91,786, 
Lynn, famous, for manufacture of boots and shoes, 68.513; New 
Bedford, greatest whaling port in the world, 62,442; Spring- 
field, contains greatest arsenal in the United States. 62,059. 
Ports of entry 9, 






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400 

MICHIGAN. 

Called “Wolverine State.” First settlement by Father Mar¬ 
quette, 1668, at Sault Ste. Marie. Admitted as state Jan. 26, 
1837. Thirteenth state to enter Union. Received upper-penin¬ 
sula as compensation for disputed territory same year. Capital, 
Lansing. Union soldiers furnished 87,364. Number counties 83. 
Miles railroad 7,974. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
in November. Number senators 32, representatives 100, sessions 
of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first 
Wednesday in January; terms of senators and representatives 2 
years each, number electoral votes 14, number congressmen 12. 
Duelists excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, efficient 
public schools, school age 5-20 years. Legal interest? percent, 
by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest. Popu¬ 
lation, census of 1900, 2,420,982. Extreme length lower penin¬ 
sula north and south 278 miles, breadth 260 miles, Extreme 
length upper peninsula east and west 320 miles, width 24 to 165 
miles, area97,990 sq. miles, Or 62,713,000 acres. Length shore 
line 2,000 miles. Low.-,/ peninsula consists of plains and table 
lands, heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods and small 
prairies. Soil generally good, b r t patches of sand occsur. Fruit 
raising, especially apples, peaches and grapes, very successful. 
All cereals make good crop, except corn at north. Staples, 
wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper 
peninsula broken, rocky and almost mountainous, rising at 
West to 2,000 feet above sea. Western portion mining region, 
eastern portion favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets and 
small lakes numerous. Water good and well distributed. Cop¬ 
per, valuable iron, coal and salt abundant. Timber yet in im¬ 
mense tracts of virgin pine and hardwoods. State ranks first 
in copper, lumber and salt, second in iron ore, third in buck¬ 
wheat, fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes. Cleared land aver¬ 
ages $20 per acre, forest $10. Climate.— Temperature averages 
at Detroit winter 30 deg., summer 70 deg.; at Sault Ste Marie, 
winter 22 deg., summer 65 deg. Rainfall at Detroit 30 inches, 
at Sault Ste. Marie 24 inches. Health excellent. Temperature 
at Marque f te averages absut 3 deg., lower than at Sault Ste. 
Marie. 

Chief Cities, Census of 1900.—Detroit, 285,704; 
Grand Rapids, 8 7,765; Lansing (capital), 16,485; Bay 
City, 27,628; Saginaw, 42,345; Jackson, 25,180; Mus¬ 
kegon, 20,818; Alpena, 11,958; Battle Creek, 20,174; 
Flint, 1 4,093; Kalamazoo, 24,404; Menominee, 12,- 
818; Port Huron, 19,158. Detroit, Marquette, Port 
Huron and Grand Haven are ports of entry.- 

Chief Industries.—Lumbering, mining, farming, fruit 
raising, manufacturing, fishing, etc. 





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402 

MINNESOTA. 

“Gopher state.” Explored by Fathers Hennepin and La Salle, 
1680, via Mississippi river to Falls St. Anthony. Amitted as state, 
1858. Foreign immigration immense. Number Union soldiers 
furnished, 25,052. Number counties, 82. Miles railroad, 6,216. 
All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number 
senators, 63; representatives, 119; sessionsof legislature, bien¬ 
nial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Mon¬ 
day in January; holding 60 days; term of senators, 4 years; rep¬ 
resentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 9; congressmen, 
7; idiots, insane and convicts not voting. Number collegee, 5; 
school age, 5-21; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate, 
7% ; by contract, 10% ; usury forfeits excess over 10%. 

Population, census of 1900, 1,751,394; Indians, 2,300. Length 
N. and 8.378 miles,average width 261 miles, area 86,335sq.mile8, 
55,244,400 acres. Surface rolling plain 1,000feet above sea level, 
except at N. E.,where are a senes of sand hills called “Heights 
of Lund,”1,600feet high. It is the state of small lakes, including 
over 7,000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles across, in one of 
these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises and flows 800 miles through 
the state. The other principal rivers are the Minnesota. Red 
River of the North, and the St. Louis. Small streams and lakes 
make water plentiful. The scenery is picturesque and beautiful. 
The soil is splendid, as a rule, and the accessibility to market 
ana general attractions render the state especially favored by 
agriculturists. The forests of the state are small (2,000,000 
acres), but in parts are rich inline timbers. Two-thirds of the 
state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12.50 per acre and 
woodland $ 8 . Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats, barley, hay 
and dairy products are also staples. State ranks fourth in wheat. 

Climate. —Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm, 
averaging 68-70 deg.; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rain¬ 
fall, 36 inches, chiefly in summer. Snowfall medium. The dry¬ 
ness mitigates the cold in winter. Chief Cities, Census of 
1900.—Pembina, port of entry on Red River. St. Paul, capital, 
163,065; Minneapolis, 202,718; Duluth, 52,969; Win¬ 
ona, 19,714; Stillwater, 12,318; St. Cloud. 8,6 6 3. 

Chief Industries—Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor. 

Lieutenant Governor. 600 

Secretary of State.... ] \ goo 

Treasurer.3,500 

Auditor..3 OCX) 

Attorney General.. . !.*!!!”! 2*500 

Superintend* nt ol Public Instruction.ST500 

Adjutant General. 1500 

Pul-' c. Examiner...’* g’goo 

Tnt u. a: to Commissioner.2,00i 















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404 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Indian name meaning Father of Waters. “Bayou State.** 
Visited by De Soto 1542, by LaSalle 1(182. Settled Biloxi, 1699,by 
M.de Iberville. Formed a part of the territory of Louisiana,and 
belonged to France. Admitted as a state Dec.10,1817. Seventh 
state admitted. Capital fixed: at Jackson, 1822. Shiloh the most 
notable battle of the rebellion in the state. State re-entered 
Union 1870. Number counties 75,number miles of railroad 2,(581 
State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two 
years,all elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.,sessions 
of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years,meeting Tues 
day after first Monday in Jan..number senators .37, representa¬ 
tives 120,term of senators 4 years* of representatives 2 years, 
number electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. Idiots, insane and 
criminals excluded from voting. Number colleges 3,school age 
5 -21, school system fair. Legal interest6 per cent, by contract 
10 per cent., usury forfeits excess of interest. Population, 
census of 1900, 1,551,270. Number of slaves in I860, 436,631. 
Greatest length north and south, 364 miles, average width 
143 miles, area 49.919 sq. miles, 31,948,160 acres. Coast line, in¬ 
cluding islands, 512 miles. Harbors, Biloxi, Mississippi City, 
Pascagoula and Shieldsburg. Surface undulating with a gradual 
elope from elevation of 700 feet at N. E., W. and S. to the Mis¬ 
sissippi and Gulf. Some hills reach 200 feet above surrounding 
country. From Term, line S. to Vicksburg. Mississippi bot¬ 
toms wide, flat, with more or less swamp, and covered with 
cypress and oak. Soil an inexhaustiole alluvium. Soil light 
but productive, at south sandy wi„h pine growth. Cotton pro¬ 
lific. Staple crops, cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, tobacco,corn, 
eweet potatoes,grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are 
splendid crops, but are neglected. Forest area large,pine,oak, 
chestnut, walnut and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, 
long-leafed pine on islands and in sand. Lumbering important 
industry, mules raised with great success. State ranks second 
in cotton, fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisheries valuable. 
Cleared land averages $7.50 per acre, woodland $3. Climate 
mild,snow and ice unknown. Summers long and warm, July and - 
Aug. hottest months. Temperature averages summer 80 deg., ' 
winter 50 deg. Rainfall 46 in.at north,58in.at south. Highlands - 
very healthy. Malaria in bottoms. Chief Cities, census of 
1000—Jackson (capital), 7.816; Natchez, 12,210; 
Vicksburg, 14,83 4; Meridian, 14,0 50; Columbus, 
6,484; Greenville, 7.642. Leading Industries.—Agri¬ 
culture, lumbering, fishing and canning. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $4,500, Lieutenant Governor $S00, Secre¬ 
tary of State $2,500. Treasurer $2,500, Auditor $2,- 
5 00, Attorney General $2,500, Superintendent of Pub¬ 
lic Education $2,000, Commissioner of Agriculture ' 
$1,000, Land Commissioner $1,000, 



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406 


MISSOURI. 

Name Indian, means “ Muddy River.” Settled first at St 
Genevieve. Organized as territory nnder present name 1812, 
included Arkansas, Indian Territory, etc. Admitted March, 
1821. Eleventh state admitted. Admission aroused much dis¬ 
cussion. ‘ ‘Missouri Compromise’' effected and state permitted 
to retain slavery. State divided on secession and was scene of 
perpetual internal warfare. Martial law declared Aug., 1862. 
Union soldiers furnished, 109,111. Number counties 115. Miles 
railroad 6,762. State officers elected quadrennially,and legisla¬ 
ture every 2 years. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
Nov., number senators 34, representatives 140, sessions of leg¬ 
islature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday 
after Jan. 1, holds 70 days, term of senators 4 years, representa¬ 
tives 2 years. Number electoral votes 17, congressmen 15. 
United States army and inmates of asylums, poorhouses and 
prisons excluded from voting. Number colleges 17, school age 
6-20, school system good,endowment large. Legal interest rate 
6 per cent.by contract 10 per cent,usury forfeits entire interest. 

Population, census of 1900—3,106.665. 

Length N. and S. 575 miles. Average width 246 miles. Area 
69.137 sq. miles, 44.747,680 acres. Soil generally good. South 
the surface is broken with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high r l he 
most noted, Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of Ozarks 
is a prairie region with wide, deep, fertile valleys. Entire area 
well watered by small streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, corn, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Leaches 
especially fine. Vegetable gardening successful. Improved 
land averages $12. unimproved $7 per acre. Coal, iron,marble, 
granite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous depos¬ 
its. Lead area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests magnificent. Growth 
walnut, poplar, oak and the hardwoods, grazing a leading busi¬ 
ness both in extent and profit. Stock of all kinds raised with 
success. State ranks first in mules, third in oxen, hogs, com 
and copper, fifth in iron ore. 

Climate variable, with sudden changes, but generally pleas¬ 
ant and healthy. Summers are long and warm, but not ener¬ 
vating. Winters moderate,with occasional severe days. Aver¬ 
age temperature,summer 76 deg.,whiter 39 deg. Rainfall great¬ 
est in May, average 34 inches. 

Chief Cities, census of 1900.—St. Louis, largest city west of 
the Mississippi, port of entry and great commercial and manu¬ 
facturing point, 5 7 5,238. Capital, Jeffei'son City. Pop. 
St. Joseph, 102,979; Kansas City, 163,7 52; Spring- 
field, 2 3,69 3; Hannibal, 12,756. 

Leading Industries.—‘Agriculture, mining, niajiufla/j- 
turing. quarrying, grazing, fruit and vegetable growing- 




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MONTANA 


Gold discovered 1860. Formed part of Idaho, organized 1863. 
Organized ua territory May, 1864. Custer massacre June 25, 
1876,350 men of the 7lh United States Cavalry annihilated by 
Sioux under Sitting Bull, on the Little Big Horn river. Number 
counties 22. Miles of railroad 2,915. All elections Tuesday 
after first Monday in November. Number senators 24, repre¬ 
sentatives 70 . Sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-num¬ 
bered years, meeting second Monday in January, holds 60 
days, terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. 
School age 4-21 years, graded schools in Deer Lodge City, 
Virginia City and Helena. School lands reserved for sale when 
territory becomes state valuable and extensive. Legal inter¬ 
est !0 percent, by contract any rate. Admitted 1890. 

Population.— Census of 1900—243.329. Extreme length E. 
and W. 540 miles, average width 274 miles, area 147.061 sq. 
miles, 94,119.040 acres, two-lifths good farm land, of which 
about 4,000 acres is cultivated. Three-fifths of territory rolling 
plains, rest mountainous. Surface fairly supplied with small 
streams. T'tnber supply ample. Soil good. Immense area of 
arable land. Wheat best crop, oats, potatoes, hay, also staples. 
To cold for corn. Area graz ing land, over two-thirds territory. 
Grazing interest great. Splendid grazipg grounds yet untaken. 
Mineral wealth great. Ranks fifth in silver and in gold. Cli¬ 
mate dry. Raififall about 12 inches. Warmer than same lati¬ 
tude farther oast. Snows heavy in mountains, light in valleys 
and on plains. Temperature averages summer 62 deg., "-inter 
18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health excellent. 

Chief Cities.—Helena (capital), population 1903, 13,- 
770; Butte, 30,127; Great Falls, 18,215. 

Leading Industries.—Montana has great mineral re¬ 
sources, chiefly coal, copper, gold, silver and lead, also 
granite, sandstone and limestone. In 1904, 298,314,- 
80 4 pounds of'copper were produced, 2 00,419 fine oz. 
of gold, and 12,S17,2S5 fine oz. of silver. 


SALARIES OE STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor . $5,000 

Secretary. 1,800 

Treasurer. 1,500 

Auditor. 1,500 

Superintendent of Public Instruction.... 1,200 

Chief Justice... 3,000 

Two Associate Justices. 3,000 

Senators and Representatives...$4 per day and20 cents mileage 

Surveyor General. 2,500 

Chief Clerk. 1,800 

Chief Draftsman. 1,000 

Collector of Internal Revenue. 2,500 
















# 








































410 

NEBRASKA. 

Name Iudian, means “Shallow Water.’' Nebraska Territory 
organized May, 1854. Few settlements till 1864. Idaho cutoff 
Mhrch, 1863, and present boundaries fixed. Kill to admit July, 

1866, unsigned by President Johnson, and another January, 

1867, vetoed. Bill passed over veto February, 1867. Admitted 
that year. Lincoln capital. Union soldiers furnished. 3,157. 
Number of counties 90. Milos of railroad, 1899, 2,915. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in November,number sen¬ 
ators 33, representatives 100, sessions biennial, i« odd-numbered 
years, meeting first Tuesday in January, holding 40 days, terms 
of senators and representatives 2 years each, number electoral 
votes 8, number congressmen 6. U. S., army, idiots and con¬ 
tacts excluded from voting. Number collages 9, school age 
3-21, school system superior, school endowments liberal. 
Legal interest, 7 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury for¬ 
feits interest and cost. 

Population, census of 1900. 1.068.589. 

Topography, Area, Soil. Products, Etc.— Extreme length 
K. and W. 424 miles, width 210 miles, area 77,531 sq. miles, 49- 
619,840 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating gently, and 
principally prairie with afew low hills. At extreme northwest 
are spurs of the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill country be¬ 
gins, general slope from W. to E., Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, 
Republican and Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by numer¬ 
ous smaller streams. Southern portion of state peculiarly 
favorable to all kinds of crops, western half magnifieent series 
of pastures and best suited to grazing. Whole eastern two- 
fifths a great natural garden. Corn the great crop; wheat, oats, 
hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp, apples, plums, grapes, 
terries, staples and flourish. Cattle raising of vast importance 
find magnitude. Good herd laws. No important minerals. 
Manufacturing growing wonderfully. Improved land aver¬ 
ages $9, unimproved $5 and woodland $18 per acre. 

Climate dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temperature 
stowages, summer, 73 deg., winter 20 deg. Rainfall east of 100th 
Baesadian, including snow, 85 inches, heaviest in May. At west, 
pweipdt-ation falls to 17 inches. Rainfall gradually i««reastog. 

Chief Cities, Census of 1900.—Omaha, U. S', port of 
delivery, commercial center, 102,5 55; Lincoln contains 
State University, 4 0,169; Nebraska City, 7,380; Hast¬ 
ings, 7,188: Fremont, 7,241; Beatrice, 7,87 5; South 
Omaha, 2G,000. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairy¬ 
ing, manufacturing, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Qovesnpr $3,500, Lieutenant -Goverato-r $6 a day, Secretary of 
Stotts®!, (MX Trgasu w $2.50®. Auditor of Public Accounts $34590, 
$2y09G, of Public Ins. $2,'000. 



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412 


NEVADA. 


“Sage Hen State.” First settlements in Washoe and Carson 
Talleys 1848. Gold discovered 1849, silver 1859. Territory or- 

f anized March, 1861. Admitted as state October, 1864. Num- 
er counties 14. Miles railroad 898. Governor and state 
officials elected quadrennially, and legislature every 2 years, 
on Tuesday after first Monday in November; number eena- 
tors 15, representatives 30. sessions of legislature biennial, in 
odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January, hold¬ 
ing 60 days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 
years. Idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. 
School age 6-18 years. Legal interest rate 10 per cent, by con¬ 
tract any rate. 

Population, census of 1900—42,335. 

Extreme length N. and S. 485 miles, width 320 miles, area 
110,679 sq. miles, 70,834,560 acres. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, 
10x22 miles in area and 9,000 feet above sea, temperature year 
round 57 deg. Many mineral springs, warm and cold. Great 
part of surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable areas 
of grazing land; many valleys, rich, easily worked and prolific 
soil. Corn, wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; 
horses, mules, cattle, hogs and sheep do well. Forests valu¬ 
able. Mineral resources enormous. Comstock lode supposed 
io bt richest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the most 
productive. Rich in lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and 
nickel, plumbago, manganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. 
Extensive deposits of borax. Coal and iron. Ranks second 
in gold, fourth in silver. Kaolin, building stones, slate, soda 
and salt are obtained. Little land improved. 

Climate mild in valleys; little snow except on mountains. 
At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero; air 
bracing, health good. Extremes of cold unknown. Summer 
heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg. Temperature averages, 
summer71 deg., winter 36 d. Rainfall slight, chiefly in skiing. 

Chief Cities, census of 1900—Virginia City, chief commercia? 
center, pop. 2,695; Carson City (capital), contains a 
branch mint, pop. 2,100; Reno, 4,50 0. 

Leading Industries—Mining, reducing ores, lumbering, agri¬ 
culture, etc. B 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor.$4.0°" 

Lieutenant Governor. 3,000 

Secretary of State.„. . 3,000 

Treasurer. 3 I 00 O 

Comptroller. 3,000 

Attorney General. 3,000 

Superintendent of Public Inst. 2,400 










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414 

NEW JERSEY 

One of the thirteen original states. Battles of Trenton,Prince¬ 
ton, Monmouth and others fought within its borders during the 
Revolution. State Constitution adopted 1776, revised 1844, and 
amended in the present decade. UDited States Constitution 
unanimously adopted Dec. 1787. Capital established at Trenton 
1790. A slave state till 1860,when but 18 slaves remained, and it 
was counted a free state. Union soldiers furnished, 75,814. 
State contains 21 counties, and has 2,237 miles railroad. State 
elections annual, same date as congressional and presidential. 
Number of senators 21, representatives 60, meeting of legisla¬ 
ture 2d Tuesday in January. Term of senators 3 years, repre¬ 
sentatives 1 year. Number of electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. 
Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. 
Number colleges 4, schools good, school age 5-18. Legal in¬ 
terest 6 per cent, usury forfeits entire interest. Population, 
census of 1900—1,883,669 Miles of railroad in 1900, 2,237 Length 
north and south 158 miles, width 38 to 70 miles, area 8,173 
miles, or 5,230,720 acres. Forty-third state in size. Atlantic 
coast 128 miles, Delaware Bay coast 118 miles. The famous 
palisades of the Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. 
Toward center state slopes to a rolling plain, and at south be¬ 
comes flat and low.« Hudson river forms the eastern border. 
Delaware Water Gap and Falls of Passaic are the natural won¬ 
ders of the state. Cleared land averages $80 and woodland $60 
per acre. Hay the best crop. Other staple crops are potatoes, 
wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries, fruit and garden pro¬ 
duce. Little woodland valuable for timber remains. Iron and 
fertilizing marls are abundant. Climate variable; temperature 
averages, summer 68 deg. to 75 deg., winter 31 deg. to 38 deg. 
Range of temperature from about zero to 100 deg. Rainfall,in¬ 
cluding enow, 46 inches, reaching 50 inches in the highlands, 
and falling to 40 inches at the south. Highlands and seashore 
healthy. Ague and malarial fevers in the lowlands. Principal 
Cities, census of 1890.—Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg 
Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton are ports of en¬ 
try. Newark, pop. 246,070; Jersey City, 206,433; Trenton (cap¬ 
ital) 73,307 ; Paterson 105,171; Elizabeth52,130; Hoboken 59,364; 
Camden 75,935; Atlantic City, 27,838; Bayonne 32,722; New 
Brunswick, 20,000; Passaic, 27,777. 

Chib? Industries.— Manufacture of fabrics, jewelry, clay 
wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing, oyster fishing,garden¬ 
ing, agriculture, marl and iron ore digging, etc. 

SALARIES OP STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $10,000, Secretary of State $6,000, Treasurer $4,000, 
Comptroller $4,000, Attorney General $7,000, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction $3,000, Adjutant General $1,200, Librarian 
$1,500, Chief Justice $7,500, Eight Associate Justices $7,000, 
Chancellor $10,000, Senators and Representatives $500 a year. 
District Judge $3,500, Superintendent of Life Saving Service 
$1,900, Thirty-nine Keepers $700. 


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416 

NEW MEXICO 


Name supposed to be of Aztec god. Settled earlier than any 
other part U. S. Permanent settlement, 1596. Santa Fe, then, 
an Indian town, chosen as a seat of Spanish government. The 
natives were enslaved and forced to work in the fields and. 
mines. Organizad as Territory, 1850. Santa Fe captured by 
Confederates, 1862, but soon abandoned. Number counties 13. 
All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number sen¬ 
ators 12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in 
even numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., held 60 
days. Terms of senators and representatives 2 years. School 
age, 7-18 years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent, by contract 12 
per cent. Miles railroad in 1900, 1539. 

Population, census o9 1900.—195,310. 

Average length north and south, 368 miles, width 335 miles. 
Axe.a 122,687 sq. miles. 78,519,680 acres. Elevation 3,000 to 4,000 
feet. Mountain peaks 12,000 feet. The staked plain, an elevated; 
region, unwatered and without wood, extends into the south¬ 
eastern part of the territory. No streams are navigable in the 
territory. Timber scarce, except in few sections. The mount¬ 
ains are clothed with pine, spruce and fir. Cedar grows in foot¬ 
hills, and cottonwood and sycamore in valleys. Soil rich where 
water can be had for irrigation or on streams. Corn, wheat, 
oats, alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially onions and root 
crops and semi-tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raising very 
profitable. Grazing interests extensive. Gold found in Grant, 
Lincoln, Colfax and Bernalillo counties, rich copper mines in 
Bernalillo county, and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quick- 
eilver, lead, manganese and large deposits of coal have been 
found. Irrigable”surface, 7,000 eq. miles. 

Climate varies with different elevations. Temperature aver¬ 
ages, summer, 70 deg., winter, 33 deg. Range of temperature, 
4 deg. below’ zero to 90 deg. above. It is much warmer than the 
average in the lower altitudes, and colder in the higher. Air 
dry, rarified and pure. Rainfall, 9 to 11 inches. 

Chief Cities.—Santa Fe, capital, pop. 5,603; Albu¬ 
querque, 8.238; Las Vegas. Silver City. 

Leading Industries.—Mining, stock-raising and agri¬ 
culture. 

SALARIES OF TEW«TORIAL OFFICERS. 


Governor. ,...$2,600 

Secretary.. 1,800 

Treasurer. 1,000 

Auditor. 1,000 

Commissioner of Immigration . 900 

Librarian. 600 

Chief Justice. 3,000 

Twc Associate Justices. 3,00C 












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413 

NEW YORK. 

One of the 13 original states. ‘•ft..»pire State.” Explored by 
Henry Hudson, Sept., 1609. Samuel de Champlain discovered, 
and uamed Lake Champlain. Holland owned the territory. The 
Dutch settled on Manhattan Island, 1614. Country called “New 
Netherlands.” Manhattan Islands purchased from Indians for 
134, 1626. Indian troubles 1640-45. Swedish settlements on the 
Delaware incorporated with the New Netherlands, 1655. Eng¬ 
land claimed the country as part of Virginia, captured (Man¬ 
hattan New Amsterdam) Aug., 1664, and named it New York. 
New York the battle-field of the French-English war 1754, 
was prominent in the Revolution. West point fortified 1777-78. 
New York city capital 1784 to 1797. Slavery abolished 1817. 
Union soldiers furnished, 448,850; number counties 61, custom 
districts 10, first railroad Albany to Schenectady 1831, miles of 
railroad 8,299, miles canal900. State officers elected every 4and 
senators (32 in number) every 2 years, representatives (125 in 
number) yearly, on same day as presidential election. Legisla¬ 
ture meets first Tuesday in Feb. yearly, congressmen 34, presi¬ 
dential electors 36. Election betters and bribers and convicts 
excluded from voting. School system superior, includes 28 
colleges. School age 5 to 21 years. Legal interest 6 per cent, 
usury forfeits principal and interest. Population, census of 
1900—7,268,012. Extreme length E. and W. 41Q miles, extreme 
width 311 miles, area 53,719 sq. miles, 34,380,160 acres, water 
frontage 900 miles, surface varied. The Hudson rising in the 
Adirondacks. and flowing south over 300 miles to New York 
bay, is the chief stream. The Allegheny and its tributaries 
drain the S. W., and the Susquehanna the southern central di¬ 
vision. ..The Mohawk is the chief affluent of the Hudson The 
state is noted for the beauty of its lakes. Long, Manhattan 
and Staten Islands form important divisions of the state. The 
soil is also varied, and agriculturally the state is very rich. 
Cleared land averages $60 and wooded $40 per acre. Consider¬ 
able forests yet remain. The production of corn, wheat and 
dairy products is very large. The state ranks first in value of 
manufactures, soap, printing and publishing, hops, hay, pota¬ 
toes, buckwheat and milch cows, second in salt, silk goods, 
malt and distilled liquors, miles railway and barley, third in 
agricultural implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats and rye. 
Climate diverse, mean annual temperature for the state 47 deg. 
In the Adiroudacks the annual mean is 39 deg., in the extreme 
south it is 50 deg., average rainfall 43 in. including snow, the 
fall being greatest in the lower Hudson valley, and smallest 
(32 in.) in the St. Lawrence valley. Range of temperature 10 
deg. below' to 100 above zero. Chief Cities, census of 1900— 
New York City, pop. 3,437,202; Brooklyn (incl. in New York) ; 
Buffalo, ‘‘Queen City of the Lakes” 352,387; Rochester 162,608; 
Syracuse 108,374; Albany (capital) 94.151; Troy 60,651; Bing- 
hampton 39.647; Auburn 30,345. Chief Industries. —Manu¬ 
facturing of all kinds, agriculture, dairying, the trades, etc. 































420 


OHIO. 


“Buckeye State.” Explored by LaSalle 1679. Ohio Territory 
organized May 7, 1800. Admitted as a state April 30, 1802. 
Number Union soldiers furnished 313,180. Number counties 88. 
State and congressional elections second Tuesday in October. 
Number senators 29, representatives 108, sessions biennial, but 
“adjourned sessions” practically amount to annual meetings; 
assembles first Monday in January. Terms of senators and 
representatives 2 years each. Number electoral votes23. Num- 
congressmen 21. Insane and idiots excluded from voting. 
Number colleges 35, school age 6-21, school system first-class. 
Legal interest rate6per cent, by contract 8per cent, usury for¬ 
feits excess. Miles of railroad 8,736. Population, census of 
1900.—4.157,545. Exrteme length E. and W. 225 miles, breadth 
200 miles, area 44,464 sq. miles, 28,456,960 acres. Includes Kel¬ 
ley’s and Bass islands in Lake Erie. Lake frontage 230 miles, 
Ohio river frontage 432 miles. Entire state well watered. Val¬ 
leys extremely productive. Uplands fertile as a rule. Ohio 
ranks first in agricultural implements and wool, second in 
dairy products, petroleum,iron and steel,third in wheat, sheep, 
coal, malt and distilled liquors, fourth in printing and publish¬ 
ing, salt, miles railway and soap, fifth in milch cows, hogs, 
horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. Coal, building stones, iron 
ore and salt are found in vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, 
corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, 
apples,and the hardier fruits. Cleared land averages $45, wood¬ 
land $-40 per acr< Little forest valuable for lumber remains, 
except in small reserves. Climate as healthful as any in the 
United States. Warmest on Ohio River. Temperature for state 
averages, winter 35 deg., summer 77 deg..range of temperature 
16 deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Snowfall considerable. 
Average rainfall, including snow, 42 inches/decreases to 37 in. 
kt north and increases to 47 inches at south. Chief Cities, 
censns of 1900—Cincinnati, 325,902; Cleveland. 381.768; Colum¬ 
bus, capital, 125,560; Dayton, 85,333; Springfield, 38,253; To¬ 
ledo, 13,1822; Canton, 30,667; Youngstown, 44,885. 


OKLAHOMA. 

Means in Indian “Beautiful country.” Formerly a part of 
Indian Territory; opened up for settlement by Pres. Harrison, 
April 22, 1899. Organized as a Territory in 1890; increased by 
a large tract in 1891, and again by the addition of the Cherokee 
Strip or Outlet in the North, 1893. Bounded by Kansas and 
Colorado on the North, Indian Territory on the East, Texas 
and New Mexico on the West. Area, 39,030 sq. mi., or 24,979,- 
200 acres. Began (1890) with & population of 61,834. Census 
of 1900, pop. 398,245, equal to the population (in the same cen¬ 
sus) of the States of Nevada, Wyoming and Utah combined. 

C.viJtF Cities. —Guthrie (capital), Oklahoma City, Woodward. 



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422 

OREGON. 

Name means “Wild Thyme.” Oregon territory organized 
Angnst, 1848. Indian troubles, 1844, ’47 and ’54. Oregon ad¬ 
mitted as a state 1859. Number counties 32, miles railroad 1,599. 
State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two 
years; number of senators 30, representatives 60, sessions of 
legislature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first Mon¬ 
day in Jan., holds 40 days, term of senators 4 years, representa- 
tivesSyears. N umber electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. United 
States army, idiots, insane, convicts and Chinese not voting. 
Number of colleges 7, school age 4-20, school system good. 
Legal interest rate 8 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury 
forfeits principal and interest. 

Population—Census of 1900, 413,536. 

Average length E. and W. 362 miles, average width 260 miles, 
area 96,838 sq. miles, 61,976,320 acrea. Two-thirds entire state 
mountainous, with 'wide rich valleys. Columbia river 1,300 
miles long, navigable 175 miles, full of cascades and runs 
through entrancing scenery. Soil generally superior. Wheat 
the best crop, superior in yield and quality; other crops do 
well, as do also fruits and vegetables, etc. Extremely favorable 
to cattle and sheep. Rich in minerals, gold in Jackson, Jo¬ 
sephine, Baker and Grantcounties, copper in Josephine, Doug¬ 
las and Jackson, iron ore throughout the state, coal along coast 
range. ‘Timber resources enormous, aud but little touched. 
Salmon fisheries among best in world. Improved land aver¬ 
ages $17.50, unimproved $4. Area arable two-iifths state, forest 
one-sixth state. 

Climate—In western Oregon moist, equable, rainfall 59 
inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful, 
though subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east 
do not suffer, however, from drouth. At west snow and ice 
unknown, except on peaks, where it is perpetual. Frosts on 
high lands. Average temperature 6ummer65 deg., winter45d. 

Chief Cities—Census of 1900: Portland, Astoria and 
Coos Bay ports of entry. Portland, 90,426; Salem (cap¬ 
ital), 12,000; Baker City, 6,663; Astoria, -8,381. 


Leading Industries—Agriculture, grazing, mining, 

fishing, lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor ... $1,500 

Secretary of State, Auditor and Comptroller. 1,500 

Treasurer.,. 800 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 1,500 

State Librarian.:. 500 

Chief Justice. 2,000 

Two Associate Justices . 2,000 

Senators and Representatives.. .$3 a day and 15 cents per mile 
District Judge. 3,500 










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424 


PENNSYLVANIA. 



One of the thirteen original states, named for Wm. Penn, the 
“Keystone State.” State invaded three times by confederates, 
1863, 1863 , when battle of Gettysburg was fought, and 1864,when 
Chambersburg was destroyed. Union soldiers furnished,337,930. 
Number counties 67, miles railroad, 9,909. State elections an¬ 
nual, same date as presidential. Number senators 50, represent¬ 
atives 204, sessions biennial, meeting first Tuesday in Jan., hold 
150 days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years, num 
ber electoral votes 30, congressmen 28. Non-taxpayers and brib¬ 
ers excluded from voting. Number colleges 26, school age, 6-21, 
school system good. Legal interest 6 percent. Usury forfeits 
excess of interest. Population.—Census of 1900—6.302,115. 
Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.— Length east and 
west 300 miles, width 170 mil«s, area 45,928 sq. miles, 29,393,920 


teres. Surface very diverse. Level at the southeast, hilly and 
mountainous toward the center, aud rolling and broken at the 
west and southwest. Soil varies from barren hills to sections 
of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared land averages 
$45, woodland 830 per acre. Much good timber remains. F^rms 
average 100 acres. Oil, coal (anthracite at east, bituminoue at 
west), iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, salt abound. Rye, 
com,wheat, buckwheat, potatoes,vegetables, hay, oats, tobacco 
are staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish. Cimate in moun¬ 
tains severe in winter, with much snow, summers • pleasant. 
Summers hot on the Delaware reaching 100 deg. Summers long 
in Susquehanna valley. West of mountains summers hot and of 
moderate length, winters cold. Average winter temperature 34 
deg.,summer 74 deg.,rainfall including snow averages 42 inches 
Climate heSlthy. Chief Cities. —Census of 1900, Philadelphia 
contains mintland navy yard, 1,293,697; Pittsburg, extensive 
manufacturing city, 321,616; Harrisburg, capital, 50,167; Alle¬ 
ghany, 129,896; Erie, 52,733; Scranton, 102,026; Lancaster,41,459; 
Reading, 78,961; Wilkesbarre, 51,721. Industries. —Pennsyl¬ 
vania is the great oil and coal state. The other industries in¬ 
clude agi iculture and kindred pursuits, lumbering, manufac¬ 
ture of paper, woolens, liquors, implements, machinery, etc. 


Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor. 810,000 

Lieutenant Governor. 3,000 

Secretary of State.•. 4,000 

Treasurer. 5,000 

Auditor General. 3,000 

Attorney General. 3,500 

Chief Justice. 8,500 

Six Associate Justicees. 8,000 

Senators and Representatives, $1,000 for KX) days; $10 pe-^ay; 
mileage 5 cents. 

Por the Philippines and Porto Rico see pages 533 — 535 . 
































436 

RHODE ISLAND. 

One of the 13 original states. Called “Little Rhody.” First 
fettled at Providence, 1636, by Roger Williams. Island of Acquid- 
neck (Rhode Island) bought from Indians, 1638, and Newport 
and Portsmouth founded. Lands of Narragansett Indians ac¬ 
quired by purchase, 1709. R. I. seamen distinguish themselves 
in the Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in the Revolution. 
Union soldiers furnished, 23,236. Number counties, 5. Miles 
railroad, 223. State elections first Wednesday in April. Elects 
72 representatives^ senators, 2 congressmen and 4 presidential 
electors. Legislature meets annually on last Tuesday in May, 
at Newport, and holds adjourned sessions annually at Provi¬ 
dence. Terms of senators and representatives one year. Per¬ 
sons without property to the value of $134 excluded from voting. 
Brown’s University at Providence founded 1764. Common 
school system excellent. School age 5-15. Legal interest rate 6 
per cent., by contract any rate. Population, census of 1900, 
428,556. Area 1,247 sq. miles, or 799,080 acres. Length N. and 
S. 46 miles, width 40 miles. Narragansett bay divides the state 
unequally, the western and larger part extending N. from the 
ocean some27 miles. The bay is 3 to 12 miles wide, and contains 
several islands, of which Acquidneck, Canonicut and Prudence 
are largest. Block Island, at the western entrance of the bay, 
also belongs to this* state. Surface of state broken and hilly. 
Small rivers unfit for navigation are numerous, and afford val- , 
uable water powers. Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, 
entering Narragansett Bay, and Pawcatuck, falling into Long 
Island Sound. The state contains numerous small lakes, some 
of great beauty. Scenery varied and pretty. Soil middling 
quality. Hay best crop. Potatoes, corn and oats are the next 
most important products. No forests. Dairying profitable. 
Land high-priced. No minerals mined. Climate, owing to 
nearness to sea, moderate. Average temperature—winter 24 to 
43 deg., summer 44 to 74deg. Rainfall 43 inches, Snow lies60 
to 100 days. Health good. Chief Industries.— Manufacture 
of fabrics of cotton, flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber 

f oods, metals, jewelry, etc., agriculture, dairying. Rhode 
sland, in proportion to size, is the largest manufacturing state 
in Union. Principal Cities. —Census of 1890.—Providence, 
capital and seaport, 175,797. Newport, capital, seaport 
finest in the world, and great pleasure resort, 22,034. 
Bristol, seaport, 6,000. Warren, seaport. Pawtucket, 
59,231. Woonsocket, 28,204. Central Falls, 18,167. 

v Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor, $1,000; Lieutenant-Governor, $500; Secretary of 
State, $2,500; General Treasurer, $2,500; State Auditor, Insur¬ 
ance Comm issiouer, $2,500; Railroad Commissioner,$500; Attor¬ 
ney General,$2,500; Adjutant General,$600; Commissioner Pub¬ 
lic Schools,$2,500; Chief Justice,$4,500; Four Associate Justices, 
$4,000; Senators and Representatives,®! per day,mileage 8 centii 
District Judge, $3,500 ; Appraiser of Customs, $3,000. 



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428 

TEXAS. 

M Lone Star State.” Settled first by French under LaSalle 1685, 
was a part of Old Mexico. Independence declared Dec. 20,1835. 
Houston inaugurated as president Oct. 1836. Independence of 
the republic recognized by Uniled States March, 1837, by Euro¬ 
pean powers 1839 and ’40. Continued wars with Mexico, em 
barrassed finances. Proposition for union with United States 
1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by 
United States for all lands outside present limits 1850. Seceded 
Feb. 1861. Houston, who refused to secede, deposed. Military 
operations small. Last battle of the war near Rio Grande May 
12,1865. Re-entered Union 1870. Number counties 224, miles of 
railroad 9,650. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 
number of senators and representatives 159, sessions of legisla¬ 
ture biennial in odd numbered-years, meeting second Tues. in 
Jan., holds 60 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 
2 years.' - Number electoral votes 15, congressmen 13. United 
States army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded 
from voting. Number colleges 10, school age 8-14. School en¬ 
dowment enormous,includes 23,470,377 acres yet unsold. Legal 
interest 8 per cent, by contract 12 per cent.usury forfeits entire 
interest. Population, census of 1900—3,048,710. Topography, 
Area, Soil, Products, Etc.— Extreme length E. and W. 830 
miles, extreme width 750 miles, area 170,247,040 acres, largest 
of the states and territories. Coast line 412 miles, Galveston 
bay largest, has 13 feet of water 35 miles inland. Rio Grande 
(navigable 440 miles). Lands extremely fertile, except in the N. 
W., where water is scarce. Lands on Rio Grande and at south 
require irrigation for good results, although crops will grow to 
some extent without. Entire state covered with rich grasses, 
affording pasture the year round. All cereals, root crops, vege¬ 
tables,fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples, 
sugar.molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and fruits. 
Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog raising on 
mammoth scale. Cotton picking July to Dec., corn planting 
middle of Feb., grain harvest May, corn harvest July. Ranks 
first in cattle and cotton, second in sugar, sheep, mules and 
horses. Coal area 6,000 sq. miles, quality good. Iron ore and 
salt deposits extensive. Other minerals found but extent un¬ 
known. Improved land averages $8, and unimproved $3 to 84 
per acre. Uncultivated and timber land seven-eighths of area, 
timber area one-fourth. Climate varies, temperate at North, 
semi-tropical at south. Health everywhere most excellent. 
Thermometer ranges from 35 to 98 deg., but seldom rises to the 
latter temperature. At Austin averages winter 56 deg., summer 
80 deg. Rainfall averages at Austin 35 inches, increases on 
coast and to the south, decreases to 13 inches in N. W. Chief 
Cities, Census of 1900—San Antonio, 53,321; Dallas, 42,638 
-Calveston. 37.789: Fort Worth. 28,688- Houston, 44,633 


I 


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UTAH 


Settled 1848 at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois, March, 
>849, state of “Deseret” organized. Congiess refused to re¬ 
ceive constitution adopted. Utah territory organized Sept., 
1850. Trouble with government till .1858 Federal officers 
driven from territory 1856. 

The Territory of Utah became, by proclamation of President 
Cleveland, the Forty-fifth State of the Union at 10:00 a. in., 
January 4th, 1896. 

The prominent features of the Constitution of the new State 
are the following: 

1 . No union of state and church. 2. No church shall dom¬ 
inate the state, or interfere with its functions. 3. No inhab¬ 
itant of the state shall ever be molested in person or property 
on account of his or her mode of religious worship. 4. Po¬ 
lygamous or plural marriages are forever prohibited. 5. The 
penalties imposed under previous territorial laws for po lygarny 
are re-enacted in the new Constitution. 

Number counties 27, miles railroad 1,417. Elections annual, 
first Monday in August. Number senators and representatives 
63, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting second Monday in Jan., holds 60 days. Terms of sen¬ 
ators and representatives 2 years each. School system fair, 
school age 6-18 years, number colleges 1. Legal interest 10 
per cent., by contract any rate. 

Population, census of 1900, 276.749. 

Average length 350 miles, width 260 miles, area 84,928 miles, 
54,353,920 acres. Surface rugged and broken with some rich 
valleys. Traversed by Wahsatch, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra 
Lasal, Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches, and Tusoar 
mountains. Southeast portion elevated plateaux,western por¬ 
tion disconnected ridges Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in 
area. In N. W. a large area of desert land. Soil in valleys 
very productive. Yield fine crops or cereals and vegetables. 
Wheat best crop. Fruits successful. Grazing important in¬ 
terest. Dairying profitable and interest is growing rapidly. 
f*crests sufficient for home purposes Gold, copper and silver 
in Wahsatch mountains. Silver predominates. Coal in valley 
erf Weber River. Salt found in large deposits, and the lake sup¬ 
ply inexhaustible. State ranks third in silver. 

Climate mild and healthy, Warmer W. of Wahsatch mount¬ 
ains. Summers dry and hot in S. W. Rainfall averages 16 
inches at S. and 17 at N. chiefly in Oct.^hnd April. Spring 
opens in April. Cold weather begins late in Nov. In mount¬ 
ains winters severe and snows heavy. Temperature at Salt 
Lake averrges, winter 35 deg , summer 75 deg. 

Chief Cities, Census of 1900—Salt Lake City, capital, 53,531; 
Ogde,n, 16,313; Provo City, 6,185; Logan, 5 , 451 . 

Leading Industries.—Mining, stock raising and agri¬ 
culture. 



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432 


WASHINGTON. 

Named for George Washington. First settlement 1845, pre¬ 
ceded, however, by Hudson Buy Co.’s trading posts. Organ¬ 
ized as territory 1853, and admitted to the Union Nov. 11, 1889. 
First legislature assembled at Olympia February, 1854. Indian 
wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discovered 1855. Island San Juan in 
dispute between United States and England 1859. Rights of 
the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Co.’s purchased. Number 
counties 34. Miles railroad 2,829. All elections Tuesday after 
first Monday in Nov. Number senators 34, representatives 78, 
sessions of legislature biennial in odd-numbered years, meet¬ 
ing first Monday in October. Terms of senators and repre¬ 
sentatives 2 years each. Number colleges 2, school age 4-21 
years, school endowment reserve large. Legal interest 10 per 
cent , by contract any rate. 

Population, census of 1900—518,103. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.—Extreme length E. 
and W. 341 miles, width 242 miles, area 70,574 square miles, 45- 
169,360 acres. Coast line 200 miles. Columbia rivei navigable 
175 miles. Excellent harbors in Puget Sound, Admiralty Inlet 
and Hood’s canal Scenery, especially on Columbia, grand. 
Columbia river current overcomes tide at the mouth, and water 
in the bar drinkable. Cereals flourish but corn not successful. 
Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of temperate climates, except peaches, 
arevdaple. Grazing region entire section east of Cascades, 
covered with inexhaustiole supply of bunch grass. Stock 
raising and dairying growing industries. Lumber resources 
unsurpassed. Coal on Bellingham bay and at Seattle, area of 
coal-bearing strata 20,000 sq. miles. Gold-bearing quartz and 
silver lodes in Cascade and Coast ranges. Copper, cinnabar, 
lead and other minerals are found. 

Climate—On coast dry season April to November, rest of 
year rainy. Rainfall averages at north 96 inches, for entire 
section 54 inches. Winters mild, little snow or ice. Summers 
cool with sea breezes. Temperature averages winter 39 deg., 
summer 61 deg., ranges 30 deg. to 90 deg. Eastern section 
dry, rainfall 10 inches. 

Chief Cities—Census of 1900: Seattle, 80,671; Tacoma, 37,714; 
Spokane, 36,848. 

Leading Industries—Agriculture, lumbering, grazing, min¬ 
ing, etc. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $4,000, Secretary $1,800, Treasurer $1,200, Auditor 
11,200, Superintendent of Public Instruction 81,000, Librarian 
1400, Chief Justice 83,000, three Associate Justices, $3,000, Sena¬ 
tors and Representatives 84 a day and 20 cents mileage, 
Surveyor General $2,500, Chief Clerk $1,800, Chief Draftsman 
11,700. 



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Wapiniti* 




























WISCONSIN 


M Badger State.” Settled first by French at Green Bay, 1669. 
Formed part of northwest territory. Included in Indiana ter¬ 
ritory, 1800. Became part of Michigan territory, 1805. Wiscon¬ 
sin territory organized 1836. Present boundaries fixed 1838. 
Madison made capital 1838. Admitted as state May 1848. 
Seventeenth state to join Union. Number Union soldiers fur¬ 
nished 91.327. Number counties 70. Miles railroad 6.398. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number sena¬ 
tors 33, representatives 100, sessions biennial in odd-numbered 
years, meeting second Wednesday in Jan., term of senators 4 
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes ■'12, 
number congressmen 10; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, bet¬ 
ters and duellists excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, 
number puolic schools 6,588, school age 4-20 years. Legal in¬ 
terest 7 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits entire 
interest. 

Population, census of 1900, 2,069,042. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.—Extreme length N. 
and S. 298 miles, width, 260 miles, area 65,805 sq. miles, 42,115.- 
200 acres. Besides the great lakes Michigan and Superior the 
state contains Green Bay, Winnebago, Geneva, Devil's lake 
and innumerable other lakes in the central and northern sec 
lions of the state, of unsurpassed beauty, making the state a 
favorite place of summer resort. Much of state prairie, but 
enormous stretches of magnificent pine and hardwood timbers 
remain untouched. Soil excellent and adapted to farming, 
dairying and stock raising. Fruits grow and berries are a fine 
crop. Cranberries largely raised. Wheat the best crop, flax, 
buckwheat, hay, corn, oats, staples. Extensive lead mines in 
Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties, native copper in the 
north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Iron ores in Dodge, 
Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties. Ranks second in hops, 
third in barley and potatoes, fourth iu rye and buckwheat, 
fifth in oats and agricultural implements. Improved land 
averages 318 and unimproved $10 per acre. Much government 
and railroad land yet untaken. 

Climate—Temperature averages winter 20 deg., summer 71 
deg., ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall 31 
inches, including snow. Snows heavy, especially at north; 
spring late, summers short, falls pleasant. Milwaukee river 
frozen over an average of 105 days in year. 

Chief Cities—Census of 1900: Milwaukee, port of en¬ 
try, great pork-packing and beer-brewing center, grain 
and wheat market, 285,315; Madison (capital), 19,164; 
Eau Claire, 17,517; Fond du Lac, 15,110; Oshkosh, 
28,284; La Crosse, 28,875; Racine, 29,102; Superior, 
31,091; Sheboygan, 22,962; Janesville, 13,185. 

Leading Industries—Lumbering, farming, mining, man¬ 
ufacturing, brewing, pork packing, dairying, etc. 



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. //Durand MerrillonV^* n * 


aawano 

[unting 


unction 


fwTijS* i<7A^ A Waupa5i 
A£im ^ att R^j\ 1 jrton] Da 

g v^RjmdV/Milla i Hancock 
Tomab(KValfey Jc. Jbv. Osh* 
pNecedahY"«itfc^ 
sS TSWUtoEpa^ w Ifl«hbn go 
Vo^3e^\» >v\ Frinlcejor^" 

/ / Elroy\M?Jwpn Mifau^tco. 
Kj/aa Ul Womwoo l/Minne* 


Winona. 


Decorah 


Union 


Ottawa 


Turkev Ri 


tencva 


’Beloit. 


Freeport 


Monticelh 


VW*° 


Rochelle 


QenevA 


^ Dixon^vA 

■en Rroa I}ngr's. % Chitago 


































436 

WYOMING 


First settlement, Ft. Laramie, 1807. Organized as a territory 
in 1868, and admitted to the Union July 8, 1890. Counties, 13. 
All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number 
senators 19, representatives 38, sessions biennial, in even-num¬ 
bered years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan., hold 60 days, 
terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Good 
school system, school age7-21. Legal interest rate 12 per c<mt, 
by contract any rate. Miles of railroad, 1179. 

Population. —Census of 1900, 92,531. 

Length 350 miles, width 275 miles, area 97,878 sq. miles, 
62 611,920acres. Surface traversed by Rocky Mts., forming the 
continental divide, and is high and mountainous,varying in ele¬ 
vation from 4,800 to 12,000 feet. At the N. W. is the Yellowstone 
National Park, 3,600 sq. miles in area, and one of the greatest 
natural wonders of the continent. It varies from 6,000 to over 
12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast panorama. 
Along the streams and in the valleys are tracts of arable lands 
which may be made to produce prolifically with irrigation. 
Mountains, covered with forests of considerable extent, contain 
precious and base metals in great deposits. Soil, where water 
can be had, is good; soil chiefly suited to grazing. Half the 
territory grazing land. Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, 
frost too frequent for corn. Water plentiful, game and fur¬ 
bearing animals numerous, iron ore abundant, mainly red 
hematite Copper, lead, plumbago and petroleum found, gold 
in the Sweetwater country and near Laramie City, valuable de¬ 
posits of soda in valley of the Sweetwater. Coal abundant 
and of good quality at Evanston, Carbon, Rock Springs and 
other points. Climate cold, severe in mountains, milder in 
valleys. Healthful, air pure, dry and bracing. Rainfall, 15 
inches. Temperature averages, summer 66 deg., winter 18 
<ieg., ranges from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. July warm¬ 
est month, January coldest, latter averages 10 deg. 

Chief Cities.—Cheyenne (capital), pop. 14,087. Lar¬ 
amie City, pop. 8,207. 

Chief Industries.—Grazing, mining and agriculture, 
but little is done in manufacturing. 


Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor...... $2,500 

Secretary. 1,800 

Treasurer.$800 and com. 

Auditor. 1,000 

Superintendent of Public Inst. 400 

Librarian. 400 

Chief Justice. 3,000 

Two Associate Justices. 3,000 

Senators and Representatives.$4 a day and 20 cents mileage 














t! 



Afpitlo. 
























438 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Named for Columbus. Fixed os seat of U. S. government 17-90 
by act of Congress. Formed out of Washington Co., Md. (64 sq. 
miles). Government removed to District 1800. Captured by 
British 1814, and capitol, executive mansion and congressional 
library burned. Governed by Congress till 1871, when a legisla¬ 
tive body of 33 (11 appointed hr the president and 22 elected) was 
created. Executive officers still appointed by president. Officers 
appointed are paid by the United States, those elected by the 
District. Citizens of District have no vote for national officers. 
Schools superior. Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract 10,more 
forfeits entire interest. Population, 1900, 278,718. Miles rail¬ 
road. 29. Surface made up.of flats and hills. Similar in all 
features and products to Southern Maryland. Cities—Wash¬ 
ington (capital U. S.), pop. 218,196, Georgetown, pop. 44,549. 

THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 

The corner-stone was laid by President Polk, July 4th, 1848, 
and December 6, 1884, the cap-stone was set in position. The 
foundations are 126)4 feet square and 36 feet 8 inches deep. The 
base of the monument is 55 feet 1 1 / 2 inches square, and the walls 
15 feet 34 inch thick. At the 500 foot mark, where the pyramidal 
top begins, the shaft is 34 feet 5)4 inches square and the walls are 
18 inches thick. The monument is made of blocks of marble 
two feet thick, and it is said there are over 18,000 of them. The 
height above the ground is 555 feet. The pyramidal top termin¬ 
ates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 inches high and weighs 100 
ounces. The mean pressure of the monument is 5 tons per 
square foot.and the total weight, foundation and all, is nearly 81,- 
OOOtons. Tbedooratthe base, facingthe capitol,is 8 feet wide 
and 16 feet high, and enters a room 25 feet square. An immense 
iron framework supports the machinery of the elevator, which 
is hoisted with steel wire ropes two inches thick. At one side be¬ 
gin the stairs, of which there are fifty flights, containing eighteen 
steps each. Five hundred and twenty feet from the base there 
are eight windows, 18x24 inches, two on each face. The area at 
the base of the pyramidal top is 1,18734 feet, space enough fora 
six-room house.each room to be 12x16 feet. The Cologne Cathe¬ 
dral is 525 feet high; the pyramid of Cheops,486; Strasburg Cathe¬ 
dral,474; St.Pet.er’s,at Rome,448; the capitol at Washington,306, 
and Bunker Hill monument, 221 feet. The Washington monu¬ 
ment is the highest monument in the worid 'total coat,$1,500,000. 

COINS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(Abbreviations: w.^weight, gr.=grains, f.=fineness, 
1. t.^legal tender. The sums indicate the total amount 
coined of each kind, up to June 30, 1904. Dates are 
those of the authorizing acts of Congress.) 

I. GOLD COINS.—Double Eagles. March 3, 1849; 
51 G gr.; f. .900; full 1. t.; 8 1.8 50,2 S 1.9 GO.— Eagles. 
April 2, 1792; 2 70 gr.; f. .916 2-3; w. changed to 2 58 


439 


gr. and f. to .899,22 5, June 2 8, 1834; f. changed to 
.900, Jan. 18, 1837; full 1. t.; $ 3 7, S8 7,0 7 0.—Half- 
Eagles. Same as for Eagles (w. in proportion), full 1. t. 
$301,683,260.—Quarter-Eagles. Same as for Eagles 
(w. in proportion), full 1. t. $30,263,555.—Three-Dollar 
Piece. Feb. 21, 1853; w. 77.4 gr.; f. 900; coinage dis¬ 
continued Sept. 2 6, 1890; full 1. t.; $1,019,3T6.—One 
Dollar. March 3, 1849; w. 25.8 gr.; f. .900; coinage dis¬ 
continued Sept. 26, 1890; full 1. t.; $ 1 9,499,33 7.—One 
Dollar; Louisiana Purch. Exp., June 28, 1902; w. 2 5.8 
gr.; f. .900; full 1. t.; $250,000. 

II. SILVER COINS.—Dollar. April 2, 17 92; w. 416 
gr.; f. 8924; w. changed Jan. 18. 1837, to 412% gr.; f. 
changed Jan. 18, 1837, to .900; coinage discontinued 
after July 1, 1891, except for certain purposes. Full 

1. t., except as agreed in contract; $57 8,303,538.— 

Trade Dollar, Feb. 12, 1873; w. 420 gr.; f. .900; 1. t. 
limited to $5, June 2 2, 1874; coinage limited to export 
demand, and 1. t. quality repealed July 2 2, 1876; coin¬ 
age discontinued Feb. 19, 1887; $35,965,924.—Lafay¬ 
ette Souvenir Dollar. March 3, 18 99; w. 412% gr.; f. 
.900; $50,000.—Half-Dollar. April 2,1 792 ; w. 208 gr.; 
f. .892 4; w. changed Jan. 18, 1837, to 2 06% gr.; f. 
changed Jan. 18, 183 7, to .900; w. changed Feb. 21, 
1853, to 192 gr.; w. changed Feb. 12, 1873, to 192.9 
gr. or 12% grams; 1. t. $10.00; $159,255,307.— 

Columbian Half-Dollar. Aug. 5, 1892; w. 19 2.9 gr.; 
f. .900; 1. t. $10.00; $2,500,000.—Quarter-Dollar. 

Same as for half-dollar (w. in proportion); 1. t. $10.00; 
$77,160,687.—Columbian Quarter-Dollar. March 3, 

1 893; w. 96.45 gr.; f. .900; 1. t. $10.00; $10,000.— 
Twenty-Cent Piece. March 3, 1875; w. 77.16 gr.; f. 
.900; discontinued May 2, 18 78; $271,000.—Dime. 
April 2, 1792; w. 41.6 gr.; f. .8924; w. changed Jan. 
18, 183 7, to 41% gr.; Feb. 21, 18 53, to 38.4 gr.; Feb. 
12, 1873, to 38.58 gr.; f. changed Jan. 18, 1837, to 
.900; 1. t. $10.00; $45.690,597.90.—Half-Dime. April 

2, 1792; w. 2 0.8 gr.; f. .8924; changed same as dime; 

discontinued Feb. 12, 18 73; $4,880,219.40.—Three- 

Cent Piece. March 3, 1851; discontinued Feb. 12, 

1873; $1,282,087.20. 

III. MINOR COINS.—Five-Cent. May 16, 1866; 

0.75 copper, 0.25 nickel; 1. t. 25c; $23,583,145.40.— 
Three-Cent. March 3, 1865; 0.7 5 copper, 0.2 5 nickel; 
coinage disc. Sept. 2 6, 1890; $941,349.48.—Two-Cent. 
April 22, 1864; 0.95 copper, 0.0 5 tin and zinc; coinage 
disc. Feb. 12, 1873; $912,020.—Cent. April 2, 1792; 
copper; w. 2 64 gr.; changed Jan. 14, 1793, to 208 gr.,- 
March 3, 1795, to 168 gr.; discontinued Feb. 21, 1857; 
$1,562,887.44.—Cent. Feb. 21, 1857; 0.88 copper, 

0.12 nickel; disc. April 22, 1864; $2,007,720.—Cent 
(bronze). April 22, 1864; 0.95 copper, 0.0 5 tin and 
zinc; w. 4 8 gr.; 1. t. 25c; $13,143,544.77.—Half-Cent. 
April 2, 1792; copper; w. 132 gr.; changed Jan. 14, 
1793, to 104 gr., March 3, 179 5, to 84 gr.; disc. 
Feb. 21, 1857; $39,926.11. 


440 































441 


VENEZUELA. 


THE BOUNDARY CONTROVERSY. 


No document has issued from the White House at 
Washington, since Lincoln’s famous Proclamation of 
Emancipation of September, 1862, that has created such 
world-wide interest as the message sent to Congress by 
President Cleveland on the 17th of December, 1895, calling 
attention to the controversy between Great Britain and 
the Republic of Venezuela concerning the boundary lines 
dividing Venezuelan and British territory. The British 
claims concerning the extent of the colony of British 
Guiana are resented by the Republic of Venezuela. As a 
matter of fact the boundary lines of this Republic have 
never been definitely fixed. The total area claimed by 
Venezuela is 632.807 square miles, but of this only 439,- 
000 square miles are actually under Venezuelan admin¬ 
istration. ^ 

Taking his stand firmly on the Monroe Doctrine as 
a recognized element of International law, the President 
has asked the British Government to submit the whole 
matter to arbitration. This being refused, the United 
States Government unanimously passed a bill on the 
20th of December, 1895, authorizing the President to 
appoint a commission to ‘-Investigate and report on the 
true divisional line between the Republic of Venezuela 
and British Guiana.” 

The bill based on the President’s Message passed the 
house and the senate in about forty-eight hours. Never 
was a law passed so rapidly nor supported with such 
enthusiastic patriotism. 

$100,000 was appropriated for the expenses of said 
commission. 

The Commission thus appointed consisted of David 
J. Brewer, Richard H. Alvey, Andrew D. White, Frederic 
Coudert, Daniel C. Gilmore 

Venezuela has a delightful climate and is a realm of 
matchless tropical beauty. Its palms and ferns are of 
gigantic growth. Its chief crops are manioc and maize. 
It exports coffee, cocoa, tobacco and cotton. Its mines 
are rich in gold, copper, phosphates and coal. The 
Republic is divided into eight states, eight federal terri¬ 
tories, the federal district, and two national colonies. Its 
population, according to the last census, was 2.198,820. 

There are two universities, one at Caracas, and the 
other at Merida. There are nineteen federal colleges. 
The standing army consists of 2,800 men. Every male 
subject between eighteen and forty-five must be enrolled 
in the militia. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the 
state, but liberty of worship is guaranteed bv law. The 




442 


constitution is modeled after that of the United States 
There is a President, assisted by eight ministers and a 
federal council. There are two houses of legislature, 
which constitute the congress, a senate of twenty-four 
members, and a chamber of deputies, of fifty-two mem¬ 
bers. The members of the chamber of deputies, one for 
every 35.000 inhabitants, and one more for an excess of 
15,000, are elected every four years, directly by the 
electors of the states and the federal district, those of the 
senate by the legislative bodies of the different states, 
three for each. The congress elects the members of the 
federal council, the federal council elects the President. 
The federal council and the President remain in office for 
two years. 

The coast of Venezuela is said to have been the first 
land sighted by Columbus, who during his third voyage 
in 1498. entered the gulf of Paria. and sailed along the 
coast of the delta of Orinoco. In 1550 the territory was 
erected into the Captain-Generaley of Caracas, and re¬ 
mained under Spanish rule till 1810. Then followed a 
ten years' war under the ..adership of the redoubtable 
Bolivar a native of Caracas, w. it • was the soul and inspi¬ 
ration of the revolt. The Independence of Venezuela was 
recognized by Spain in the treaty of Madrid, March 30, 
1845. Affairs were in an unsettled state for many years. 
On March 28. 1864, a federal constitution was drawn up 
for the republic. In December 1870. Don Guzman Blauco, 
who had proved himself to be a statesman of remarkable 
ability was declared Provisional President. It was not, 
however, until February 20. 1874, that Blanco assumed 
the dignity and authority of Constitutional President. 
He was elected to this office for a term of four years. 
Then came days of peace and prosperity for Venezuela. 


THE VENEZUELAN AWARD. 

The Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Commission, after a 
session at Paris, France, beginning June 15, 1899, on 
October 3, 1899, rendered its award by unanimous agree¬ 
ment and both Great Britain and Venezuela accepted the 
decision. The arbitrators were Chief Justice Fuller, 
Associate Justice Brewer, Lord Chief Justice Russell of 
Killovven, Sir Richard Henn Collins and Professor Mar¬ 
tens. Ex-President Harrison, General B. F. Tracy, M. 
Mallet-Provost and the Marquis of Rojas were counsel 
for Venezuela, and Attorney-General Sir Richard Web¬ 
ster and Sir Robert Reed for Great Britain. 



443 




NEW U. S. TARIFF LAW 


Enacted July 24, 1897 


Compared With the McKinley ( 1890 ) and Wilson 
( 1894 ) Tariffs. 

The Tariff Bill, known generally as the “Dingley Bill,” 
became a law by signature of the President at 4:06 p. m. 
on July 24. 1897. It was in force as to the collection of 
customs duties from 12:01 a. m. on the same day. 

It was just one hour frcm the conclusion of the roll call 
in the Senate that the President placed his signature to 
the bill. In those sixty minutes the bill over which Con¬ 
gress worked for more than four months went to the Hoftse 
to be signed in open session by Speaker Reed, thence back 
to the Senate for the signature of Vice-President Hobart, 
and thence to the White House, where it was signed by 
President McKinley. 

'* had taken Congress exactly four months and nine 

,/S to prepare and enact this most complicate piece of 
legal machinery called a Tariff Law. To the energy and 
constant vigilance of Speaker Reed is due a great pate of 
the credit for this unequalled legislative achievement. 
President Cleveland was inaugurated March 4, 1893, and 
it was only in October, 1894, that the Wilson Tariff Bill 
became a law without the President’s signature. 


Schedule A—Chemicals, Oils, and Paints. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Acids— 

Acetic, not exceeding specific 
privity 1.(147. 

%c lb 
2c 
5« 

20 o c 

lfcc 

4c 

K. xr.ee.dinn that. 

20 ii c 

Roracic. 

3 

3c 

C ’hromic. 

5c 

4c 

6c 

Lactic... 

5c 

20 p c 
25 p c 
20 p c 
Free 

20 p c 
10 c 


7c 

Salicylic... 

10 ' 

20 p c 
Ac 

Sulphuric. 
























444 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Tannic. 

50c 

60c 

75c 

Gallic... 

10c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Tartaric. 

7c 

20 p c 

10c 

All other acids. 

25 p c 



AH alcoholic perfumery and 



toilet preparations containing 




alcohol, and alcoholic com- 




pounds not provided for. 

60c 

$ 2 gal 

$2 gal 


& 45 p c 

& 50 p c 

& 25 p c 

Alkalies, alkaloids, distilled, 




essential, expressed and ren- 




dered oils, and combinations 




of them, and chemical com- 




pounds not otherwise provid- 




ed for. 

25 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Alumina. 

6-10c 

4-10c 

6-10c 

Alum, alum cake, etc. 


4-10c 

6-10c 

Ammonia, carbonate of. 

l%c 

20 p c 

1%C 

Muriate of. 

Kc 

10 p c 


Sulphate of. 

3-10c 

20 p c 

'Ac 

Argols containing not more 




than 40 pc bitartrate of potash 

lc 

Free 

Free 

Containing more than 40 p. c.. 

lXc 

Fiee 

Free 

Partly refined, containing not 




more than 90 p. c. 

4c 

20 p c 

4c 

Containing more than 90 p. c.. 

5c 

20 p c 

4c 

Rochelle salts. 

4c 

2c 

3c 

Cream of tartar. 

6c 

20 p c 

6c 

Blacking. 

25 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Bleaching powder. 

l-5c 



Blue vitriol. 

'Ac 

Free 

2 c 

Bone char, suitable for decol- 




orizing sugars. 

20 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Borax. 

5c 

5c 

3c 

Borales of lime containing more 




than 30 p. c. of anhydrous 




boracic acid. 

4c 

lHc 

3c 

Not more than 36 p. c. 

3c 

1 Ac 

3c 

Camphor, refined. 

6 c 

10 p c 

4c 

Chalk (not medicinal or toilet) 




precipitated or prepared in 




Cubes, blocks, or sticks, in- 




eluding tailors’, billiard, red. 




or French ... 

lx 



Other chalk. 

25 p c 



Chloroform. 

20c 

25c 

25c 

Coal tar dyes, not provided for. 

30 p c 

25 p c 

35 p c 

Other products of coal tar. 

20 p c 

Free 

20 p c 











































44 .”) 


Articles. 

Dingley 

l,aw. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Cobalt, oxide of. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

30 p c 

Collodion. 

50c 

40c 

50c 

Rolled in sheets... 

60c 

50c 

60c 

Manufactured. 

65c & 

45 p c 

60c & 

Coloring for brandy, etc. 

25 p c 
50 p c 

50 p c 

25 p c 
50 p c 

Copperas. 

He 

Free 

3-10c 

Drugs, such as barks, beans, 
buds, dried insects, gum, 
nuts, advanced invalue, not 
provided for. 

Xc& 

10 p c 

10 p c 

Ethers— 

Sulphuric, per lb. 

10 p c 

40c 

40c 

40c 

Spirits of nitrous. 

25c 

25c 

25c 

Fruit ethers, oils, or essences.. 

$2 

$2 

$2.50 

Ethers not provided for. 

SI 

SI 

SI 

None shall pay less than 
25 p. c. 

Extracts and decoctions of log¬ 
wood, etc., not provided for. 

7 A c 

10 p c 

m 

Extracts of quebracho and 
hemlock bark. 

He 

10 p c 


Extracts of sumac and of 
woods other than dye woods. 

Hse 

10 p c 

He 

not provided for. 

Gelatine, glue, etc., valued not 
above 10c. lb. 

2}£c 

25 p c 

lMc 

Valued above 10c. and not 
above 35c. lb. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

30c 

Valued above 35c. lb. 

15c & 

25 p c 

30c 

Glycerine crude. 

20 p c 

lc 

lc 

We 

Glycerine, refined. 

3c 

3c 

4^c 

Indigo, extracts or paste. 

H c 

Free 

He 

Indigo, carmined .. 

10c 

Free 

10c 

Ink and ink powders. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

30 p c 

Iodine, resublimed. 

20c 

Free 

50c 

Iodoform. 

SI 

si 

$1.50 

Licorice. 

4Hc 

5c 

5H C 

Chicle. 

10c 

^ree 

Free 

Magnesia, carbonate of, medi- 
cinal. 

3c 

3c 

4c 

Calcined, medicinal. 

7c 

7c 

8 c 

Sulphate, epsom salts. 

l-5c 

l-5c 

3-10c 






































446 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Oils— 

Alizarin, etc., liquid or solid, 
where 50 per cent, castor oil 
is used. 

30c gal 

30 p c 

30 p c 

Less than 50 per cent, castor oil 
used.. 

15c 

30 p c 

40c 

All other alizarin not provided 
for. 

30 p c 

30 p c 

30 p c 

Castor oil. 

35c gal 

35c 

f }j 

Cod liver oil. 

15c 

20 p c 

i5c 

Cottonseed oil. 

4c 

Free 

10c 

Croton oil. 

20c lb 

Free 

30c 

Flaxseed . 

20c gal 

20c 

32c 

Fusel oil. 

Me lb 

10 p c 

10 p c 

Hempseed and rapeseed oil... 

10c gal 

10c 

10c 

Olive oil not provided for. 

40c 

35c 

35c 

Packed in bottles, jars, etc.... 

50c 

35c 

35c 

Peppermint oil. 

50c lb 

25 p c 

8c 

Seal, herring, and other fish oil 

8c gal 

25 p c 

40 p c 

Opium, crude, containing 9 per 
cent, of morphia. 

$1 lb 

Free 

Free 

Morphine and all salts of opium 

$1 oz 

50c 

5Uc 

Aqueous extracts of opium not 
provided for. 

40 p c 

20 p c 

40 p c 

Opium containing less than 9 
per cent, of morphia, and 
opium prepaid for smoking.. 

$6 lb 

$6 

$12 

Paints, Colors, & Varnishes— 

Baryta, sulphate of, including 
bartyes earth, unmanufac¬ 
tured . 

75c ton 

$1.12 

Free 

Manufactured. 

§5.25 

$3 

$6.72 

Slues, such as Berlin, etc., con¬ 
taining ferrocyanide of iron, 
m pulp, dry or ground in oil. 

8c lb 

6c 

6c 

Blanc-fixe. 

Me 

25 p c 

Me 

Black, from bone, ivory or veg¬ 
etable, dry or ground in oil 
or water. 

25 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Chrome yellow, green, etc., dry 
or mixed with oil or water... 

4M c 

3c 

4%c 

Ochre, sienna, umber, crude, 
not powdered or washed .... 

Vac 

Free 

Me 

Powdered or washed. 

y*c 

Free 

Me 

Ground in oil or water. 

Ltfc 

lMc 

i5c 

Grange mineral. 

me 

lKc 

3>*c 

Red Tead. 

2%c 

iy 2 c 

3c 



































447 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Ultra-marine blue and wash 
blue containing ultra-marine 

3%c 

3c 

4%c 

Varnishes, including gold size. 

35 p c 

25 p c 

35 p c 

Spirit varnishes. 

$1.32 gal 

$1.32 & 

$1.32 & 


and 

add for 

add for 


35'p c 

alcohol 

alcohol 

Vermilion red and other colors 
containing quicksilver. 

10c lb 

20 p c 

12c 

Not containing quicksilver.... 

5c 

6c 

20 p c 

White lead and other pigment 
containing lead. 

2% c 

i%c 

3c 

Whiting and Paris white, dry. 

%c 


%c 

Ground in oil or putty. 

lc 

%c 

lc 

Zinc oxide of, or pigment, con¬ 
taining zinc, but not lead, dry 

lc 

lc 

%c 

Ground in oil. 

iy 4 c 

lc 

% c 

Sulphide of, or white sulphide 
of zinc. 

me 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Chloride and sulphate of. 

lc 

25 p c 

25 p c 

All paints and pigments, lakes, 
crayons, smalts, frostings, or 
crude, dry, or mixed, ground 
■with water, oil, o t other solu¬ 
tions not provided for; artists’ 
paints in tubes, pans, or cakes 
Paris green and London purple 

30 p c 

K c 

lc 

15 p c 

12% p c 

25 p c 

Lead — 

Acetate of white... 

3%c lb 

2%c lb 

5%c lb 

Brown, gray, or yellow. 


me 

3%c 

Nitrate of. 

2%c 

l%c 

3c 

Litharge. 

2%c 

l%c 

3c 

Phosphorus. 

18 c 

15c 

20c 

Potash— 

Bichromate and chromate of .. 

3c 

25 p c 

3c 

Caustic of, refined, in sticks or 
rolls. 

lc 

Free 

lc 

Chlorate of. 

2%c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Hydriodate, iodide, iodate of.. 

25c 

25 p c 

50c 

Nitrate of, refined. 

%c 

%c 

lc 

Prussiate of, red. 

8c 

25 p c 

10c 

Yellow. 

4c 

25 p c 

5c 

Cyanide of potassium. 

12% P c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Preparations— 

Medicinal preparations con¬ 
taining alcohol, or in the 
preparation of which alcohol 
is used. 

55c lb 

50c 

50c 

In no case to pay less than 25 p. c. 





























448 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Medicinal preparations not con- 




taining alcohol, and alcohol 




not used in preparation. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Calomel and other mercurial 




preparations. 

35 p c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Plasters, healing or curative... 

35 p c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Preparations for hair, mouth or 




skin, cosmetics, etc., in which 




alcohol is not used. 

50 p c 

f pc 

50 p c 

Santonin and salts thereof, con- 



taining 80 p. c. of santonin... 

$1.00 lb 

$1.00 lb 

$2.50 lb 

Soap— 




Castile. 

l*c 

20 p c 

lMc 

Fancy toilet and medicinal.... 

15c 

35 p c 

15c 

All other soaps. 

20 p c 

10 p c 

20 p c 

Soda— 




Bicarbonate of,and alkalies con- 




taining 50 p. c. of bicarbonate 

y 4 c 

lMc 

lc 

Bichromate and chromate of 




soda. 

2c 

25 p c 

3c 

Crystal carbonate of soda. 

3-10c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Chlorate of. 

2c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Hydrate of soda. 

Kc 


lc 

Nitrite of. 

2^c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Sal soda, not concentrated .... 

2-10c 

Vsc 

Me 

Hyposulphite and sulphide of. 




Soda ash. 

%c 

%c 

Me 

Arseniate of soda... 

\y*c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Silicate of soda. 

Me 

He 

Me 

Sulphate of soda. 

$1.25ton 

Free 

$1.25 

Sea moss... 

10 p c 



Sponges. 

20 p c 

10 p c 

20 p c 

Manufactures sponges. 

40 p c 

10 p c 

20 p c 

Strychnia and all salts thereof. 

30c oz 

30c 

40c 

Sulphur, refined or flowers of.. 

$8 ton 

20 p c 

$8 ton 

Sumac, ground. 

3-10clb 

3-10c lb 


Vanilla.. 

80c oz 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Schedule B—Earths, Earthenware. 

and 

Glassware. 



Articles. 

Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 


Law. 

Law. 

ley Law 

Brick and Tile— 




Fire brick, weighing not more 




than 10 lbs. each, not glazed 




or decorated. 

$1.25 ton 

25 p c 

$1.25 








































449 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

■Glazed or ornamented. 

45 p c 

30 p c 

45 p c 

Brick, other than fire brick, not 
glazed or ornamented. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

45 p c 

If glazed or ornamented. 

45 p c 

30 p c 

45 p c 

Tiles, plain, one color, exceed¬ 
ing 2 sq. in. in size. 

4c s f 

25 pc 

25 p c 

Glazed, ceramic, mosaic, orna¬ 
mented, and all earthenware 
tiles, valued at not more than 
40c. sq. ft. 

8c s f 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Exceeding 40c. sq. ft. 

10c s f 

40 p c 

45 p c 

Cement, Lime and Plaster — 
Roman, Portland, and other 
hydraulic, in barrels, sacks, 
or packages. 

& 25 p c 

8c cwt 

8c 

8c 

In bulk. 

7c 

7c 

7c 

Other cement. 

20 p c 

10 p c 

20 p c 

Lime. 

5c cwt 

5c 

6c 

Plaster, rock, or gypsum,crude 

50c ton 

$1.25 

$1.75 

Ground or calcined. 

$2.25 

$1.25 

$1.75 

Pearl hardening. 

20 p c 

$1.50 

$1.75 

Pumice stone, wholly or par¬ 
tially manufactured. 

$6 ton 

Free 

Free 

Unmanufactured. 

15 p c 

Free 

Free 

Clays or Earths— 

Clays or earths, unwrought or 
unmanufactured. 

$1 ton 

$1 

$1.50 

Wrought or manufactured. 

$2 

$2 

$3 

China clay or kaolin. 

$2.50 

$2 

$3 

Limestone rock, asphalt, con¬ 
taining not more than 15 p. c. 
bitumen. 

50c ton 

Free 

Free 

Asphaltum and bitumen, not 
provided for, crude, if not 
dried or advanced in any 
manner. 

$1.50 

Free 

Free 

Dried, or advanced in any man- 
ner... 

$3 ton 
$1 

Free 

Free 

Beauxite, crude. 

Free 

Free 

Fuller’s earth, unwrought. 

$1.50 

$1 

$1.50 

Wrought. 

$3 

$2 

$3 

Earthenware and China— 
Common yellow and brown, 
plain, embossed, or glazed, 
not decorated. 

25 p c 

20 pc 

25 pc 

•Rockingham earthenware, not 
decocted.. 


30p c 

55 pf 


































450 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

60 p c 

60 p c 

60 p c 

55 p c 

35 p c 

55 p c 

60 p c 

40 p c 

60 p c 

55 p c 

30 p c 

55 p c 

35 p c 

30 p c 

55 p c 

45 p c 

40 p c 

60 p c 

$3 each 

20 p c 

$3 

lOcgross 

30 p c 

55 p c 

& 15 p c 



90c per 

20 p c 

20 p c 

100 



45 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

lc lb. 

%c 

lc 

l%c 

y 4 c 

l^c 

50c gr’ss 

40c 

50c 

40 p c 



60 p c 

40 p c 

60 p c 

l^c lb. 

lc 

l^c 

l/ 8 c 



23/sc 

l&C 

2&c 

2ftc 

2c 

2%c 


Articles. 


China, porcelain, crockeryware, 
ornaments and toys, decor¬ 
ated or ornamented, includ- 


out movements. 


All other china, porcelain, 
crockeryware, etc., in any 
way decorated or ornamented 
If not ornamented or decorated 
Articles wholly or in part of 
mineral substances, not dec¬ 
orated. 

If decorated. 

Gas retorts. 

Lava tips. 


Carbons for electric lighting .. 


Filter tubes. 

Porous carbon pots for electric 
batteries, without metallic 

connections. 

Glass and Glassware— 

Plain green or colored, molded 
or pressed flint, lime or lead 
glass bottles, vials, jars, demi¬ 
johns,'carboys, filled or un¬ 
filled, holding more than one 

pint. 

Holding not more than one pint 
and not less than % pint.... 

Holding less than % pint. 

None to pay less than. 

Glass bottles, or other vessels 
of glass, in any way orna¬ 
mented or decorated, and 
porcelain and opal glassware 
Unpolished, cylinder, crown, 
and common window glass, 
not exceeding 10 by 15 inches 

square. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24 by 30 inches square. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24 by 36 inches square. 

Above that, and not exceeding 
24 by 36 inches square. 



























451 


Articles. 


Not exceeding SO by 40 inches 

square. 

Above that, not exceeding 40 

by 60. 

Above that. 

Cylinder and crown glass, pol¬ 
ished, not exceeding 16x24 

inches square. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24x30 inches. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24x60 inches... 

Above that. 

Fluted, rolled, or rough plate 
glass, or the same containing 
wire Qgfting within itself, not 
inctu$fi»£ crown, cylinder, or 
common window glass, not ex¬ 
ceeding 10x15 inches square 
Above that, and not exceeding 

16x24 inches. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24x30 inches. 

All above that. 

All fluted, rolled, rough plate 
glass weighing over 100 lbs. 
per 100 square feet, shall pay 
an additional duty on the ex¬ 
cess at the same herein im¬ 
posed. 

Cast polished plate glass, unsil¬ 
vered, not exceeding 16x24 

inches square. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24x3t) inches square. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24x60 inches square. 

All above that. 

Cast polished plate glass, sil¬ 
vered, and looking glass 
plates, exceeding in size 144 
square inches, and hot ex¬ 
ceeding 16x24 inches square. 
Above that, and not exceeding 

24x30 inches square. 

Above that, and not exceeding 

24x60 inches square. 

All above that. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

3^c 

2/s C 

3/c 

3/c 

2/c 

3/c 

4/c 

2/c 

3/c 

4c s f 

2/c 

4c: 

6c 

4c 

6c 

15c 

15c 

20 c 

20s 

20c 

40c 


Kc 

y A c 

lc 

l#c 

2c 

l/c 

l/c 

2c 

2c 

l/c 

2c 

8c 

5c 

5c 

12c 

8c 

8c 

22/c 

22/c 

25c 

35c 

35c 

50c 

11c sq ft 

6c 

6c 

13c 

8c 

8c 

25c 

22/c 

25c 

. 38c 

35c 

50c 
































452 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

No looking glass framed to pay 
less duty than when un¬ 
framed, and shall pay addi¬ 
tional duty applicable to 
frames. 

Cast polished plate glass, or 
common window glass, bent, 
obscured, beveled, etched, 
or otherwise ornamented or 
decorated. 

5 p c 

10 p c 

Spectacles, eye - glasses, gog¬ 
gles, and their frames, or 
parts, valued at or not over 
40c per doz. 

ad’tion; 1 

20c doz 

40 p c 

Valued at over 40c per doz and 
not over $1.50 per doz. 

& 15 p c 

45c & 

40 p c 

Valued at over $1.50 per doz .. 

20 pc 
50 p c 

40 p c 

Lenses of glass or pebble, 
ground and polished to a 
spheri cal, cylindrical, or 
prismatic form, and ground 
and polished piano or coquill 
glasses, wholly or partly man¬ 
ufactured, with the edges un¬ 
ground . 

45 p c 

35 p c 

If with the edges ground or 
beveled. 

10c & 

35 p c 

Strips of glass not more than 
three inches wide, ground or 
polished on one side or both 
sides to a cylindrical or pris- 

45 p c 

matic form, and glass slides 
for magic lanterns. 

45 p c 

25 p c 

Opera and field glasses, tele- 

• 

scopes, microscopes, photo¬ 
graphic and proj ecting lenses, 
other optical instruments, 
and frames or mountings for 



the same, not specially pro¬ 
vided for... 

45 p c 

40 p c 

Stained or painted glass win¬ 
dows, mirrors not exceeding 
in size 144 square inches, with 
or without frames or cases, 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


10 p c 

60 p c 

60 p c 
60 p c 

60 p c 
60 p c 


60 p c 


60 p c 




















453 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

and all glass (except broken) 
or manufactures of which 
glass or paste is the compo¬ 
nent material of chief value, 
not specially provided for... 

45 p c 

35 pc 

45 p c 

Fusible enamel. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

45 p c 

Marble and Stone and Manu¬ 
factures of— 

Marble, in block, rough or 
squared only. 

65c c f 

50c 

65c 

Onyx, in block, rough or 
squared . 

$1.50 c f 

50c 

65c 

Marble or onyx, sawed or 
dressed, over two inches in 
thickness.. 

$1.10 c f 

85c 

$1.10 

Slabs or paving tiles of marble 
or onyx, containing not less 
than four superficial inches, 
; f not more than one inch in 
thickness. 

12c su f 

85c c f 

$1.10cf 

If more than one inch and not 
more than 1 ^ ins in thickness 

15c 

85c c f 

$1.10 c f 

If more than 1*2 inches and 
not more than two inches in 
thickness. 

18c 

85c c f 

$1.10c 

If rubbed, in whole or part.... 

Mosaic cubes of marble, onyx, 
or stone, not exceeding two 
cubic inches in size, if loose. 

3c addi¬ 
tional 

lc lb 

85c c f 

$1.10cf 

If attached to paper or other 
material. 

& 20 p c 

20c su f 

85c c f 

$1.10cf 

Manufactures of agate, ala¬ 
baster, coral, marble, rock 
crystal, etc., not provided 
for, includingclock cases,with 
or without movements. 

& 35 p c 

50 p c 

45 p c 

50 p c 

Stone— 

Burr stones, manufactured or 
bound up into millstones.... 

15 p c 

45 p c 

50 p c 

Freestone, granite, sandstone, 
limestone, and other building 
or monumental stone, except 
marble and onyx, unmanu¬ 
factured or undressed, not 
specially provided for. 

12c c f 

7c 

11s 























454 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Freestone, granite, sandstone, 
limestone, and other building 
or monumental stone, except 
marble and onyx, not special¬ 
ly proved for, hewn, dressed, 
or polished. 

50 p c 

30 p c 

40 p c 

Grindstones, finished or un¬ 
finished . 

$1.75ton 

10 p c 

$1.75 

Slates, slate chimney pieces, 
mantels, slabs for tables, roof¬ 
ing slates, and all other man¬ 
ufactures of slate notspecially 
provided for. 

20 p c 

20 p c 

30 p c 


Schedule C —Metals and Manufac¬ 
tures of. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Iron ore, including mangani- 
ferous iron ore, and dross 
from burnt pyrites. 

40c ton 

40c ton 

75c ton 

Basic slag, ground or unground 

$1 ton 

40c 

75c 

Iron in pigs, iron Kentledge, 
Spiegeleisen, ferro mangan¬ 
ese, ferro silicon, wrought 
and cast scrap iron and scrap 
steel... 

$4 

$4 

3-10c lb 

Bar iron, square iron, rolled or 
hammered, comprising flats, 
not less than 1 inch wide, nor 
less than % in thickness, 
round iron, not less than 7-16 
in diameter. 

6-10c lb 

6-10c 

8-10c 

Round iron, in coils or rods, 
less than 7-16 of an inch in 
diameter, and bars or shapes 
of rolled or hammered iron, 
not specially provided for.. 

8-10c 

8-10c 

11-lOc 

Provided, that all iron in slabs, 
blooms, loops, or other forms 
less finished than iron in bars, 
and more advanced than pig 
iron, except castings, shall be 
subject to a duty of. 

5-10c 

5-10c 

8-19c 


























455 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Provided further, that all iron 
bars, blooms, billets or sizes 
or shapes of any kind, in the 
manufacture of which char¬ 
coal is used as a fuel, shall be 
subject to a duty of. 

$12 ton 

$12" 

$22 

Beams, girders, joists, angles, 
channels, car truck channels, 
tees, colunyis, and posts or 
parts or sections of columns 
and posts, deck and bulb 
beams and building forms, 
together with all other struc¬ 
tural shapes of iron or steel, 
whether plain or punched or 
fitted for use. 

5-10c lb 

6-10c 

9-10C 

Boiler or other plate iron or 
steel, except crucible plate 
steel and saw plates, herein¬ 
after provided for, not thin¬ 
ner than No. 10 wire gauge, 
sheared or unsheared, and 
skelp iron or steel, sheared 
or rolled in grooves, valued 
at lc per pound or less. 

5-10c 

5-10c 

5-10c 

Valued above lc and not above 
2c per pound. 

6-10c 

6-10c 

8-10c 

Valued above 2c and*not above 
4c per pound . 

lc 

30 p c 

15-10c 

Valued at over 4c. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

2c 

Iron or steel anchors or parts 
thereof. 

l^c lb 

l%c 

23-10c 

Forgings of iron and steel of 
whatever shape or stage of 
manufacture. 

35 p c 

35 p c 

45 p c 

Ball forgings of iron or steel.. 

Hoop, band, or scroll iron or 
steal, valued at 3c per pound 
or less, 8 inches or less in 
width, and less than ^ of 1 
inch thick, and not thinner 
than No. 10 wire gauge. 

45 p c 

5-10c 

30 p c 

lc 

Thinner than No. 10 wire gauge 
and not thinner than No. 20 
wire gauge.. 

6-10 c 

30 p c 

Hr 10C 
13-iOc 

Thinner than No. 20 wire gauge 

8-10c 

30 p c 

Provided, that barrel hoops of 
iron or steel, and hoop or 


J 

- 





















456 


Articles. 


band iron, splayed or punch¬ 
ed, shall pay more duty than 
that imposed on the hoop or 
band from which they are 

made. 

Steel bands or strips, untem¬ 
pered, suitable for band saws 

If tempered... 

Hoop iron or steel, wholly or 
partially manufactured into 
hoops, painted or not, with or 
without fastenings for baling 
Railway bars made of iron or 
steel and railway bars made 
in part of steel, T rails, and 
punched iron or steel flat rails 
Railway fish plates or splice 
bars, made of iron or steel... 
Sheets of iron or steel, common 
or black, of whatever dimen¬ 
sions, and skelp iron or steel, 
valued at 3c. per lb. or less, 
thinner than No. 10 and not 
thinner than No. 20 wire 

gauge... 

Thinner than No. 20 wire gauge 
and not thinner than No. 25 

wire gauge. 

Thinner than No. 25 wire gauge 
and not thinner than No. 32 

wire gauge. 

Thinner than No. 32 wire gauge 

Corrugated or crimped. 

Steel sheets or plates, and hoop 
or scroll iron or steel, not tin 
plates and taggers tin, gal¬ 
vanized or coated with metal, 
more than if not galvanized. 
Sheets of iron or sheetsteel,pol¬ 
ished, planished or glanced, 
by whatever name designated 
Provided, that plates or sheets 
of iron or steel, by whatever 
name designated, other than 
the polished, planished, or 
l glanced herein provided for, 


Dinglej 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin» 

ley Law 

1-lOc 


2-lOc 

3c lb 


& 20 p c 
6c & 



20 p c 



5- 10c lb 



7-20c 

30 p c 

1 l-10c 

4-10c 

7-20c 

6-10c 

7-10c 

7-10c 

ic 

8-10c 

8-10c 

1 MOc 

1 1-lOc 
1 2-10c 
1 l-10c 

1 l-10c 
1 l-10c 
1 l-10c 

1 4-10c 

1 4-10c 
14-10c 

2-10c 

• 


2c 

l%c 

2%c 























457 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

which have been pickled or 
cleaned by acid or by any 
other material or process, or 
which are cold rolled, 

■ smoothed only, not polished, 
shall pay more duty than the 
corresponding gauges of com¬ 
mon or black sheet iron or 



steel. 

2-10c 

Vsc 

Sheets or plates of iron or 
steel or taggers iron or steel, 
coated with tin or lead, or 
with a mixture of which these 
metals or either of them is 
a component part, by the dip¬ 
ping or any other process, 
and commercially known as 
tin plates, terne plates, and 
taggers tin. 

lMc 

1 l-5c 

Steel ingots, cogged ingots, 
blooms, and slabs, by what¬ 
ever process made; die blocks 
or blanks; billets, and bars, 
and tapers or beveled bars, 
mill shafting; pressed, shear¬ 
ed, or stamped shapes; saw 
plates wholly or partially 
manufactured ; hammer 
molds or swaged steel; gun 
barrel molds not in bars; 
alloys used as substitutes for 
steel in the manufacture of 
tools; all descriptions and 
shapes of dry sand, loam, or 
iron molded steel castings; 
sheets and plates, and steel in 
all forms and shapes not 
specially provided for; all 
of the above valued at lc per 
pound or less. 

3-10c 

3-10c 

Valued above lc and not above 
1 4-10c per lb. 

4-10c 

4-10c 

Valued above 1 4-10c and not 
above 1 8-10c lb. 

6-10c 

6-10c 

Valued above 1 8-10c and not 
above 2 2-10c lb. 

7-10c 

7-10c 

Valued above 2 2-10c and not 

9-10c 

9-10c 


McKia 
ley Law 


He 


2 2-104 


4-10c 
4-10c 
8-10c 
10c 
i 2-10c 


















458 


-s. 


Articles. 

I 

jDingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

| Law. 

Law. 

ley Law 

Valued above 3c and not above 

4c lb. 

Valued above 4c and not above 

1 2-10c 

1 2-10c 

1 6-10c 

7c lb. 

1 3-10c 

1 3-10c 

2c 

Valued above 7c and not above 

10c lb. 

2c 

1 9-10c 

2 8-10c 

Valued above 10c and not 

ahnvp ISr lb. . 

2 4-10c 

2 4-10c 

3Kc 

Valued above. 13c and not 

ahnve tftclb. 

2 8-10c 
4 7-10c 

2 8-10c 
4 7-10c 

4 2-10c 
7c 

Valued ahove tfic per lb. 

Wire— 

Wire, rods, rivet, screw, fence, 




and other iron or steel wire 
rods, whether round, oval. 




flat, or square, or in any oth¬ 
er shape, and nail rods in 
coils or otherwise, valued at 
4c nr less per lb. 

4-10c 
Kc 

4-10c 

H c 

6-10c 

6-10c 

V»lned over 4c. 

If tempered, treated, or par- 

tially manufactured, an addi¬ 
tional duty of. 




Round iron or steel wire, not 



smaller than No. 13 wire 
gauge. 

lKc 

1^0 

l^c 

Smaller than No. 13, and not 

smaller than No. 16. 

Smaller than No. 16. 

l'Ac 
2c 
40 p c 

ltfc 

2c 

lKc 

2%c 

Valued at more than 4c lb. 

Iron, or steel, or other wire not 



provided for, including such 
as is known as hat, bonnet, 
crinoline, corset, needle, 
piano, clock, and watch wire, 
flat or otherwise; and corset 




clasps, steels and dress steels 
and sheet steel in strips .0025 




of an inch thick or thinner, 
whether uncovered or cov¬ 
ered with cotton, silk, metal, 
or other material, valued at 
more than 40c lb. 

45 p c 

40 p c 

50 p c 

Vovided, that articles manu- 

factured fiom iron, steel, 
trass, o>- cooper wire shall 






























459 


Articles. 


Dingley Wilson 
Law. Law. 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


pay the rate of duty which 
would be imposed on the wire 

used, and in addition. 

.And on iron or steel wire coat¬ 
ed with zinc, tin, or other 
metal, in addition to duty on 

the wire. 

.All metal produced from iron 
or its ores, which is cast and 
malleable, shall be classed as 
steel. 

No artieIG wholly or partly of 
tin plate shall pay less duty 
than tinplate. 

All iron or steel, cold rolled, 
drawn, or hammered or pol¬ 
ished, in addition. 

On strips, plates, or sheets of 
iron or steel, other than pol¬ 
ished or planished, treated in 
like manner, in addition ... 

On steel circular saw plates, in 
addition to rates for steel saw 
plates. 


l^clb 


2-10c 


He 

lc 






Manufacture of Iron and 
Steel— 

Anvils of Iron or steel, or of 
iron and steel combined, by 
whatever process made, or in 
whatever stage of manufac¬ 
ture . 

Axles or parts thereof, axle 
bars, axle blanks or forgings 
for axles, whether of iron or 
steel, without reference to 
the stage or state of manu¬ 
facture, valued at not more 

than 6c lb. 

Blacksmiths’ hammers and 
sledges, track tools, wedges, 
and crowbars, whether of 

iron or steel. 

•Bolts, with or without threads 
or nuts, or bolt blanks and 
''finished hinges or hinge 
blanks, whether of iron <>r 
steel..... 


Iftclb 

Lc lb 

| 

Wc| 


lfcc 


2tfc 


lMc 


2c 


l&c 


2tfc 




2%c 























460 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

Law. 

Law. 

ley Law 

Card clothing manufactured 
from tempered steel wire.... 
All other.... 

45c s f 
20c s f 

40c 

40c 

50c 

25c 

Cast iron pipe of every descrip- 

tion. 

4-10c lb 

6-10c 

8-10c 

Cast iron vessels, plates, stove 
plates, andirons, sadirons, 
tailors’ irons, hatters’ irons 







and castings of iron not spe¬ 
cially provided for. 

8-10c 

8-10c 

2 2-10c 

Castings of malleable iron not 

specially provided for. 

9-10c 

9-10c 

me 

Cast hollow ware, coated, 

glazed or tinned. 

2c 

2c 

3c 

Chain or chains of all kinds. 

made of iron or steel, not less 
than % of an inch in diame- 




ter... 

154c 

30 p c 

1 6-10c 

Less than % of an inch and not 

less than % inch in diameter. 
Less than % inch and not less 

me 

30 p c 

1 8-10c 

than 5-16. 

me 

3c 

30 p c 
30 p c 

254c 

254c 

Less than 5-16. 

Provided, no chain or chains of 

any description shall pay a 
lower rate of duty than. 

45 p c 

30 p c 

45 p c 

Lap welded, butt welded. 


seamed or jointed, iron or 
steel boiler tubes, pipes, flues 
or stays, not thinner than No. 
16 wire gauge. 

2c 

25 p c 

2J4c 

Welded cylindrical furnaces. 

made from plate metal. 

2j4c 

25 p c 

2J4c 

All other iron or steel tubes, 

finished or unfinished, not 
provided for. 

85 p c 



Cutlery— 

Penknives, pocket knives, 
claspknives, pruning knives, 
and budding knives of all 





kinds, erasers or parts there¬ 
of, wholly or partly manufac- 
tured,valued at not more than 
40c per doz. 

40 p c 

25 p c 

12c doa 

Valued at more than 40c and 

not exceeding 50c per ck>j. .. 

lceach 

25 p c 


& 40 p c 





























401 


Articles. 


Valued at more than 50c and 
not exceeding $1.25 per doz. 

Valued at more than $1.25 and 
not exceeding $3 per doz.... 

Valued at more than $3 per doz. 

Razors and razor blades, fin¬ 
ished or unfinished, valued 
at less than $1.50 per doz- 

At $1.50 per doz and less than 
$3 per doz. 


Valued at $3 per doz or more.. 

Scissors and shears, and blades 
of the same, finished or un¬ 
finished, valued at not more 
than 50c doz. 


Valued at more than 50c and 
not more than $1.75 per doz 

Valued at more than $1.75 per 
doz. 


Swords, sword blades, and side 

arms. 

Table, butchers’, carving, 
cooks’, hunting, kitchen, 
bread, butter, vegetable, 
fruit, cheese, plumbers’, 
painters’, palette, artists’, and 
shoe knives, forks and steels, 
finished or unfinished, with 
handles of mother-of-pearl, 
shell or ivory . 


With handles of deer horn.. 

With handles of hard rubber, 
solid horn, celluloid, or any 
pyroxyline material. 


With handles of other material 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

5c 

25 p c 


& 40 p c 


i<V 

& 40 p c 
20c 

& 40 p c 

7]4c doz 

$1.50doz 

$2 doz 

$2 doz 
& 50 p c 

50c doz 
& 15 p c 

40 p c 

$1 doz 
& 30 p c 

$1 

& 15 p c 
$1.75doz 
& 20 p c 

40 p c 

40 p c 

$1 doz 
& 30 p c 
$1.75doz 
& 30 p c 

15c 

8: 15 p c 

40 p c 

45 p c 

50c 

& 15 pc 

45 p c 

45 p c 

75c 

& 25 p c 

35 p c 

35 p c 

35 p c 

35 p c 

35 p c 

16c each 
& 15 p c 
12c 

& 15 p c 

85 p c 

$1 doz 
& 35 p c 



& 15p c 
l^c 

& 15 p c 
























462 


Articles. 

4 

Dingley 

Law. 

1 Wilson 
| Law. 

Files, file blanks, rasps, and 
floats of all cuts and kinds, 
2% ins. in length and under 

30c doz 

35c 

Over 2)4 inches and under 4 l /z 
inches in length. 

50c doz 

60c 

Over 4h} and under 7 inches .. 

75c 

60c 

Seven ins. in length and over.. 

$1 

$1 

Firearms — 

Muskets, muzzle loading shot¬ 
guns, rifles and parts thereof. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Double barreled, sporting 
breech loading shotguns 
combination shotguns and 
rifles valued at not more than 
$5. . 

$1.50 & 
15 p c 

$4& 

30 p c 

30 p c 

Valued at more than $5 and 
not more than $10. 

Valued at more than $10. 

15 p c 
$6 & 

30 p c 

Double barrels for sporting 
breech loading shotguns and 
rifles, further advanced in 
manufacture than rough 
bored only . 

35 p c 

$3 each 

30 p c 

Stocks for double barreled 
sporting breech loading shot¬ 
guns and rifles, wholly or par¬ 
tially manufactured. 

35 p c 

$3 

30 p c 

On all other parts of such guns 
or rifles, and fittings for such 
stocks or barrels, finished or 
unfinished. 

50 p c 

30 p c 

Provided, that all double bar¬ 
reled sporting breech-loading 
shotguns and rifles imported 
without a lock or locks or 
other fittings shall be subject 
to a duty of. 

$6 & 

30 p c 

, 

Single barrel breech loading 
shotguns, or parts thereof, ex- 

35 p c 

cepting as otherwise specially 
provided for.. 

SI & 

80 p c 

i 

35 p c 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


35c 

60c 

60 c 

$2 


25 p c 


$1.50 & 
35 p c 

$3& 
35 p c 
$6# 
35 p< 


$3 & 
35 p c 


$3 & 
35 p c 


35 p c 


$6& 
35 p c 


$1 & 
35 p c 

























463 


Articles. 

Dinglev 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Revolving pistols or parts 
thereof. 

75c & 

30 p c 

40c & 

Sheets and plates, ware or ar¬ 
ticles of iron, steel, or other 
metal, enameled or glazed 
with vitreous glasses. 

25 p c 

40 p c 

35 pc 

35 p c 

45c & 

Nails, Spikes, Tacks and 
Needles— 

Cut nails and cut spikes of iron 
or steel.... 

6-10c lb 

22*2 p c 

50 p c 

lc 

Horseshoe nails, hob-nails, and 
all other wrought iron or steel 
nails not specially provided 
for. 

2 x 4C 

30 p c 

4c 

Wire nails made of wrought 
iron or steel not less than ] 
inch in length and not lighter 
than No. 16 wire gauge. 

^c 

25 p c 

2c 

Shorter than 1 inch and lighter 
than No. 16 wire gauge. 

lc 

25 p c 

4o 

Spikes, nuts and washers, and 
horse, mule or ox shoes, of 
wrought iron or steel. 

lc 

25 p c 

1 l gc 

Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not 
exceeding 16 ounces to the 
1,000. 

1 J 4C 

25 p c 

C l 4C 

Exceeding 16 ounces to the 

1,000. 

Needles for knitting or sewing 
machines, including latch 
needles.. 

l^c 

25 p c 

- ' 5 4C 

$1 M & 

25 p c 

:f> p o 

Crochet needles and tape nee¬ 
dles, knitting and all other 
needles notspecially provided 
for, and bodkins of metal.... 

25 p c 

, 

25 p c: 

25 p c 

85 p o 

Steel engraved, stereotype 
plates, electrotype plates, 
and plates - f other materials, 
engraved or lithographed, for 

printing. 

Rivets of iron or steel. 

25 p c 
2c lb 

35 pc 
25 p c 

25 p c 

2 l 2C 

Saws— 

Crosscut saws, per linear foot.. 

6c 

6c 

8c 

Mill saws, per linear foot. 

10c 

10c 

10c to 
15c 



























464 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

Law. 

Law. 

ley Law 

Pit and drag saws, per linear 




foot.. 

8c 

8c 

10c to 
15c 


Circular saws. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

30pc 

Steel band saws, finished or 

unfinished. 

10c lb 




& 20pc 



Hand, buck, and all other saws 




not specially provided for... 
Screws, commonly called wood 

30 p c 

25 p c 

40 pc 

screws, made of iron or steel, 



♦ 

more than 2 inches in length 
Over 1 inch and not more than 

4c lb 

3c 

6c 

2 inches in length. 

6c 

5c 

7c 

Over ^ inch and not more than 

1 inch. 

8^ 

12c 

7c 

10c 

10c 

14c 

One-half inch and less in length 
Umbrella and parasol ribs and 




stretchers, composed in chief 
value of iron, steel, or other 




metal. 

50 p c 

50 p c 

46 pc 

Wheels or parts thereof, made 

of iron or steel, and steel 




tired wheels for railway pur¬ 
poses, whether wholly or 
partly finished, and iron or 
steel locomotive, car, or other 




railway tires or parts thereof, 
wholly or partly manufac¬ 
tured. .. 

1 *2C lb 

l^c 

l%c to 
2^0 

Ingots—Cogged ingots, blooms. 

or blanks for the same, with¬ 
out regard to the degree of 



l&c to 

manufacture. 

l&clb 

IKc 

2^c 


Provided, that when wheels or parts thereof of iron or 
steel are imported, with iron or steel axles fitted in them, 
the wheels and axles together shall De dutiable at the same 
rate as is provided for the wheels wherilmported separately. 


Miscellaneous Metals and 
Manufactures of— 
Aluminum and alloys of any 
kind in which aluminum is 
the component material of 
chitf value in crude form.... 

8c lb 

10c 

Plates, sheets, bars, and rods.. 

13c 

10c 

Antimony as regulus or metal.. 

%c 

Free^ 






















465 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

Law. 

Law. 

ley Lew 

Argentine, Albata, or German 

silver, unmanufactured. 

Bronze powder. 

25 p c 
12c lb 

15 p c 
40 p c 

25 p c 
12c 

Bronze or Dutch metal of alumi- 

ntim in leaf... 

6c 100 

40 p c 

8c 10C 
leaves 


leaves 

Copper in rolled plates, sheets, 




rods, pipes, ana copper bot¬ 
toms..._. 

2%c lb 

20 p c 

35 p c 

Sheathing or yellow metal, of 

which copper is the compo¬ 
nent material of chief value, 
and not composed wholly or 
in part of iron ungalvanized. 
Gold and Silver — 

2c 

20 p c 

35 p c 

Gold leaf, 500 leaves. 

$1.75 

75c 

30 p c 

$2 00 
75c 


30 p c 

Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made 

wholly or in chief value of 
gold, silver or other metal... 

5c lb 

25 p c 

30 p c 

Bullions and metal thread,with 




chief value in tinsel wire, 
lame or lahn. 

5c and 
35 p c 

Free 

Free 

Laces, embroideries, braids, 

trimmings or other articles 
with chief value in tinsel 




wire, lame or lahn, bullions 





60 p c 

Free 

Free 

Hooks and eyes, metallic, 

whether loose, carded or 

5^clb 
& 15 p c 

35 p c 




Lead — 




Lead-bearing ore of all kinds, 
on the lead contained therein 
Lead dross, lead bullion or base 

l^c lb 

He 



bullion, lead in pigs and bars 
.aid old refuse; lead run into 
blocks and bars,and old scrap 




lead fit only to be remanu- 

2V 8 c 

1c 

it. 

Lead in sheets, pipe, shot, 
glaziers’ lead and lead wire.. 

me 

2%c 

Itfc 

Metallic mineral substances in 




crude state, and metals un¬ 
wrought, not specially pro- 

20 p c 
6c lb 


25 p c 
25pc 

Monazite sand and thorite . 
























466 


Articles. 


Mica unmanufactured. 


Dingley 

Law. 


Wilson McKin- 
Law. ley Law 


6c ib 


20 p c 


35 p c 


Cut or trimmed. 

Nickel oxide, alloy, in which 
nickel is of chief value, in 
pigs, ingots, bars or sheets... 
Pens, metallic, except gold pens 
Penholder tips, penholders and 

parts, and gold pens. 

Pins with solid heads, without 
ornamentation, including 
hair, safety, hat and shawl 
pins, wholly of brass, copper, 
iron, steel or other base metal 
not plated, and not commonly 
known as jewelry. 

? uicksilver. 

ype metal, for the lead con¬ 
tained therein. 

New types. 

Watch movements having not 
more than 7 jewels. 

If having more than 7 jewels 
and not more than 11 jewels 

If having more than 11 jewels 
and not more than 15 jewels 


& 20 p c 
12c & 
20 p c 


6c 

12c grs 
25 p c 


35 p c 
7c lb 

lHc 

25 p c 

35c each 
& 25 p c 

50c & 
25 p c 

75c & 


20 p c 


35 p c 


6c 

8c 


10c 

12c 


25 p c 


30 p c 


25 p c 
7c 

U c 

15 p c 


30 p c 
10c 

lKc 

25 p c 


If having more than 15 jewels 
and not more than 17 jewels 

If having more than 17 jewels 

Watch cases and parts of watch- 
es.includingwatch dials,chro¬ 
nometers, box or ship, and 
parts thereof, clocks and 
parts thereof, not otherwise 
provided for, whether separ¬ 
ately packed or otherwise, 
not w'holly or in chief value 
of china, porcelain or earth¬ 
enware. 

All jewels for watches or clocks 

Zinc in blocks or pigs. 

In sheet.. 


25 p c 

$1.25 & 
25 p c 
$3.00 & 
25 p c 


40 p c 
10 p c 
lj*c lb 
2c 


25 p c 
25 p c 
lc 
l#c 


25 p c 
25 p c 

2&c 
































Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law'. 

McKin 
ley Law 

Old and worn out, fit only to be 
remanufactured. 

lc 


1 %C 

Articles or wares not specially 
provided for, composed whol¬ 
ly or in part of iron, steel, 
lead, copper, nickel, pewter, 
zinc, gold, silver, platinum, 
aluminum, or other metal, 
and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured. 

45 p t 

35 p c 

45 p e 


Schedule D—Wood and Manufactures cf. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law'. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Timber, hewn, sided or squared 
(not less than 8 inches square) 
and round timber used for 
spars or in building wharves. 

lc c f 

Free 

10 p 

Sawed boards, planks, deals 
and other lumber, of white- 
wood, sycamore and bass- 
wood. 

$1 M 

Free 

$1 

Sawed lumber, not provided 
for. 

$2 

Free 

$2 

When lumber of any sort is 
planed or finished, in addi¬ 
tion to the rates herein pro¬ 
vided there shall be paid for 
each side so planed or fin¬ 
ished, per thousand feet, 
board measure. 

50c 

Free 

50c 

If planed on one side, and 
tongued and grooved, per 
thousand feet. 

$1 

Free 

$1 

If planed on two sides, and 
tongued and grooved, per 
thousand feet. 

$1.50 

Free 

$1.50 

Paving posts, railroad ties, ttele- 
phone, trolley, electric light, 
and telegraph poles of cedar. 

20 p c 

Free 

20 p c 

Other woods. 

20 p c 

Free 

Free 

Kindling w'ood in bundles, not 
exceeding one-quarter of a 
cubic foot each, per bundle.. 

3-10c 

Free 

Free 



























408 


Articles. 


larger bundles, for each addi¬ 
tional quarter of a cubic foot 

or fraction thereof. 

Sawed boards, planks, deals, 
etc., not further manufac¬ 
tured than sawed. 

Veneers of wood, unmanufac¬ 
tured, not specially provided 

for..... 

Clapboards, per M. 

Hubs for wheels, posts, last 
blocks, wagon blocks, head¬ 
ing bolts, stave bolts, oar 
blocks, heading blocks, and 
all like blocks or sticks, rough 

hewn, sawed or bored. 

Fence posts. 

Lath, per M. 

Pickets and palings and staves 

of wood of all kinds. 

Shingles, per M. 

Casks and barrels and hogs¬ 
heads (empty), sugar box 
shooks, packing boxes and 
packing box shooks of wood, 
not specially provided for... 
Boxes, barrels, or other articles 
containing oranges, lemons, 

fruit, etc. 

Chair cane or reeds, wroughf 
or manufactured from rattans 

or reeds. 

Osier or willow, prepared for 

basket makers’ use. 

Manufactures of osier or willow 
Toothpicks or vegetable sub¬ 
stances, per thousand. 

Botchers’ and packers’ skewers 
House or cabinet furniture, 
manufactured or partially 
manufactured, and manufac¬ 
tures of wood, or of which 
wood is the material of chief 
value, not specially provided 
... 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

3-10c 

Free 

Free 

15 p c 

Free 

15 p c 

20 p c 
$1.50 

Free 

Free 

20 p c 
$1.50 

20 p c 
10 p c 
25c 

Free 

Free 

Free 

20 p c 
20 p c 

15c 

10 p c 
30c 

Free 

Free 

10 p c 
20 p c 

30 p c 

20 p c 

30 p c 

30 p c 



10 p c 

10 p c 

10 p c 

20 p c 
40 p c 

20 p c 
25 p c 

20 p c 
35 p c 

15 p c 
40c M 

35 p c 

35 p c 

35 p c 

25 p c 

35 p c 



























469 


Schedule E—Sugar, Molasses, and Manu¬ 
factures of. 


Articles. 


Sugar, not above No. 16 Dutch 
standard in color, tank bot¬ 
toms, syrups of cane juice, 
melada, concrete and con¬ 
centrated molasses, testing 
by the polariscope not above 
75 degrees. 

For each additional degree and 
fraction of degree in propor¬ 
tion . 

Sugar above No. 16 Dutch 
standard in color, and on all 
sugar which has gone 
through a process of refining 

Molasses testing above 40 de¬ 
grees and not above 56 de¬ 
grees. 

Testing 56 degrees and above.. 

Sugar drainings and sweepings 
shall pay duty according to 
polariscopic test. 

Maple sugar and maple syrup. 

Glucose or grape sugar. 

Sugar cane, natural state. 

Saccharine. 

Sugar candy and all confec¬ 
tionery valued at 15c per lb 
or less, and on sugar after 
being refined when tinctured, 
colored or adulterated. 

Valued at more than 15c lb... - 


Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

Law. 

Law. 

ley Law 

95-100c 

Lb 

35-1000c 

195-100c 

40 p c 

Free 


%c and 

5-10c 

3c gai 
be gai 

40 p c 






4c lb 

40 p c 

40 p c 

l l Ac lb 

15 p c 

He lb 

20 p c 

10 p c 

10 p c 

$1.50 & 

25 p c 

50 p c 

10 p c 



4c & 

35 p c 

5c 

15 p c 
50 p c 

35 p c 

50 pc 


< 






















470 


Schedule F—Tobacco and Manufactures of. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Wrapper tobacco and filler to¬ 
bacco, when mixed or packed 
with more than 15 per cent 
of wrapper tobacco, and all 
leaf tobacco the product of 
two or more countries, when 
mixed or packed together, if 
unstemmed. 

$1.85 lb 

35c 

$2 

If stemmed. 

$2.50 

50c 

$2.75 

Filler tobacco not provided for, 
if unstemmed. 

35c 

35c 

35c 

If stemmed. 

50c 

50c 

50c 

All other tobacco, manufac¬ 
tured or unmanufactured, not 
provided for. 

55c 

40c 

40c 

Snuff and snuff flour, manufac¬ 
tured of tobacco, of all de¬ 
scriptions. 

55c 

50c 

50c 

Cigars, cigarettes, and che¬ 
roots, including paper cigars 
and cigarettes . 

$4.50 ib 

$4 

$4.50 

8- 25 p e 

c o- , 

'' 2 5 p c 


Schedule G—Agricultural Products and 
Provisions. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Animals, Live— - 




Cattle, if less than 1 year old.. 

$2 head 

20 p c 

$2' 

All other cattle, if valued at not 




more than $14 a head. 

$3.75 



Valued at more than $14. 

2714 p c 



Swine. 

$1.50 

20 p c 

$1.50 

Horses and mules valued at 




$150 or less per head. 

$30 head 

20 p c 

$30 

Valued at over $150. 

25 p c 

20 p c 

30 p c 

Sheep 1 year old or over. 

$1.50 

20 p c 

$1 50 

Less than 1 year old. 

75c 

20 p c 

" 75c 

Other live animals not provid- 




ed for. 

- 20 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Breadstuffs and Farinaceous 


4 


» Substances — 




Barley. 

30c bu 

40 p c 

80c 






































471 


r 


Articles. 


Barley malt. 

Barley, pearled, patent or 

hulled. 

Buckwheat.... 

Corn. 

Cornmeai. 

Macaroni, vermicelli, and simi¬ 
lar preparations. 

Oats. 

Oatmeal and rolled oats. 

Oat hulls, per 100 lbs. 

Rice, cleaned. 

Uncleaned, or free from outer 
hull, with inner cuticle on... 
Rice flour, meal, and rice bro¬ 
ken which will pass through 
a sieve known as No. 12 wire 

sieve.. 

Paddy,or rice with outer hull on 

Rye. 

Rye flour. 

Wheat. 

Wheat flour. 

Dairy Products— 

Butter and substitutes therefor 
Cheese and substitutes therefor 

Milk, fresh... 

Milk, preserved or condensed, 

or sterilized. 

Sugar of milk. 

Farm and Field Products— 

Beans. 

Beans, peas and mushrooms, 
preserved in tins, jars or sim¬ 
ilar packages . 

All vegetables, prepared or 
preserved, including pickles 
and sauces of all kinds, not 
provided for, and fish paste 

or sauce. 

Cabbages. 

Cider. 

Eggs, not provided for. 

Eggs, yolk of. 

Albumen, egg or blood.... 

Dried blood, soluble. 

Hay.'. 

Honey. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin : 
ley Law 

45c 

40 p c 

45c 

2c lb 

40 p c 

2c 

15c bu 

15 p c 

15c 

15c 

15 p c 

15c 

20c 

15 p c 

20c 

l^clb 

20 p c 

2c 

lc lb 

15 p c 

lc 

lc lb 

15 p c 

2c 

10c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

2c lb 

VAc 

2c 

lKc 

8-10c 

lMc 


Me 

Me 

%c 

%c 

%c 

10c bu 

15 p c 

10c 

*2C lb 

15 p c 


25c bu 

15 p c 

25c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

6c lb 

4c 

6c 

6c 

4c 

6c 

2c gal 

Free 

5c 

2c lb 

2c 

3c 

5c 

5c 

5c 

45c bu 

20 p c 

40c 

2-kjc lb 



40 p c 

30 p c 

40 p c 

3c ea 

Free 

Free 

5c gal 

Free 

5c 

5c doz 

3c 

5c 

25 p c 

Free 

25 pc 

3c lb 

Free 


l^c 

Free 


$4 ton 

$2 

S4 

20c gal 

10c 

20c 









































472 


Articles. 


Hops. 

Hop extract. 

•Onions. 

■Garlic. 

Peas, green, in bulk, barrels, 
sacks, or similar packages... 

Peas, dried. 

Peas, split. 

Peas, in cartons, papers, etc... 
•Orchids, palms, drecoenas, cro¬ 
tons and azaleas. 

Tulips, hyacinths, narcissi, jon¬ 
quils, lilies, and all other 
bulbs, bulbous roots, culti¬ 
vated for their flowers. 

Natural flowers of all kinds 
suitable for decorative pur¬ 
poses. 

Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings 
of Myrabolan plum, Mahaleb 
cherry, 3 years old or less, 
per 1,000 . 

Stocks of pear, apple, quince, 
and St. Julien plum, 3 years 
old or less, and evergreen 
seedlings, per 1,000. 

Rose plants, budded, grafted. 

or grown on their own roots. 
Stocks, cuttings, and seedlings 
of all fruit and ornamental 
trees, deciduous and ever¬ 
green shrubs and vines, and 
all trees, shrubs, plants and 
vines known as nursery stock, 

not provided for. 

Potatoes. 

Castor beans or seeds. 

Flaxseed or linseed and other 
oil seeds not specially pro¬ 
vided for.. 

Poppy seed.V. 

Seeds of all kinds not specially 

provided for. 

Straw. 

Teazles..... 


[Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

12c lb 

8c 

15c 

50 p c 



40c bu 

20c 

40c 

lc lb 

7 p c 

10 p c 

40c bu 

Free 

40c 

30c bu 

20c 

20c 

40c bu 

50c 

50c 

lc lb 

lc 

lc 

25 p c 

Free 

30 p c 

25 p c 

Free 

30 p c 

25 p c 

Free 

30 p c 

50c & 

Free 


15 p c 



$1 & 

Free 


15 p c 



2 1 ac ea 

Free 


25 p c 

Free 


25c bu 

15c 

25c 

25c 

25c 

50c 

25c 

25c 

25c 

15c bu 



30 p c 

10 p c 

20 p c 

$1.50 ton 

15 p c 

30 p c 

30 p c 

15 p c 

30 p c 





































473 


Articles. 


specially provided for... 

Fish— 

Anchovies, sardines, sprats, 
brislings, or sardels, packed 
in oil or otherwise, in bottles, 
jars, tin boxes, or cans, con¬ 
taining 754 cubic inches or 
less, per bottle, jar, or can 
Containing more than 754 and 
not more than 21 cubic in. 
Containing more than 21 and 
not more than 33 cubic in 
Containing more than 33 and 
not more than 70 cubic in 
If in other packages ..... . 

All other fish in tin packages, 

except shellfish. 

Fish in packages containing less 
than 54 bbl. not provided for 
Fresh water fish not specially 

provided for. 

Herring, pickled or salted. 

Herring, fresh... 

Fish, fresh, smoked, dried, 
salted, pickled, frozen, pack¬ 
ed in ice or otherwise for pres¬ 
ervation, not provided for... 

Fish,-skinned or boned. 

Mackerel, halibut or salmon, 

fresh, pickled, or salted. 

Fruits and Nuts— 

Apples, peaches, quinces, cher¬ 
ries, plums, and pears, green 

or ripe. 

Apples, peaches, pears, and 
otheredible fruits, including 
berries when dried or pre¬ 
pared in any manner, not 

provided for. 

Berries, edible, in their natural 

condition. 

Cranberries. 

Comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits 
preserved in sugar, molasses, 
spirits, or in their own juices, 
not provided for. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law- 

25 p c 

10 p c 

10 p c 

154c 



254c 





5c 



10c 



40 p c 

40 p c 

40 p c 

30 p c 

20 p c 

30 p c 

30 p c 

20 p c 

30 p c 

54 c lb 

Free 

Free 

Xclb 

54c 

54c 

54 c 

Xc 

54c 

Me lb 

Jr' 


lKc 

Me 

Me 

lc 

Me 

lc 

25c bu 

20 p c 

25c 

2c lb 

20 p c 

2c 

1 c. qt 



25 p c 

Free 


lc lb & 

30 p c 

35 p e . 

35 p c 
































474 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

1 Wilson 
Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

If containing over 10 p. c. alco- 




hoi, not provided for. 

35 p c 

36 p c 

30 p c 

On alcohol contained over 10 

$2.50 

Spirit 

Spirit 

P- c . 

per gal 

duty 

duty 

Jellies of all kinds. 

35 p c 

30 p c 

35 p c 

Pineapples in their own juice.. 

25 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Figs, plums, prunes and prunel- 




les.. 

2c lb 

154c 

254c 

Raisins and other dried grapes 

254c 

154c 

254c 

Dates . 

Xc 

30 p c 

*2c 

Currants. 

2c 

154c 

Free 

Olives, in bottles, jars, etc.... 

25c gal 

20 p c 

Free 

In casks, or other than in bot- 



ties, etc. 

15c 

20 p c 

Free 

Grapes, in barrels, or other 




packages. 

20c c f 

20 p c 

60c brl 

Oranges, lemons, limes, grape 




fruit, shaddocks, or pomelos 

lc lb 

8c c f 

13c pkg 

Orange peel or lemon peel, 



of 15fc 

preserved, candied or dried. 



and cocoanut meat, desiccat- 




ed, shredded, or cut. 

2c lb 

30 p c 

2c 

Citron or citron peel, preserved, 




candied or dried. 

4c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Pineapples, in barrels or other 




packages. 

7c cf 

20 p c 

Free 

In bulk, per 1,000. 

$7 

20 p c 

Free 

Almonds, not shelled. 

4c lb 

3c 

5c 

Clear almonds, shelled. 

6c 

5c 

754c 

Filberts and walnuts of all 



kinds, not shelled. 

3c 

2c 

3c 

Shelled. 

5c 

4c 

6c 

Peanuts, unshelled. 

54c 

20 p c 

lc 

Shelled. 

lc 

20 p c 

154c 

Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 



unshelled, not provided for. 

lc 

20 p c 

154c 

Meat Products— 



Bacon and hams. 

5c lb 

20 p c 

5c 

Fresh beef, veal, mutton, and 




pork. 

2c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Meats of all kinds, prepared or 




preserved, not provided for.. 

25 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Extract of meat, not provided 




for. 

35c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Fluid extract of meat. 

15c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Lard. 

2c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Poultry, live. 

3c 

2c 

3c 

Dressed. 

5c 

3c 

5c 





































475 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Tallow. 

K c 

F ree 

lc 

Wool grease. 

X A<- 

Free 

l Ao 

Miscellaneous Products — 
Chicory root, unground. 

lc lb 

F ree 

Free 

Burnt, ground, or unground, in 
rolls, or otherwise, not pro¬ 
vided for... 

2%c 

2c 

2c 

Chocolate and cocoa, prepared, 
not provided for, valued at 
not over 15c lb. 

zy 2 c 

2c 

2c 

Valued over 15c, not above 24c 
lb . 

2%c& 

2c 

2c 

Valued above 24c and not above 
35c lb . 

10 p c 

5c & 

2c 

2c 

Valued above 35c lb. 

10 p c 
50 p c 

35 p c 

2c 

Powdered cocoa, unsweetened. 

5c lb 

2c 

2c 

Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine 

3«c 


S^c 

Dandelion root and acorns, pre¬ 
pared, and articles used as 
coffee, not provided for. 

2%c 

I'Ac 

i l Ac 

Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or 
other packages, per 100 lbs.. 

12c 

Free 

12c 

In bulk . 

8c 

Free 

8c 

The provisions of the McKin¬ 
ley law remitting the duty 
paid on salt used in curing 
fish on vessels or on the 
shores of navigable waters of 
the United States, and in 
packing meats, is re-enacted 
Starch and all preparations 
used as starch. 

V/ 2 c lb 

Ltfc 

2c 

Dextrine, burnt starch, gum 
substitute, or British gum.... 

2c 

iy 2 c 

l^c 

Spices — 

Mustard prepared in bottles or 
otherwise. 

% 

10c 

25 p c 

10c 

Capsicum, or red pepper. 

2y 2 c 

2^c 

2'Ac 

Sage . 

lc 

lc 

3c 

Spices not provided for. 

8c 

3c 

4c 


7 l Ac 

T^cgal 



pr’f gal 


































476 


Schedule H—Spirits, Wines, and Other 
Beverages. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Spirits— 

Brandy and other spirits, man¬ 
ufactured or distilled from 
grain or other materials, and 
notspecially provided for, per 
proof gallon. 

$2.25 

$1.80 

$2.50 

Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, ab¬ 
sinthe, Kirschwasser, ratafia, 
and other spirituous bever¬ 
ages or bitters of all kinds, 
containing spirits, and not 
specially provided for. 

per gal 

$2.25 

$1.80 

$2.50 

Imitations of brandy or spirits 
or wines, imported by any 
names whatever, shall be 
subject to the highest rate of 
duty provided for the genu¬ 
ine articles respectively in¬ 
tended to be represented 
and in no case less than. 

per gal 

$1.50 gal 

$1 

$1.50 

Bay rum or bay water, whether 
distilled or compounded, of 
first proof, and in proportion 
for any greater strength than 
first proof. 

$1.50 gal 

$1 

$1.50 

Wines— 

Champagne and all other 
sparkling wines, in bottles, 
containing each not more 
than one quart and more 
than one pint, per doz. 

$8 

$8 

|8 

Containing not more than one 
pint each and more than one- 
half pint, per doz. 

$4 

$4 

$4 

Containing one-half pint each 
or less, per doz. 

$2 

$2 

$2 

In bottles or other vessels, con¬ 
taining more than'one quart 
each in addition to $8 per doz¬ 
en bottles, on the quantity in 
excess of one quart, per gal.. 

$2.50 

|2.50 

N 

$2.50 























477 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Still wines, including ginger 
wine and vermouth, in casks 
or packages other than bottles 
or jugs, containing 14 p c or 
less of absolute alcohol. 

40c gal 

30 to 50c 

50c 

Containing more than 14 p c 
- 'alcohol:.. 

50c 

30 to 50c 

50c 

In bottles or jugs, per case of 
one doz., containing each not 
more than one quart, and less 
than one pint, or 24 bottles 
or jugs, containing each not 
more than one pint, per case. 

\ 

$1.60 

$1-60 

$1.60 

Excess of these quantities is 
subject to a duty per pint or 
fractional part' thereof of_ 

5c 

5c 

5c 

Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles 
or jugs, per gal. 

40c 

30c 

40c 

But no separate or additional 
duty shall be assessed on the 
bottles or jugs. 

Otherwise than in bottles or 
jugs, per gal. 

20c 

15c 

20c 

Malt extract, fluid, in casks, 
per gal‘. 

20c 

15c 

20c 

In bottles or jugs. 

40c 

30c 

40c 

Solid or condensed. 

40 p c 

30 p c 

40 p c 

Cherry juice and prune juice, 
or prune wines and other fruit 
juice not specially provided 
for, containing no alcohol or 
not more than 18 p c of alco¬ 
hol, per gal. 

60c 

50c 

60c 

If containing more than 18 p c 
of alcohol. 

60c gal 

$1.80 

$2.50 


& $2.07 

gal 

gal 

Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemon¬ 
ade, soda water, and other 
similar beverages, in plain, 
green or colored, molded or 
pressed glass bottles, con¬ 
taining each not more than 
y x of a pint, per doz. 

per gal 
on spr’s 

18c 

20 p c 

15c 

Containing more than % of a 
pint each and not more than 
1 y 2 pints, per doz. 

28c 

20 p c 

28c 


m 






















478 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

I ,aw, 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

If imported otherwise than in 




plain green or colored,molded 
or pressed glass bottles, or in 
such bottles containing more 
than 1 1 / 2 pints each, duty 
shall be collected on the bot- 




ties or other colorings at the 
rate charged thereon if im¬ 
ported empty. 

5Gc gal 

20: 


50c 

All mineral waters, and all i.ni- 
tations of natural mineral 
waters, and all artificial min¬ 
eral waters not special!}' pro¬ 
vided for, in green or colored 
glass bottles, containing not 
more than one pint per doz.. 

20 p c 

16c 

If containing more than one 
pint and not more than one 

quart, per doz. 

If imported otherwise than in 
plain, green or colored glass 
bottles, or if imported in such 
bottles containing more than 
one quart, i>er gal. 

30 

20 p c 

25c 

O i r 

20 p c 

20c 


Soliedrle T—Cotton Manufactures. 


A RTtci.'ir,, 

Dingley 
1 aw. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Cotton thread and carded yarn, 
warps or warp yarn, except 
spool thread or cotton, not 
colored, bleached, dyed, etc., 
up to and including No. 15... 

On all numbers exceeding No. 
15 and up to No. 30. 

Exceeding No. 30. 

3c lb 

l-5c per 
No 

Me 

6c 

Me 

3-10c 

45 p c 

3c lb 

l-5c per 
No 
Me 

6c 

. 

Colored, bleached, dyed, etc., 

all numbers up to 20. 

Exceeding No. 20, and up to 
No. 80, per No., per lb. 


No. 80 and above, per No., 
per lb. 



Cotton card laps, roping, sliver 
or roving. 











































479 


Articles. 


■$pool thread of cotton, includ¬ 
ing crochet, etc., on spools or 
reels ; spools 100 yards each, 

per doz. 

For each additional 100 yards, 

per dozen. 

If otherwise than on spools or 
reels, for each 100 yards or 

fraction. 

Cotton cloth, not exceeding 50 
threads to the square inch, 

not bleached, per yard. 

Bleached, per yard. 

Dyed, colored, or printed, per 

yard. 

Exceeding 50 threads, and not 
exceeding 100 threads to sq. 
inch; not bleached; not ex¬ 
ceeding 6 yds to lb., per yd.. 
Over 6 and not over 9 yards to 

lb., per yard. 

Over 9 yards to lb. 

Bleached: Not over 6 yards to 

lb., per yard. 

Over 6 and not over 9 yards... 

Over 9 yards to lb. 

Dyed, colored, or printed; not 
over 6 yards to lb., per yard. 

Over 6 and not over 9. 

Over 9 yards to lb. 

Not over 100 threads, not 
bleached, valued at over 7c 

per yard. 

Over 100 and not over 150 
threads to the sq. inch, not 
bleached, not over 4 sq. yds. 

to lb., per yard. 

Over 4 and not over 6. 

■Over 6 and not over 8. 

Over 8. 

If bleached and not exceeding 
4 sq. yds. to the lb., per sq. 

yard. 

Over 4 and not over 6 sq. yds. 

per lb. 

Over 6 and not over 8. 

■Over 8. 

'Dyed, not over 4 yards to lb... 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

6c 

2 Ac 

7c 

6c 

5 Ac 

7c 

■ 

He 






lc 

lc 

* 

\v<c 

iXc 


2c 

2c 

4c 

lXc 

VAc 


\}ic 

lAc 


1%C 

me 


IXc 

lAc 


me 

me 


2%c 

2'Ac 


2%c 

2%c 


3'Ac 



sy 2 c 

2 Ac 


25 p c 

25 p c 

35 pc 

VAc 

l*fc 


2c 

2c 


2J4c 

2%c 


2^c 

2Ac 


2'/ 2 c 

2%c 


3c 

3c 


3^c 

SAc 


3%c 

SAc 


3Xc 

3Ac 























































480 


Articles. 


Over 4 and not over 6. 

Over 6 and not over 8. 

Over 8. 

Over 100 and not over 150 
threads to the sq. in., not 
bleached, etc., valued at over 

9c sq. yd. 

Bleached, valued at over 11c... 
Dyed, colored, etc., valued at 

over 1236c ....!>. 

Exceeding 150 and not over 200 
threads to square inch, not 
bleached, not over 326 yards 

to lb., per yd. 

Over 324 and not over 426. 

Over 424 and not over 6. 

Over 6. 

Bleached, not over 3% yards 

to the pound. 

Over 3% and not over 426. 

Over 426 and not over 6. 

Over 6 .... 

Dyed, not over 3*2 yds to lb... 

Over 3^2 and not over 4^2. 

Over 4*2 and not over 6. 

Over 6 .. 

Exceeding 150 and not over 200 
threads to the square inch, 
not bleached, etc., valued 
over 10c per square yard.... 
Bleached, valued at over 12c 

square yard. 

Dyed.etc., valued at over 1224c 

square yard. 

Exceeding 200 and not exceed¬ 
ing 300 threads to square 
inch, not bleached, not over 
2*2 yards to pound, per yard 

Over 2*2 and not over 3*2. 

Over 3^ and not over 5. 

Over 5. 

Bleached, not over 2^ yards 

to pound. 

Over 2*2 and not over 3*2. 

Over 3*2 and not over 5. 

Over 5.. 

Dyed, not over 3*2 yards to 
pound, per yard. 


Dingley 

Law, 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

BXc 

■326c 


424c 

426 c 


426c 

424 c 


30 p c 



35 p c 



35 p f' 



2c 

2c 


2 H c 

226c 


3c 

3c 


326 c 

326 c 


2%c 

226c 


324c 

324c 


4c 

4c 


426c 

436c 


426 c 

4 1 4c 


4*20 

4*20 


434c 

4 \ c 


5c 

5c 


35 p c 


45 p c 

35 p c 


45 p c 

40 p c 


45 pc 

3^0 

3c 


4c 

3 *20 


4^20 

4c 


5c 

4 1 ac 


4 x 2C 

4c 


5c 

4^c 


5h2C 

5c 


6c 

5^ 


6*4c 

534 c 

• *.*••• 






































































'481 


Articles. 


Exceeding square yards to 

pound. 

Not bleached, dyed, etc., val¬ 
ued at over 12%c per square 
yard; bleached, valued at 
over 15c square yard, and 
dyed, valued at over lT^jc 

square yard. 

Exceeding 300 threads to the 
square inch, not bleached, 
and not over 2 yards to the 

pound, per yard. 

Over 2 and not over 3 yards, 

per pound... 

Over 3 and not over 4. 

Over 4. 

Bleached, not over 2 yards to 

the pound. 

Over 2 and not over 3. 

Over 3 and not over 4. 

Over 4. 

Dyed, not over 3 yards to the 

pound, per yard. 

Over 3.. 

Not bleached, dyed, etc., val¬ 
ued at over 14c per square 
yard; bleached, valued at 
over 16c per square yard, and 
dyed, valued at over 20c per 

square yard. 

Cloth composed of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber and silk, 
of which cotton is the chief 
value, pe*- square yard. 

None such to pay less than.... 
Cotton cloth filled or coated, 
per square yard. 

Handkerchiefs and mufflers to 
pay same duty as on cotton 
cloth in them, not less than. 

If hemstitched, additional. 

If embroidered, additional.... 
Cotton cloth, known as lappets, 
shall pay in addition to duty 
on cotton cloth valued at less 
than 7c per yard. 


Ding ley Wilson 
Law. Law. 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


7c 


40 p c 


4c 

4*20 

5c 

5^0 

5c 

5*2c 

6c 

6b2c 

e^c 

8 c 


40 p c 


8 c & 
30 p c 
50 p c 

3c & 
20 p c 


45 p c 
10 p c 
60 p c 


lc 
















































482 


Articles. 


At more than 7c. 

Clothing, ready made, and 
wearing apparel. 


a component material. 


Plushes, velvets, velveteens, 
corduroys and all pile fabrics, 
cut or uncut, any composed 
of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, not bleached or dyed.. 


Bleached or dyed. 


Bias dress facings from plushes, 
velvets, or other pile fabrics, 
the foregoing rates of duty 

and additional. 

None of such fabrics to paj' less 

than. 

Curtains, table covers, and ar¬ 
ticles manufactured of cotton 

chenille. 

Hosiery made on knitting ma¬ 
chines. 

Stockings, hose and half hose, 
fashioned or shaped wholly 
or in part by knitting ma¬ 
chines, of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, finished or 
unfinished,valuedat not more 
than $1 per doz., per doz. 
pairs .. 


Valued at more than $1, and 
not more than $1.50. 


Valued at more than $1.50, and 
not more than $2. 


Valued at more than $2, and 
not more than $3. 


Valued at more than $3, and 
not more than $5. 


Valued at more than $5. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

2c 



50 p c 

40 p c 

50 p c 

15c lb & 

50 p c 

50c & 

50 p c 


50 p c 

9c s y & 

40 p c 

10c & 

25 p c 


20 p c 

12c & 

47*2 p c 

12c & 

25 p c 


20 p c 

10 p c 



47K pc 





50 p c 

40 p c 

60 p c 

30 p c 

30 p c 

35 pc 

50c & 

50 p c 

20c & 

15 p c 


20 p c 

60c & 

50 p c 

50c & 

15 p c 


30 p c 

70c & 

50 p c 

50c & 

15 p c 


30 p c 

$1.20 & 

50 p c 

75c & 

15 p c 


40 p c 

$2 & 

50 p c 

n& 

15 p c 


40 p c 

55 p c 

50 p c 

Si & 



40 ps 































483 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

V Ison 
Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Shirts, drawers, pants, vests. 




etc., valued at not more than 




$1.50 per doz. 

60c & 

50 p c 

35 p c 


15 p c 



Valued at more than $1.50, and 




not more than $3. 

$1 10 & 

50 p c 

$1.25 & 


15 p c 


35 p c 

Valued at more than $3, and 




not more than $5. 

$1.50 & 

50 p c 

$1.25 & 


25 p c 


40 p c 

Valued at more than $5, and 




not more than $7. 

$1.75 & 

50 p c 

$1.50 & 


35 p c 


40 p c 

Valued at more than $7, and 




not more than $15. 

$2 25 & 

50 p c 

$2 & 


35 p c 


40 p c 

Valued above $15. 

50 p c 

50 p c 

$2 & 




40 p c 

Bandings, beltings, bindings, 

• 



bone casmgs, cords, garters, 




suspenders, and braces, gor- 




ings, lining for bicycle tires, 




ribbons, tapes, tubing, webs, 




or webbing,. 

45 p c 

5 p c 

40 p- c 

Spindle banding, woven, braid- 




ed, or twisted lamp, stove, or 




candle wicking. 

10 c lb 

45 p c 

40 p c 


& 15 p c 



Loom harness or healds. 

50c lb 

35 p c 

40 p c 


& 25 p c 



Boot, shoe, and corset lacings 

25c lb 



& 15 p c 



Labels for ornanv-nts .. 

50c lb 

35 p c 

40 p c 


& 30 p c 



Cotton damask. 

40 p c 

35 p c 

40 p c 

Cotton duck. 

35 p c 

35 p c 

40 p c 

All other manufactures of cot- 




ton not specially provided for 

45 p c 

35 p c 

40 p c 


Schedule J—Flax, Hemp, Jute, and Manu¬ 
factures. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Flax straw. 

$5 ton 
lc lb 

Free 

$5 

lc 

Flax, not hackled or dressed .. 

Free 


































484 


Articles. 


Flax, hackled. 

Tow of flax. 

Hemp and tow of hemp. 
Hemp, hackled. 


finer than 5 lea 


Finer than 5 lea. 

Cables and cordage 


of 


grass, or mixture. 

Cables and cordage made 
hemp. 


from yarn, not finer than 
lea or number of flax, hemp, 
or ramie, or of which ei 
of these substances is a 
terial of chief value. 


•V 


tional. 

Single yarns, in the gray 
flax, hemp, or ramie, not 

finer than 8 lea. 

Finer than 8 lea and not finer 

than 80 lea.. 

Finer than 80 lea. 

Flax gill netting, nets, webs and 
seines, same duty as on mate¬ 
rial of which they are made. 

Floor mattings, plain or fancy, 
from straw, round or split, 
or other vegetable substance, 
not provided for, including 
Chinese straw mats, etc., not 
exceeding 10c square yard.. 
Exceeding 10c. 


Carpets, carpetings, mats and 
rugs of flax, hemp, jute, or 
other vegetable fiber, except 
cotton, valued at not more 
than 15c per square yard.... 

Valued above 15c square yard. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

3c 

Free 

3c 

$20 ton 

Free 

*2C lb 

$20 ton 

Free 

^c lb 

#40 ton 

Free 

$50 

lc lb 

30 p c 

35 p c 

& 10 p c 

35 p c 

30 p c 

35 pc 

lc lb 

35 p c 

.... 

2c 

35 p c 


13c lb 

35 p c 


3 4 c 

7c lb 


35 p c 

pj • • •• • 

40 p c 

35 p c 


15 p c 

35 p c 


25 p c 

40 p c 

16c lb & 

addidn’l 


35 p c 

3c sq_yd 

Free 

Free 

7c yd 

Free 

Free 

&25 p c 



5c sq yd 

20 p c 


& 35 p c 


10c & 

20 p Cj 


35 p c 






































485 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Hydraulic hose, made in whole 
or in part of flax, hemp. 

20c lb 



ramie or jute.... . 

'Tapes, composed wholly or in 
part of flax, with or without 

. 40 p c 

20c lb 

metal threads, etc. 

Oilcloth for floors, stamped, 
painted, or printed, including 
linoleum, corticene, figured 
or plain, and all other oil¬ 
cloth (except silk oilcloth) 

40 p c 

25 p c 

50 p 

not specially provided for... 

•Oilcloths for floors, and lino¬ 
leum, 12 feet and over in 
width, inlaid and cork car- 

8c sq yd 
& 15 p c 

25 p c 
or 40 p c 


pets. 

Shirt collars! and cuffs com- 

20csqyd 
& 20 p c 

25 p c 
or 40 p c 

40 p c 

posed of cotton.. 

45c doz 
pieces 
& 15 p c 

40 p c 

15c doz 
& 35 p c 

Whole or in part of linen. 

Plain woven fabrics of single 
jute yarns, not exceeding 60 
in. wide, weighing not less 
than 6 oz per square yard, 
not exceeding 30 threads per 

40c doz 
& 20 p c 

20c doz 
&30 p c 

30c doz 
& 20 p c 

square inch.. 

Exceeding 20 and not exceed- 

Sgc lb 
& 15 p c 

Free 

15fic lb 

ing 55 threads. 

Bags or sacks, plain woven fab¬ 
rics, single jute yarn, not 
dyed, stained, or bleached, 
not exceeding 30 threads to 

%c lb 
&15p c 

F*ee 

1 5 8C lb 

square inch. .. 

Bagging for cotton, gunny 
cloth, similar fabrics, for cov¬ 
ering cotton, of single yarns 
of jute, etc., not bleached, 
colored, or stained, not ex¬ 
ceeding 16 threads to the 
square inch, weighing not 
less than 15 oz per square yd. 

7 8 c lb 
& 15 p c 

i 8-10c lb 

Free 

. 

15gc lb 






















486 


Articles. 


Dingley Wilson 
Law. Law. 


Laces, lace window curtains, 
tidies, bed sets, flouncings, 
and other lace articles; hand¬ 
kerchiefs, napkins, and other 
articles wholly or part of lace, 
or in imitation; nets, veils, 
ruchings, tuckings, fleshings, 
and quillings; embroideries, 
and all trimmings, including 
braids, edgings, inserting*, 
flouncings, galloons, gorings, 
and bands; wearing apparel, 
handkerchiefs, and other 
fabrics embroidered in any 
manner; tamboured articles, 
or wearing apparel; hem¬ 
stitched or tucked flouncings 
or skirtings ; articles wholly 
or in part of rufflings, tuck¬ 
ings or ruchings; all fore¬ 
going of flax, cotton, or other 
vegetable fiber, not provided 
for, in part India rubber or 

otherwise. 

Lace window curtains, pillow 
shams, bed sets, finished or 
unfinished, made on the Not 
tingham lace curtain ma¬ 
chines, or on the Nottingham 
warp machines, composed of 
cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, when counting five 
points or spaces between the 
warp threads to the inch .... 


lc sq yd 
& 20 p c 


> 


50 p c 


50 p c 


Counting more than five points 
'r ^aces to the inch in addi- 
io.t for each point to the 
Inch in excess of five. 

None of the above to pay less 

than. 

Pile fabrics, in which flax is of 

chief value. 

Handkerchiefs, composed of 
flax, hemp, ramie, or other 
vegetable fiber, in the piece 
or otherwise, wholly or partly 


kjc & 50 p c 

20 p c 

50 p c. 

60 p c 35 p c 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


60 p c 


60 p c 


60 p c 


50 pc 




















487 


Articles. 


finished, not hemmed, or 
hemmed only. _ 

If hemstitched, or imitation 
hemstitched, or revered, or 
with drawn threads, but not 
embroidered, or initialed.... 

Woven fabrics, not provided 
for, of flax, hemp, or ramie 
in chief value, weighing 4% 
ozs. or more per sq. yd., 
when containing not more 
than 60 threads to sq. in. 


Containing more than 60 and 
not more than 120 threads to 
sq. in. 


Containing more than 120 and 
not more than 180 threads to 
sq. in. 


Containing more 
threads to sq. in , 


than 180 


None of the foregoing woven 

fabrics less than. 

Woven fabrics of flax, hemp, ojr 
ramie, or in which they are 
chief value, including such 
as is known as shirting cloth, 
weighing less than 4% oz. per 
sq. yd., and containing more 
than 100 threads to sq. in ... 
All such manufactures of flax, 
hemp, ramie, or other vege¬ 
table fiber, or in which they 
are chief value, not provided 
for. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

50 p c 

40 p c 

60 pc 

55 p c 

50 p c 

60 p c 

l^cs-y. 

35 p c 

50 p c 

& 30 pc 



2^c& 

35 p c 

50 p c 

30 p c 



6c & 

35 p c 

50 p c 

30 p c 



9c & 



30 p c 



50 p c 



35 p c 

35 p c 

50 p c 

45 p c 

35 p c 

50 pe 


Schedule K—Wool and Manufactures of 
Wool. 


All wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other 
like animals shall be divided, for the purpose of living the 
duties to be charged thereon, into the three following 
classes: 

Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, metz, or metis 
wools, or other wools of merino blood, immediate or 





















488 


r^jiote, down clothing wools, and wools of like charactef 
with any of the preceding, including Bagdad wool, 
China lamb’s wool, Castle Branca, Adrianople skin wool, 
or butcher’s wool, and such as have been heretofore 
usually imported into the United States from Buenos 
Ayres, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, 
Russia, Great Britain, Canada, Egypt, Morocco, and else¬ 
where, and all wools not hereinafter described or desig¬ 
nated in classes two and three. 

Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lincoln¬ 
shire, down combing wools, Canada long wools, or other 
fike combing wools of English blood, and usually known 
by the terms herein used, and also hair of the camel. 
Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 

Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South 
American, Cordova, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian 
camel’s hair, and all such wools of like character, as have 
been heretofore usually imported into the United States 
from Turkey, Greece, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting 
improved wools hereinafter provided for. 

The standard samples of all wools which are now or 
may be hereafter deposited in the principal custom-houses 
of the United States, under the authority of the Secretary 
of the Treasury, shall be the standard for the classification 
of wools under this act, and the Secretary of the Treasury 
is authorized to renew these standards, and to make such 
additions to them from time to time as may be required, 
and he shall cause to be deposited like standards in other 
Custom-houses of the United States when they may be 
needed. 

Whenever w'ools of class three shall have been im¬ 
proved by the admixture of merino or English blood 
Vom their present character, as represented by the stand¬ 
ard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the 
principal custom-houses of the United States, such im¬ 
proved wools shall be classified for duty either as class 
one or as class two, as the case may be. 

The duty on w'ools of the first class which shall be im¬ 
ported washed shall be twice the amount of the duty to 
which they would be subjected if imported unwashed, and 
the duties on wools of the first and second classes w'hich 
shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to 
which they would be subjected if imported unwashed. The 
duty on wools of the third class if imported in condition 
for use in carding or spinning into yarns, or which shall 
not contain more than 8 per cent, of dirt or other foreign 
substance, shall be three times the duty to w^’^h they 
would otherwise be subjected. 

Unwashed wools shall be considered such as s^all have 
been shorn from the sheep w-ithout any cleansing—that js, 
in their natural condition. Washed wools shall be con¬ 
sidered such as have been washed with water only on the 


489 


sheep’s back or on the skin. Wools of the first and second 
classes washed in any other manner than on the sheepV 
back or on the skin shall be considered as scoured wool. 

The duty upon wool of the sheep, or hair of the camel,. 
Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals of class aOt- 
and class two, which shall be imported in any other than,! 
ordinary condition, or which has been sorted or increased! 
in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, 
shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise 
subject; provided, that skirted wools, as imported in 1890 
and prior thereto, are hereby excepted. 

The duty upon wool of the sheep, or hair of the camel. 
Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals of any class 
which shall be changed in its character or condition for 
the purpose of evading the duty, or which shall be re¬ 
duced in value by the admixture of dirt or any other 
Hreign substances, shall be twice the duty to which ifc 
?- v ould be otherwise subject. 

When the duty assessed upon any wool equals three 
times or more that which would be assessed if said wool 
was imported unwashed, the duty shall not be doubled on 
account of the wool being sorted. 

If any bale or package of wool or hair specified in this 
act, imported as of any specified class, or claimed by the 
importer to be dutiable as of any specified class, shall con¬ 
tain any wool or hair subject to a higher rate of duty than 
the class so specified, the whole bale or package shall be 
subject to the highest rate of duty chargeable on wool of 
the class subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any 
bale or package be claimed by the importer to be shoddy, 
mungo flocks, wool, hair, or other material of any class 
specified in this act, and such bale contain any admixture 
of any one or more of said materials or any other material, 
the whole bale or package shall be subject to duty at the 
highest rate imposed upon any article in said bale or 
package. 


Articles. 


Dingley 

Law. 


Wilson 

Law. 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


Wools and hair of the first 

class . 

Wools and hair of the second 

class . 

Wools of the third class and 
camel’s hair of the third 
class, valued at 12c or less. 
Wools of the third class and 
camel’s hair of the third 
class, valued ubove 12c 


11c lb 
12c 


4c 


7c 


Free 

Free 


Free 


11c 

12c 


32 pc 


Free| 50 pc 

The duty ou wools on the skin shall be lc less per pound 
ghan is imposed on other wools of the same class. 










490 


—- - 

Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Top waste, slubbing waste, rov¬ 
ing waste, ring waste, and 
garnfttftd waste. 

30c lb 

Free 

30c 

"Shoddy... 

25c 

15c 

30c 

Noils wool extract, yarn waste,, 
thread waste, and all waste 
wholly or part of wool, not 
provided for. 

20c 

Free 

30c 

Woolen rags, mungo and flocks 

10c 

Free 

10c 


Wool and hair, advanced beyond washed or scoured 
condition, not provided for, shall be subject to same duties 
as imposed on manufactures of wool not specially pro¬ 
vided for. 


Yarns wholly and in part of wool 



valued at not more than 30c 



per lb. 

27^c& 
40 p c 

30 p c 

Valued at more than 30c. 

3854c & 

30 or 


40 p c 

40 p c 

Cloths, knit fabrics and all man¬ 
ufactures wholly or part of 
wool, not provided for, valued 

at not more than 40c per lb.. 

33c & 
50 p c 

40c 

Valued above 40c and not above 


70c per lb. 

44c & 

40c or 

50 p c 

50 p c 

Valued at over 70c... 

44c. & 
55 p c 

Free 


The McKinley law provided on woolen or worsted cloths, 
shawls, knit fabrics and all fabrics made on knitting ma¬ 
chines and frames, and all manufactures of every descrip¬ 
tion made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, hair of 
camel, goat, alpaca, or other animal, not specially pro¬ 
vided for, valued at not more than 30 cents a pound, the 
duty shall be three times the duty imposed on a pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 45 per 
cent.; valued at more than 30 cents and not more than 40 
cents a pound, the duty shall be three and one-half times 
•that on unwashed w r ool of the first class, and in addition 
40 per cent .; valued above 40 cents a pound, the duty 
shall be four times that on unw-ashed wool of the first 
.sdass, and in addition thereto 50 per cent. 
























491 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Blankets, and flannels for un¬ 
derwear, composed wholly or 
in part of wool, valued at not 
more than 40c lb. 

22c lb 
& 30 p c 

33c & 
35 p c 
33c & 
40 p c 

25 or 
30 p c 

35 p c 

35 p c 


Valued at more than 40c and 
not more than 50c lb. 


Valued at more than 50c lb.... 




Flannels valued above 50 cents a pound shall pay the 
same as women’s and children’s dress goods, etc. 

Blankets over three yards in length pay same duty as on 
cloths. 

The McKinley law provided on blankets, hats of wool, 
and flannels for underwear, composed wholly or in part of 
wool, etc., valued at not more than 30 cents a pound, the 
duty per pound shall be the same as that imposed on one 
and one-half pounds of unwashed wool of the first class, 
and in addition 30 per cent. ; valued at more than 30 cents 
and not more than 40 cents per pound, twice the duty on 
•unwashed wool of the first class; valued at more than 40 
cents, and not more than 50 cents a pound, three times 
the duty on unwashed wool of the first class, and in addi¬ 
tion on all the above named 35 per cent.; on blankets and 
hats of wool, etc., valued at more than 50 cents a pound, 
three and one-half times the duty on unwashed wool of the 
first class, and 40 per cent. Flannels composed wholly or 
in part of wool, etc., valued above 50 cents a pound, shall 
be classed and pay the same duty as women’s and chil¬ 
dren’s dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and goods of 
similar character and description. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Women’s and children’s dress 
goods, coat linings, Italian 
cloths, and goods similar, of 
which warp is wholly of cot¬ 
ton, or other vegetable ma¬ 
terial, with remainder wholly 
or partly wool, valued at not 
exceeding 15c sq. yard. 

7c sq yd 

40 p c 

7c & 

Valued at more than 15c sq. yd. 

& 50 p c 
8c & 

40 or 

40 p c 
8c & 

50 p c 

50 p c 

50 p c 
























492 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

Valued above 70c per lb. 

Provided that on foregoing 
weighing over 4 oz. persq.yd. 
the duty shall be the same as 
imposed in schedule on 
cloths. 

Women’s and children’s dress 
goods, coat linings, Italian 
cloths, bunting, and similar 
goods, wholly or in part of 

55 p c 

40 or 
50 p c 

wool, not provided for. 

1 1 c s y 

40 or 

Valued not above 70c per lb... 

& 50 p c 

50 p c 

50 p c 

40 or 
50 p c 

Valued above 70c per lb. 

The foregoing, weighing over 
4 oz. per sq. yd., the duty 
shall be the same as imposed 
in schedule on cloths. 

Clothing, ready made, and ar¬ 
ticles of wearing apparel of 
every description, including 
shawls, knitted or woven, and 
knitted articles of every de¬ 
scription, made up of manu¬ 
factured, wholly or in part, 
felts not woven and not spe- 

55 p c 

40 or 
50 p c 

cially provided for, wholly or 

44c & 

45 or 

in part of wool. 

Webbings, gorings, suspenders, 
braces, beltings, bindings, 
braids,, galloons, fringes, 
gimps, cords, cords and tas¬ 
sels, dress trimmings, laces 
and embroideries, head nets, 
buttons, or barrel buttons, or 1 
buttons of other forms, for 
tassels or ornaments, and 
manufactures of wool orna¬ 
ments with beads or spangles, 
made of wool, etc., or of 
which wool, etc., is a com¬ 
ponent material, in part India 

60 p c 

50 p c 

rubber or otherwise. 

50c lb 

50 p c 

■ 

& 60 p c| 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


8c & 
50 p c 


12c & 
50 p c 
12c & 
50 p c 
12c & 
50 p c 


49%c & 
60 p c 


60c & 
60 p c 

















493 


Articles. 


Aubusson, Axminster, mo- 
quette, and chenille carpets, 
figured or plain, and all car¬ 
pets of like character or de¬ 
scription. 

Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay 
velvet carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpels and 
carpetings of like character 
and description.. 

Brussels carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets and 
carpeting of like description'. 

Velvet and tapestry carpets, fig¬ 
ured or plain, printed on the 
warp or otherwise, and all 
carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description. 

Tapestry Brussels, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or car¬ 
peting of like description, 
printed on the warp or other¬ 
wise... 

Treble ingrain, three-ply, and 
all chain Venetian carpets... 

Wool, Dutch, and two-ply in¬ 
grain carpets. 

Carpets woven whole for rooms, 
and Oriental, Berlin, etc., 
and similar rugs ... 

Druggets and bockings, print¬ 
ed, colored, or otherwise.... 

Carpets and carpeting of wool, 
flax or cotton, or composed in 
parts of either, not specially 
provided for. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

60c s y 
& 40 p c 

40 p c 

60c & 
40 p c 

60c & 
40 p c 

40 p c 

60c & 
40 p c 

44c s y 
& 40 p c 

40 p c 

44c & 
40 p c 

40c & 
40 p c 

40 p c 

40c & 
40 p c 

28c & 
40 p c 

42% P c 

28c & 
40 p c 

22c & 
40 p c 

32% P c 

19c & 
40 p c 

18c & 
40 p c 

30 p c 

19c & 
40 p c 

10c s ft 
& 40 p c 

40 p c 

50 p c 

22c s y 
& 40 p c 

30 p c 

22c & 
40 p c 

50 p c 

30 p c 

50 p c 


% 


Mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bed sides, art 
squares, and other portions of carpets or carpeting, made 
















494 


wholly or in part of wool, and not specially provided for, 
shall be subject to the rate of duty imposed on carpets or 
carpeting of like description. 

Whenever in any schedule of this act a duty is provided 
for or imposed on any goods, wares, or merchandise com¬ 
posed wholly or in part of wool, the word “wool” shall be 
held to include wool or hair of the sheep, camel, goat, 
alpaca, or other animal, whether prepared by the woolen, 
worsted, felt, or any other process of manufacture. 


Schedule L—Silks and Silk Goods. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Silk partially manufactured 
from cocoons or from w 7 aste 
silk, and not further ad¬ 
vanced or manufactured than 
carded or combed silk. 

40c lb 

20 p c 

50c 

Thrown silk, not more ad¬ 
vanced than singles, tram, 
organzine, sewing silk, twist, 
floss, and silk threads or 
yarns of every description, 
except spun silk . 

30 p c 

30 p c 

30 p c 

Spun silk in skeins, cops, warps 
or on beams, valued at not 
exceeding $1 per lb.. 

20c lb 

30 p c 

35 p c 

Valued at over $1 per lb and 
not exceeding $1.50 per lb... 

& 15 p c 

30c & 

30 p c 

35 p c 

Valued at over $1.50 lb and not 
exceeding $2 per lb. 

15 p c 

10c & 

30 p c 

35 p c 

Valued at over $2 per lb and 
not exceeding $2.50 per lb... 

15 p c 

50c & 

30 p c 

35 p c 

Valued at over $2.50 per lb__ 

15 p c 
60c & 

30 p c 

35 p c 

But in no case shall the foregc 

15 p c 
)ing artic 

les pav ? 

'ess rate 

?f duty than 35 p o. 

Velvets, velvet or plush rib¬ 
bons, chenilles or other pile 
fabrics, composed of silk or 
of which silk is the compo¬ 
nent material of chief value, 
cut or uncut, not provided 
for. 

$1.50 lb 

$1.50 

( 

$1.50 

tr 

ft 15p c 


& 15 pc 


















495 


Articles. 


Plushes, composed of silk, or of 
which silk is the component 
material of chief value. 

In no case shall foregoing pay 
less than 50 p c. 

Woven fabrics, in the piece, 
not provided for, weighing 
not less than 1% oz. per sq. 
yard, and not more than 8 oz. 
per square yard, and contain¬ 
ing not more than 20 p c in 
weight of silk, if in the gum. 

If dyed in the piece. 

If containing more than 20 p c 
and not more than 30 p c in 
weight of silk, if in the gum. 

If dyed in the piece. 

If containing more than 30 and 
not more than 45 p c in weight 

of silk, if in the gum. 

If dyed in the piece. 

If dyed in the thread or yarn 
and containing not more than 
30 p c in weight of silk, if 
black (except selvedges) .... 

If other than black. 

If containing more than 30 and 
not more than 45 p c in weight 
of silk, if black (except selv¬ 
edges) . 

If other than black. 

If containing more than 45 p c 
in weight of silk, or if com¬ 
posed wholly of silk, if dyed 
in the thread or yarn, and 
weighted in the dyeing so as 
to exceed the original weight 
of the raw silk, if black (ex¬ 
cept selvedges). 

If other than black. 

If dyed in the thread or yarn, 
and the weight is not in¬ 
creased by dyeing beyond the 
original weight of raw silk... 

If in the gum.. 

If boiled off, or dyed in the 
piece, or printed. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

$1 & 
15 p c 

$1 

$1.50 
& 15 pc 

50c lb 
60c lb 

45 p c 
45 p c 

50 pc 
50 p c 

65c 

80c 

45 p c 
45 p c 

50 p c 
50 p c 

90c 

$1.10 

45 p c 
45 p c 

50 p <. 
50 p c 

75c 

90c 

45 p c 
45 p c 

50 pc 
50 p o 

M H* 

CO^ 

oo 

45 p c 
45 p c 

50p® 
50 po 

$1.50 

$2.25 

45 p c 
45 p c 

50 pc 
50 pc 

$3 

$2.50 

45 p c 
45 p c 

50 p c 
50 p c 

$3 

45 p c 

50 



























496 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

If weighing less than 1% ozs. 
and more than % oz. per sq 
yd, if in the gum or if dyed 
in the thread or yarn. 

$2.50 

45 p c 

50 p c 

If weighing less than 1 % ozs. 
and more than % oz. per sq 
yd, if boiled off. 

$3 

45 p c 

50 p c 

If dyed or printed in the piece 

$3.25 

45 p c 

50 p c. 

If weighing not more than % 
oz. per sq yd. 

$4.50 

45 p c 

50 p c 


In no case shall any of such fabrics pay less duty than 
50 per cent. 

Handkerchiefs or mufflers composed wholly or in part 
of silk, whether in the piece or otherwise, finished or 
unfinished, if not hemmed or hemmed only, shall pay the 
same rate of duty as is imposed on goods in the piece, of 
the same description, weight, and condition as provided 
for in this schedule; but such handkerchiefs or mufflers 
shall not pay a less rate of duty than 50 per cent, ad valo¬ 
rem. If such handkerchiefs or mufflers are hemstitched 
or imitation hemstitched, or revered, or have drawn 
threads, or are embroidered in any manner, whether with 
an initial letter, monogram, or otherwise, by hand or 
machinery, or are tamboured, appliqued, or are made or 
trimmed wholly or in part with lace or with tucking or 
insertion, they shall pay a duty of 10 per cent, ad valorem 
in addition to the duty hereinbefore prescribed, and in no 
case less than 60 per cent, ad valorem. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

bandings, bindings, beltings, 
bone casings, braces, cords, 
cords and tassels, garters, gor- 
ings, suspenders, tubings and 
webbings, composed wholly 
or in part of silk, whether 
composed in part of India 
rubber or otherwise, if not 
embroidered by hand or ma¬ 
chinery ... 

50 p c 

45 p c 

50 p c 

Laces and articles made wholly 
or in part of lace edgings, in- 
sertings, galloons, chiffon or 
other flouncings, nets or net¬ 
tings, and veilings, neck ruf- 


















Articles. 


flings, ruchings, braids, fring¬ 
es, trimmings, embroideries, 
and articles embroidered by 
hand or machinery, tam¬ 
boured, or appliqued, cloth¬ 
ing ready made, and articles 
•of wearing apparel of every 
description, including knit 
goods, made up or manufac¬ 
tured, in whole or in part, by 
the tailor, seamstress,or man¬ 
ufacturer. All the above 
named articles made of silk 
or of which silk is the chief 
component material, of value 
not specially provided for, 
and silk goods ornamented 
with beads or spangles, of 
whatever material composed. 
Proviso— 

That any wearing apparel or 
other articles provided for in 
this paragraph (exceptgloves) 
when composed in part of 
India rubber, shall be subject 
to a duty of. 

All manufactures of silk, or of 
which silk is the component 
material of chief value, in¬ 
cluding such as have India 
rubber as a component mate¬ 
rial, not specially provided 
for, and all jacquard figured 
goods in the piece, made on 
looms, of which silk is of 
chief value, dyed in the yarn 
and containing two or more 
colors in the filling. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

60 p c 

50 p c 

60 p C 




60 p c 

50 p c 

, 8c oz 
& 60 p c 

ISO p c 

45 p c 

50 p c 













498 


Schedule M—Pulp, Papers, and Books. 


Articles. 


Mechanically ground wood 
pulp, dry weight. 

Chemical wood pulp, un¬ 
bleached, dry weight. 

Bleached, dry weight. 

If export duty is imposed by 
any country, it shall be added 
to imports from that country. 

Sheathing paper and roofing 
felt .. 

Filter masse, wholly or in part 
wood, wood flour, or other 
vegetable fiber..... 

Printing paper, unsized, sized, 
or glued, suitable only for 
books and newspapers, val¬ 
ued not above 2c per lb. 

Valued above 2c, not above 

. 

/alued above 2J^c, and not 
above 3c.. 

Valued above 3c, and not above 
4c. 

Valued above 4c, and not above 
5c. 

Valued above 5c per lb. 

From countries imposing ex¬ 
port duty on pulp wood, for 
each $1 of export duty per 
cord so imposed, and pro¬ 
portionately for fractions ad¬ 
ditional. 

Papers commonly known as 
copying paper, stereotype, 
bibulous, tissue, pottery pa¬ 
per, and all similar papers, 
white, colored, or printed, 
weighing not over 6 lbs to 
the ream of 480 sheets, on 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

l-12c lb 

10 p c 

$2.50 ton 

l-6c lb 

10 p c 

$6 ton 

Me 

10 p c 

$7 ton 

10 p c 

10 p c 

10 pc 

lMc 
& 15 p c 

35 p c 


3-10c lb 

15 p c 

15 or 
20 p c 

4-10c lb 

15 p c 

15 or 
20 p c 

5-10c lb 

15 p c 

15 or 
20 p c 

6 10c lb 

15 p c 

15 or 
20 p c 

8-10c lb 

15 p c 

15 or 
20 p c 

15 p c 

MOc lb 

15 p c 

15 or 
20 p c 



























499 


# 


Articles. 


a basis of 20x30 inches in 
ream or other form. 

Weighing over 6 lbs and not 
over 10 lbs to ream, and let¬ 
ter copying books, whether 
wholly or partly manufac¬ 
tured. 

Crepe paper and filtering paper 

Surface coated papers not pro¬ 
vided for.r. 

If printed, wholly or partly 
covered with metal or its so¬ 
lutions, or with gelatin or 
flock. 

Parchment papers ... 

Plain, basic, photographic pa¬ 
pers for albumenizing, sensi¬ 
tizing, or baryta coating. 

Albumenized or sensitized, or 
paper otherwise surface coat¬ 
ed for photographic purposes 

Lithographic prints from 
stones, zinc, aluminum, or 
other material, bound or un¬ 
bound (except cigar labels 
and bands, lettered or blank; 
music and illustrations, when 
forming a part of a periodical 
or newspaper and accom¬ 
panying the same, or if bound 
in or forming part of print¬ 
ed books), on paper or other 
material not exceeding 8-1000 
of an inch in thickness. 

On paper or other material ex¬ 
ceeding 8-1000 of an inch, and 
not exceeding 20-1000 of an 
inch in thickness, and exceed¬ 
ing 35 squa e inches, but not 
exceeding 400 square inches, 
cutting size and dimensions.. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

6c lb 

35 p c 

8c 

& 15 p c 

& 15 p c 

5c & 

35 p c 

8c & 

15 p c 

15 p c 

5c & 

35 p c 

8c & 

15 p c 

15 p c 

2%c lb 

30 p c 

35 p c 

& 15 p c 


3c & 

30 p c 

35 p c 

20 p c 

2c & 

30 p c 

35 p c- 

10 p c 

3c & 

30 p c 

35 p c 

10 p c 

30 p c 

30 p c 

35 p c 

20c lb 

20c 

35 p c 

8c 

8c 

35 p c 















500 


Articles. 


■Exceeding 400 square inches, 
cutting size and dimensions.. 
•Prints exceeding 8-1000 of an 
inch, and not exceeding 
20-1000 of an inch in thick¬ 
ness and not exceeding 35 
square inches, cutting size 

and dimensions. 

lithographic prints from stone, 
zinc, aluminum, or other ma¬ 
terial on cardboard or other 
material exceeding 20-1000 of 

an inch in thickness. 

Lithographic cigar labels and 
bands. Lettered or blank, 
printed from stone, zinc, 
aluminum, or other material, 
if printed in less than eight 
colors (bronze printing to be 
counted as two colors), but 
not including labels printed 
in whole or in part in bronze 

or metal leaf. 

Tf printed in whole in bronze.*.. 
If printed in eight or more col¬ 
ors, but not including printed 
in whole or part in metal leaf 
If printed in whole or in part in 

metal leaf. 

Books for children’s use, with 
illuminated lithographic 
prints, not exceeding 24 ozs, 
and periodicals printed in 
whole or in part by litho¬ 
graphic process or decorated 

by hand. 

Writing, note, letter,, hand¬ 
made, drawing, ledger, bond, 
record, tablet, and typewriter 
paper, weighing not less than 
10 lbs and no more han 15 
lbs to the ream. .. 

Weighing more than 15 lbs to 
the ream. 

But if any such paper is ruled, 
bordered, embossed, printed. 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

35 p c 

8c 

35 p c 

5c 

5c 

35 p c 

6c 

6c 

35 pc 

20c 

20c 

35 p c 

15c 

30c 

35 p c 

30c 

30c 

35 p c 

50c 

40c 

35 p c 

8c lb 

Free 

35 p c 

2c lb & 
10 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

3)£c & 
15 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 























501 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

or decorated in any manner, 
it shall pay in addition to the 
foregoing rates. 

10 p o 

20 p c 

* 

25 p c 

Paper hangings and paper for 
screens and all other paper 
not provided for. 

25 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Jacquard designs of one-line 
paper, or designs cut on jac¬ 
quard cards, or parts, finished 
or unfinished. 

35 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Books of all kinds, including 
blank books and pamphlets, 
and engravings, bound and 
unbound, photographs, etch¬ 
ings, maps, charts, music in 
books or sheets, and printed 
matter, all such not provided 
for. 

25 p c 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Photograph, autograph, and 
scrap albums, wholly or 
partly manufactured. 

35 p c 

30 p c 

35 p c 

All fancy boxes of paper, or in 
which paper is chief value, or 
if covered with surface coated 

paper. 

45 p c 

30 p c 

35 p c 

Playing cards in packs not ex¬ 
ceeding 54 cards, and at a 
like rate for any number in 
excess. 

10c pk 

10c & 

50c 

Manufactures of paper or in 
which paper is chief value, 
not provided for. 

& 20 p c 

35 p c 

50 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 

Schedule N— 

Sundries. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

Law. 

Law. 

ley Law 

Beads of all kinds not threaded 
or strung... 

35 p c 

20 p c 

10 p c 

Fabrics, nets, or nettings, laces, 
galloons, wearing apparel, 
arid articles not provided for, 
wholly or in part of beads or 
spangles made - f glass or 
paste, gelatine, metal, or 


































502 


Articles. 



60 p c 


35 p c 


other material, but not com¬ 
posed in part of wool.... 

Braids, plaits, laces, and willow 
sheets or squares composed 
wholly of straw, chip, grass, 
palm leaf, willow, osier, or 
rattan, suitable for making or 
ornamenting hats, bonnets 
or hoods not bleached, dyed 

or stained. 

If bleached, dyed, or stained 
Hats, bonnets, and hoods, com 
posed of straw, chip, grass 
palm leaf, willow, osier, or 
rattan, whether wholly or 
partly manufactured, but not 

trimmed. 

If trimmed. 

But the terms “grass” and “straw” shall be understood 
to mean these substances in their natural form and struc¬ 
ture, and not the separated fiber thereof. 

Brushes, brooms, and feather 
dusters, hair pencils, in quills 

or otherwise. 

Bristles, sorted, bunched, or 

prepared. 

Trousers buckles, wholly or 
partly of iron or steel, or 
parts, valued at more than 
15c per 100. 


15 p c 
*0pc 


35 p c 
50 p c 


McKin 
ley Law 


Free 

Free 


Free 

Free 


Valued at more than 15c and 
not more than 50c per 100 ... 

Buttons and Button Forms— 
Button forms, lastings, mohair, 
cloth, silk, or other manufac¬ 
tures of cloth, woven or made 
in patterns, of such sizes, 
shape, or form, or cut in such 
manner as to be fit for buttons 

exclusively. 

Buttons, or parts, and molds, 
finished or unfinished, the 
line, button measure, being 
in., viz.: 

Buttons known as agate metal 
trousers buttons, except steel 


40 p c 

35 p c 

T^jc lb 

7 *-2c lb 

5c 100 

35 p c 

& 15 p c 


10c & 

35 p c 

15 p c 


10 p c 

10 p c 


Free 

Free 


Free 

Free 


40 pc 
7 *2C lb 


lOpC 



























503 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

and nickel bar, per line, per 
gross. 

1-12c & 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Of bone and steel trousers but¬ 
ton, per line, per gross. 

15 p c 

14 c & 

25 p c 

. 25 p c 

Pearl, or shell. 

15 p c 
l^c & 

lc& 

2 1 2C& 

15 p c 

15 p c 

25 p c 

Horn, vegetable ivory, glass, or 
metal not provided for. 

3 4c & 

35 p c 

50 p c 

Shoe buttons, of pap^r, pulp, or 
similar material, not pro¬ 
vided for, value not exceed¬ 
ing 3c. gross. 

15 p c 

lc gross 

25 p c 

50 p c 

Buttons, not provided for, and 
collar and cuff buttons and 
studs. 

50 p c 

35 p c 

50 p c 

Coal, bituminous, and all coals 
containing less than 92 per 
cent, fixed carbon, and shale 

67c ton 

40c 

75c 

Slack, such as will pass through 
i^-inch screen.. 

t5c 

15c 

30c 

Coke... 

20 p c 

15 p c 

20 p c 

Cork bark, cut into squares or 
cubes. 

8c lb 

Free 

10c 

Manufactured cork, over 3 4 in. 
in diameter at larger end.... 

15c 

10c 

15c 

Measuring % in. and less in 
diameter. 

25c 

10c 

15c 

Artificial or cork substitutes, 
from cork waste, not provided 
for. 

8c 

10c 

15c 

Dice, draughts, chessmen, 
chess bails, and billiard, 
pool, and bagatelle balls, of 
ivory, bone, or other mate- 
rials. 

50 p c 

50 p c 

50 p c. 

Dolls, doll heads, toy marbles, 
of whatever materials com¬ 
posed, and all other toys not 



composed of rubber, china, 
porcelain, parian, bisque, 
earthen or stone ware, and 
not specially provided for... 

35 p c 

25 p c 

35 p c 

Emery grains and emery man¬ 
ufactures, ground, pulver- 
! . or refined. 

lc lb 

8- 10c 

Jc 


























504 


Artici.es. 

Dingley 

Law. 

I 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Emery wheels and emery files 
and manufactures in which 
emery is chief value. 

25 p c 

8-10c 

lc 

Explosive Substances— ■ 
Firecrackers of all kinds, the 
weight to include all wrap¬ 
ping and packing materials.. 

8c lb 

50 p c 

8c 

Fulminates, fulminating pow¬ 
ders, and like articles, not 
provided for. 

30 p c 

30 p c 

! 

30 p c 

Gunpowder and all explosive 
substances used for mining, 
blasting, artillery, or sporting 
purposes, when valued at 20c 
or less per lb. 

4c lb 

5c 

8c 

Valued above 20c. 

6c 

8c 

8c 

Matches, friction or lucifer, of 
all descriptions, per gross of 
144 boxes, containing not 
more than 100 matches per 
box, per gross. 

8c 

20 p c 

10c 

When imported otherwise than 
in boxes containing not more 
than 100 matches each, per 
1,000 . 

lc 

20 p c 

lc 

Percussion caps. 

30 p c 

30 p c 

40 p c 

Cartridges. 

35 p c 

30 p c 

40 f> c 

Plasting caps, per 1,000. 

$2.36 

$2 07 

40 p c 

Feathersand downsof all kinds, 
including bird skins or parts 
thereof, with the feathers on, 
crude or not dressed, col¬ 
ored, or otherwise advanced 
or manufactured in any man¬ 
ner not provided for. 

15 p c 

35 p c 

10 p c 

When dressed, colored, or 
otherwise advanced or man¬ 
ufactured in any manner, in¬ 
cluding quilts of down and 
other manufactures of down, 
and also dressed and finished 
birds, suitable for millinery 
ornaments, and artificial or 
ornamental feathers, fruits, 
grains, leaves, flowers, and 
stems or parts thereof, of 
whatever material composed, 
aot provided for. 

50 p d 

35 p c 

50 o 





























505 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Furs, dressed on the skins, but 
mot made up into articles, 
and furs not on the skin, pre¬ 
pared tor hatters' use, includ¬ 
ing fur skins carroted. 

20 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Fans of all kinds, except com¬ 
mon palm leaf fans. 

50 p c 

40 p c 

Various- 

jGun wads of all descriptions... 

20 p c 

10 p c 

35 p c 

Hair, human, if clean or 
drawn, but not manufactured 

20 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

Hair, curled, suitable for beds 
or mattresses. 

10 p c 

10 p c 

15 p c 

Haircloth, or crinoline cloth.. 

10c s yd 

6c 

6c 

Hair cloth, known as “hair 
seating” and hair press cloth. 

20c s yd 

20c 

30c 

Hats, bonnets or hoods for 
men’s, women’s, boys’, o r 
children’s wear, trimmed or 
untrimmed, including bodies, 
hoods, plateaux forms, or 
shapes for hats or bonnets, 
composed wholly or in chief 
value of fur of the rabbit, 
beaver, or other animals, val¬ 
ued at not more than $5 per 
doz. 

$2 doz & 

40 p e- 

55 p c 

Valued at more than $5 per doz 
and not more than $10 per 
doz. 

20 p c 

$3 & 

40 p c 

55 p c 

Valued at more than $10 and 
not more than $20 per doz... 

20 p c 

$5 & 

40 p c 

55 p c 

Valued at more than $20 per 
doz.-. 

20 p c 

$7& 

40 p c 

55 p c 

Indurated fiber ware and man¬ 
ufactures of wood, or other 
pulp, and not provided for... 

20 p c 

35 p c 

20 p c 

35 p c 

Jewelry and Precious 
Stones — 

Articles known as jewelry, and 
parts, finished or unfinished, 
not provided for, including 
precious stones set, pearls set, 
and cameos in frames. 

60 p c 

35 p c 

60 p c 


















506 


Artici.es. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

Diamonds anti other precious 
stones advanced in condition 
of value from a natural state 
by cleaving, splitting, cut¬ 
ting. or other process and not 




set. 

Imitations of diamonds and 
other precious stones, com¬ 
posed of glass or paste, not 
■exceeding an inch in dimen¬ 
sions, not engraved, painted, 
or otherwise ornamented or 
decorated, and not mounted 

10 p c 

25 p c 

10 p c 

or set. 

Pearls in their natural state, 

20 p c 

10 p c 

10 p c 

not strung or set. 

Leather and Manufactures 
of— 

Hides of cattle, raw or uncured. 

10 p c 

10 p c 

10 p c 

dry, salted or pickled. 

Band or belting leather, sole 
leather, dressed upper and 
all other leather, calf skins,* 
tanned or dressed, kangaroo, 
sheep, and goat skins (includ¬ 
ing iamb and kid skins), 
dressed and finished, cham¬ 
ois and other skins, and 
bookbinders’ calfskin, all not 

15 p c 

Free 

Free 

provided for. 

Skins for morocco, tanned, but 

20 p c 

20 p c 

20 p c 

unfinished. 

Patent, japanned, varnished, or 
enameled leather, weighing 
not over 10 lbs per doz. hides. 

Weighing over 10, and not over 

10 p c 

10 p c 

10 p c 

30c lb & 
20 p c 

20 p c 

30 p c 

25 lbs per doz... 

30c 8: 
10 p c 

20 p c 

30 p 

Weighing over 25 lbs per doz.. 

Pianoforte leather and action 

20c 8: 
10 p c 

20 p c 

30 p c 

leather. 

Leather shoe laces, finished or 

35 p c 

20 p c 

35 p 

unfinished. 

50c grs 
prs 8: 
20 p c 

30 p c 

35 p 





















507 


Articles. 


Boots and shoes made of 

leather. 

Leather cut in forms for manu¬ 
factured articles classed as 

manufactures of leather. 

Gloves, wholly or in part of 
leather, the length being 
measure when stretched to 

full extent. 

Women’s or children’s “glace” 
finish, schmaschen (of sheep 
origin), not over 14 inches in 

length, per doz. pairs. 

Over 14 inches and not over 

17 inches. 

Over 17 inches. 

Men’s glace finish, schmaschen 

(sheep). 

Women’s or children’s glace 
finish, lamb or sheep, not 

over 14 inches in length. 

Over 14 and not over 17 inches 

Over 17 inches. 

Men’s glace finish, lamb or 
sheep . 

Women’s or children’s glace 
finish, goat, kid, or other 
leather than of sheep origin, 
not over 14 inches in length.. 
Over 14 and not over 17 inches 

in length. 

Over 17 inches. 

Men’s glace finished, kid, goat, 
or other leather than of sheep 
origin. 

Women’s or children’s, of«sheep 
origin, with exterior grain 
surface removed, by what¬ 
ever name known, not over 

17 inches in length. 

Over 17 inches. 

Men’s, of sheep origin, with 
exterior surface removed... 


Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

25 p c 

20 p c 

25 p c 




$ 1 75 

$1 

$1.75 

$2.25 

$1.50 

$2.25 

£2.75 

$2 

$3.25 

$3 

$3 

50 p c 

$2.50 

$1.75 

$3.25 

$3.50 

82.75 

$3.25 

$4.50 

$3.75 

50 p c 

$4 

$4 

$1 & 



50 p c 

$3 

$2.25 

50 p c 

$3.75 

$3 

50 p c 

$4.75 

$4 

50 p c 

$4 

$4 

$1 & 



50 p c 

$2.50 

$1.75 

50 p c 

$3.50 

$2.75 

50 p c 

#4 

$4 

$1 & 



50 p c 


( 
































508 


4 




Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law’. 

Women’s or children’s kid, 
goat, or other leather than of 
sheep origin, with exterior 
grain surface removed, not 
over 14 inches in length. 



S3 

$2.25 

Over 14 and not over 17 inches 

$3.75 

$3 

Over 17 inches. 

$4.75 

$4 

Men’s goat, kid, or other leath¬ 
er than of sheep origin, with 
exterior surface removed. 

$4 

$4 

In addition to foregoing rates 
on leather gloves, when 
lined, per doz. pairs. 

$1 

$1 

On all pique or prix seam 
gloves. 

40c 

40c 

45 p c 


Gloves stitched, with more than 
3 single strands. 


Glove tranks, with or without 
the usual accompanying piec¬ 
es, shall pay 75 per cent, of 
the duty provided for the 
gloves in the fabrication of 
which they are suitable. 

Harness, saddles, and saddlery, 
or parts of either in sets or in 
parts, finished or unfinished. 

20 p c 

Manufactures of amber, asbes¬ 
tos, bladders, cork, catgut or 
whipgut or wormgut, spar, 
wax, or of which these sub¬ 
stances, or either of them, is 
a component material of 
chief value, not provided for 

25 p c 

25 p c 

Manufactures of bone, chip, 
grass, horn, India rubber, 
palm leaf, straw, weeds, or 
whalebone, not provided for. 

30 p c 

25 p c 

Manufactures of ieather, fin¬ 
ished or unfinished; manu¬ 
factures of fur, gelatine, gutta 
percha, human hair, ivory, 
vegetable ivory, mother-of- 
pearl and shell, papier 
mache, and vulcanized India 
rubber, knowm as hard rub¬ 
ber, not specially provided 
for, and shells, engraved. 





McKin¬ 
ley Law 


50 p c 
50 p c 
50 p c 

$1 & 

50 p c 

$1 

50c 

50c 


20 p c 


25 pc 


30 p c 






















509 


Articles. 


cut, ornamented, or other¬ 
wise manufactured. 

Masks, composed of paper, or 

m Pulp. 

Matting made of cocoa fiber or 

rattan, per square yard. 

Mats made of cocoa fiber or 
rattan, per square foot .... 
Musical instruments or parts 
thereof, piano-forte actions 
and parts thereof, strings for 
musical instruments, not oth¬ 
erwise enumerated, cases for 
musical instruments, pitch 
pipes, tuning forks, tuning 
hammers, and metronomes, 
strings for musical instru¬ 
ments, wholly or partly of 
Steel or other metal. 


Paintings in oil, water, pastel, 
pen drawings, statuary, not 

provided for. 20 p c Free 15 pc 

Statuary includes such as is cut or otherwise wrought 
by hand from a solid mass or from metal, and is the pro- 


Dingley 

Law. 


35 p c 
35 p c 
6c 

4d 


45 p c 


Wilson 

Law. 


30 p c 
25 p c 
20 p c 
20 p c 


McKin¬ 
ley Law 


35 p c 
35 p c 
12c 
8c 


25 p e 


or 

45 pc 


Peat moss. 


and pencils of lead. 

Slate pencils, covered with 
wood. 


Other slate pencils. 


Pencil leads, not in wood.. 
Photographic dry plates a 

films... 

Common tobacco pipes a 


bowls of clay 


$1 ton 
i 

Free 

f 

45c grs 
& 25 p c 
n 

50 pc 

35 p c 

30 p c 

. 3c 100 

30 p c 

10 p c 

1 

10 p c 

25 p c 

1 

t 

25 p c 

. 15c grs 

10 p c 

50c & 
25 p c 
f 

li 

10 p c 

i 


Free 


' 50c & 
30 p c 

40c grs 
&10p c 
4c grs 
& lOpc 
10 p c 

60 p c 


15c 

15c 


























510 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Law. 

Wilson 

Law. 

McKin¬ 
ley Law 

for, including cigarette books 
and covers, pouches for to¬ 
bacco, and cigarette paper in 
all forms.. 

60 p c 

50 p c 

70 pc 

Plows, tooth and disk harrows, 
harvesters, reapers, agricul¬ 
tural drills and planters, 
mowers, horse rakes, culti¬ 
vators, thrashing machines, 
and cotton gins. 

20 p c 

Various 

Various 

Plush, black, known as hatters’, 
of silk, or silk and cotton, as 
is used for men’s hats. 

10 p c 

Free 

10 p c 

Umbrellas, parasols, and sun 
shades, covered with mate¬ 
rial other than paper. 

50 p c 

45 p c 

55 _p c 

Sticks for umbrellas, etc., and 
walking canes, finished or 
unfinished. 

40 p c 

30 p c 

35 p c 

■Waste not provided tor. 

10 p c 

10 p c 

10 p c 


FREE LIST. 

Acids—Arsenic or arsenioue, benzoic, car¬ 
bolic, fluoric, hydrochloric, or muriatic, nitric, 
oxalic, phosphoric, phthalic, picric, or nitro- 
picric; prussic, silicic, and valerianic. 

Aconite; acorns raw, dried, or undried, but 
unground; agates, manufactured; albumen not 
specially provided for; alizaren, natural or arti¬ 
ficial, and dyes derived from alizaren or from 
anthracen: amber and amberoid, unmanufac¬ 
tured or crude gum; ambergris, and analine 

SdiltSt 

Any animal imported specially for breeding 
purposes shall be admitted free, provided that 
no such animal shall be admitted free unless 
pure bred of a recognized breed and duly regis¬ 
tered in the book of record established for that 
breed. Cattle, horses, sheep, and other domes¬ 
tic animals, strayed, or driven into a foreign 
country for temporary pasturage, may, with 
their increase, oe returned within six months, 
free. 

Animals bro T ght into the United States tem- 

f >orarily for a i eriod not exceeding six months 
or the purpose of exhibition or competition 
for prizes oft'eved by any agricultural or racing 


















511 


association; teams of animals, including their 
harness and tackle, and the wagons or other 
vehicles, actually owned by persons emigrating 
from foreign countries to the United States 
with their families, and in actual use for the 
purpose of such emigration, and wild animals 
intended for exhibition in zoological collec¬ 
tions for scientific and educational purposes, 
and not for sale or profit. 

Annotto, roueou. rocoa, or Orleans, and all 
extracts of; antimony ore. crude sulphite of; 
apatite; arrow root in its natural state aud not 
manufactured; arsenic and sulphide of, or orpi- 
ment; arseniate of aniline; art educational 
stops, composed of glass and nodal and valued 
at not more than 6 cents per gross. 

Articles in a crude state used in dveing or 
tanning, not specially provided fbjr in this act. 
v. Articles the growth, produce and manufac¬ 
ture of the United States, when returned after 
having been exported, without having been 
advanced in value or improved in condition by 
any process of manufacture or other means; 
casks, barrels, carboys, bags and other vessels 
of American manufacture exported filled with 
American products, or exported empty and 
returned filled with foreign products, including 
shooks and staves when returned as barrels or 
boxes; also quicksilver flasks or bottles, of 
either domestic or foreign manufacture, which 
shall have been actually exported from the 
United States, but the exemption of bags J'rem 
duty shall apply only to such domestic bags as 
may be imported by the exporter thereof, and 
if any such articles are subject to internal tax 
at the time of exportation, such tux shall be 
proved to have been paid before exportation 
and not refunded. And. provided. That when 
manufactured tobacco which has been exported 
without payment of internal revenue tax shall 
be reimported, it shall be retained in the cus¬ 
tody of the collector of customs until interna! 
revenue stamps in payment of the legal duties 
shall be placed thereon. Asbestos unmanufac¬ 
tured; ashes, wood and lye of the beet root 
aslu*-: asafetida. 

Balm of Gilead; barks, cinchona or other from 
which quinine may be extracted; baryta, car¬ 
bonate of, or witherite, and beeswax. 

All binding twine m mufactured from New 
Zealand hemp, istle or Tampico fibre, sisal 
grass, or sunn, or a mixture of any two or more 


512 


of them, of single ply and measuring not ex¬ 
ceeding (500 feet to the pound. Provided, that 
articles*mentioned in this paragraph, if import¬ 
ed from a country which lays an import duty on 
like articles imported from the United States* 
shall be subject to a duty of one-half of one 
cent per pound. 

Bells, broken, and bell metal,, broken and fit 
only to be manufactured; birds, stuffed, not 
suitable for millinery ornaments: birds andland 
and water fowls; bismuth; bladders and all in¬ 
teguments and intestines of animals and fish 
sounds, cured or salted for preservation only, 
and unmanufactured, not specially provided 
for; blood, dried not provided for; bolting cloth 
composed of silk, imported expressly for mill¬ 
ing purposes, and so permanently marked as 
not to be suitable for any other use; bones, 
crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steamed, 
or otherwise manufactured, and bone dust or 
animal carbon, and bone ash, fit only for fertil¬ 
izing purposes; books, engravings, photo¬ 
graphs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps and 
charts imported for the use of the United States 
or the Library of Congress; books, maps, music, 
engravings, photographs, etchings, bound or 
unbound, and charts, which shall have been 
printed more than twenty years at the date of 
importation, and all hydrographic charts, and 
publications issued for their subscribers or ex¬ 
changes by scientific or literary associations or 
academies, or publications of individuals for 
gratuitous private circulation, and public docu¬ 
ments issued by foreign governments; books 
and pamphlets printed exclusively in languages 
other than English; also books and music in 
raised print, used exclusively by the blind; 
books, maps, music, photographs, etchings, 
lithographic prints, and charts specially im¬ 
ported, not more than two copies in any one 
invoice, in good faith, for the use or by order 
of any society or institution incorporated or 
established solely for religious, philosophical, 
educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or 
for the encouragement of the line arts, or 
for the use or by order of any college, acad¬ 
emy, school or seminary of learning in the 
United States, or any State, or public library, 
and not for sale, subject to suen regulations 
as the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre¬ 
scribe; books, libraries, usual and reasonable 
furniture, and similar household effects of per- 


513 


sons or families from foreign oountries, if actu¬ 
ally used abroad by them for not less than one 
year, and not intended for any other person or 
persons, or for sale. 

Brass, old brass, clippings from brass or 
Dutch metal, all the foregoing, fit only for man¬ 
ufacture; Brazil paste*; Brazilian pebble, un¬ 
wrought or unmanufactured; breccia, in block 
or slabs; t>ristles, crude, not sorted, bunched or 
prepared; broom corn; bullion, gold or silver; 
Burgundy pitch; cadmium; calamine; camphor, 
crude; castor, or castoreum; catgut, whip gut, 
or worm gut, unmanufactured; cerium; chalk, 
oru#e, not ground, precipitated or otherwise 
manufactured; chromate ot iron or chromic ore; 
civet, crude; common blue clay in casks, suit¬ 
able for the manufacture of crucibles. 

Coal, anthracite, not provided for, and coal 
stores of American vessels, but none shall be 
unloaded; coal tar, crude; pitch of coal tar and 
products of coal tar known as dead or creosote 
oil, benzoi, tolyol, naphthalin, xyol, phenol, 
cresol, toluidine, xylidin, cumidin, binitrotoi- 
uol, binitrobenzol, benzidin, tolidin.dionisidin, 
naphtol, naphtylamin, diphenylamin, benzalde- 
Jhyde, benzyl, chloride, resorcin, nitrobenzol. 
and nitrotoluol; all the foregoing not medicinal 
and not colors or dyes. » 

Cobalt and cobalt ore;oocculusiiidicus; cochi¬ 
neal; cocoa, or cacao, crude and fibre, leaves 
and shells of; coffee, coins, geld, silver, and cop- 

f >er; coir and coir yarn; copper in plates, bars, 
ngots, or pigs, and other forms, not manufac¬ 
tured, or specially provided for; old copper, fit 
only for manufacture, clipping from new copper, 
ana all composition metal of which copper is a 
component material of chief value not specially 
provided for in this act; copper, regulus of, and 
'black or coarse copper, and copper cement; 
coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured; cork 
wood or cork bark, unmanufactured; cotton 
and cotton waste or flocks. 

Cryolite or kryolith; cudbear; curling stones, 
or quoits, and curling stone handles; curry, and 
curry powder; cutch; cuttlefish bone. 

Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but 
unground. - / ' 

Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or 
uncut, and not advanced in condition or value 
from their natural state by cleaving, splitting, 
cutting, or other'p*/xiess, including miners’ 
glaziers’ and engrave, diamonds, not set. and 


514 


diamond dust or bort; divi-divi; dragon's 
blood. 

Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, 
buds, Lulbs, and bulbous roots, excrescences, 
fruits, flowers, dried fibers, and dried insects. 

B rains, gums, and gum resin, herbs, leaves, 
chens, mosses, nuts, nutgalls, roots and stems, 
spices, vegetables, seeds aromatic, and seeds of 
morbid growth, weeds, and woods used ex¬ 
pressly for dyeing; any of the foregoing which 
are not edible and are in a crude state, and not 
advanced in value or condition by refining, or 
grinding or by other process, and not specially 
provided for. 

Eggs of birds, fish and insects, not including 
eggs of game birds or eggs or birds not used for 
food, the importation of which is prohibited, 
except specimens for scientific collections; nor 
fish roe preserved for food purposes, emery ore, 
ergot; fans, common palm leaf, plain and not . 
ornamented, and palm leaf in its natural state, 
not colored, or otherwise advanced in manufac¬ 
ture; felt, adhesive,‘for sheathing vessels, and 
fibrin in all forms. 

Fish, fresh, frozen or packed in ice, caught in 
the Great Lakes or other fresh waters by citi¬ 
zens of the United States, fish skins, flint, flints 
and flint stones, unground; fossils; fruits, or 
berries, green, ripe, or d < ied. and fruits in brine, 
not provided for; fruit plants, tropical ana 
semi-tropical, for the purpose of propagation 
or cultivation; furs, undressed; fur skins of all 
kinds not dressed in any manner, not provided 
for; gambler. 

Glass enamel, white, for watch and clock dials? 
glass plates or disks, rough cut or unwrought, 
for use in the manufacture of optical instru¬ 
ments, spectacles and eyeglasses, and suitable 
only for such use; provided, however, that such 
disks, exceeding eight inches in diameter may¬ 
be polished sufficiently to enable the eharactei 
of the glass to be determined.- 
Grasses and fibres—Istle or Tampico fibre, 
jute, jute butts, manila, sisal grass, sunn, and 
all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable 
substances, not manufactured or dressed in any 
manner, and not specially provided for in this 
act. 

Goldbeaters’ molds and goldbeaters’ skins— 
Grease and oils (excepting fish oils), such as 
are commonly used in soup making or in wire 
drawing, or lor stuffing or nre; dug Father, and 


515 


which are fit only for such uses, and not spe¬ 
cially provided for in this act. 

Guano, manures, and all substances used only 
for manure; gutta percha, crude. 

Hair of horse,cattle, and other animals.cleaned 
or uncleaned, drawn or undrawn, but manufac¬ 
tured, not specially provided for in this act -<nd 
human hair, raw, uncleaned, and not dawn; 
hide cuttings, raw, with or without hair; and all 
other glue stock; hide rope; hones, and whet¬ 
stones; hoofs, unmanufactured; hop roots f«.r 
cultivation; horns and parts of, unmanufac¬ 
tured, including horn strips and tips. 

Ice, India rubber, crude, and milk of, and old 
scrap or refuse India rubber which has been 
worn out by use and fit only for remanufacture; 
indigo, iodine, crude; ipecac, iridium, ivory 
tusks in their natural state or cut vertically 
across the grain only with the bark left intact, 
and vegetable ivory in the natural state. 

Jalap, jet, unmanufactured; Joss stick or Joss 
light; junk, old. 

Kelp,kieserite, kyanite, or cyanite.and kainite. 

Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick and shell; 
lac spirits; lactarene; lava, unmanufactured; 
leeches, lemon juice, lime juice, and sour orange 
juice; licorice root, unground; lifeboats and life¬ 
saving apparatus specially imported by societies 
incorporated or established to encourage the 
saving of human life: lime, citrate of; litho¬ 
graphic stones, not engraved; litmus, prepared 
or not prepared; lodestones. 

Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground 
or prepared, and all extracts of it; magnesite, 
crude or calcined, not purified; magnesium, not * 
made up in articles; manganese, oxide and ore of; 
manna, manuscripts. 

Marrow 7 , crude; marshmallow 7 or althea root, 
leaves or flowers, natural or unmanufactured; 
medals of gold, silver, or copper, and other 
metallic articles actually bestowed as trophies 
or prizes, and received and accepted as honor¬ 
ary distinctions; meerschaum, crude or unman¬ 
ufactured. 

Minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or 
condition by refining or grinding, or by other 
process of manufacture, not specially provided 
for in this act; mineral salts obtained by evapo¬ 
ration from mineral waters, when accompanied 
by a duly authenticated certificate and satisfac¬ 
tory proof, showing that they are in no wayarti- 


516 


flcially prepared, and are only the product of a 
designated mineral spring. 

Models of inventions and of other improve¬ 
ments in the arts, including patterns for ma¬ 
chinery, but no article shall be deemed a model 
or pattern which can be fitted for use otherwise. 

Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances, 
crude or unmanufactured, not otherwise spe¬ 
cially provided for in this act; musk, crude, in 
natural pods; myrobolans; needles, hand sewing, 
and darning. 

Newspapers and periodicals; but the term 
"periodicals” as herein used shall be understood 
to embrace only unbound or paper covered pub¬ 
lications issued within six months of the time of 
entry, containing current literature of the day, 
and issued regularly at stated periods, as 
weekly, monthly, or quarterly. 

Brazil nuts, cream nuts, palm nuts, and palm 
nut kernels; cocoanuts in the shell and broken 
cocoanut meat or copra, not shredded, desicca¬ 
ted, or prepared in any manner; nux vomica; 
oakum; oil cake. 

Oils: Almond, amber, crude and rectified 
ambergris, anise or anise seed, aniline, aspic 
or spike lavender, bergamot, cajeput, caraway, 
cassia, cinnamon, cedrat, chamomile, eitronella, 
or lemon grass, civet, cocoanut, fennel, ichthy- 
ol, jasmine, or jessamine, juglandium, juniper, 
lavender, lemon, limes, mace, neroli, or orange 
flower, enfleurage grease, nut oil. or oil of nuts 
not otherwise specially provided for in this act, 
orange oil, olive oil for manufacturing or me¬ 
chanical purposes fit, only for such use and 
valued at not more than 60 cents per gallon, 
ottai of roses, palm, rosemary or anthoss, sesa¬ 
me or sesamum seed or bean, thyme, origanum 
red or white, valerian; and also spermaceti, 
whale, and other fish oils of American fisheries, 
and all fish and other products of such fisher¬ 
ies; petroleum, crude or refined: Provided, that 
if there be imported into the United States, 
crude petroleum, or the products of crude pe¬ 
troleum produced in any country which imposes 
a duty on petroleum or its products exported 
from the United States, there shall in such 
cases be levied, paid, and collected a duty upon 
said crude petroleum or its products so import¬ 
ed equal to the duty imposed by such country. 

Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, can¬ 
died, or dried.: orchid or orchil liquid; ores of 


517 



scnption, including all grasses, fibers, rags 
(other than wool), waste, including jute waste, 
shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste 
rope and waste bagging, including old gunny 
cloth and old gunny bags, fit only to be con¬ 
verted into paper. 

Paraffin; parchment and vellum; pearl, 
mother of, and shells, not sawed, cut, polished, 
or otherwise manufactured, or advanced in 
value from the natural state. 

Personal effects, not merchandise, of citizens 
of the United States, dying in foreign coun¬ 
tries; pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit. 
only to be remanufactured. 

Philosophical and scientific apparatus, uten¬ 
sils, instruments and preparations, including 
bottles and boxes containing the same, special¬ 
ly imported in good faith for the use andby the 
order of any society or institution incorporated 
or established solely for religious, philosophi¬ 
cal, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, 
or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for 
the use or by the order of any college, academy, 
school, or seminary of learning in the United 
States, or any State or public library, and no* - 
for sale. (> 

Phosphates, crude; plants, trees, ‘shrubs, 
roots, seed canes, and seeds imported by thr 
Department of Agriculture or the United States 
Botanic Garden. 

Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets, and wire; 
platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts, 
and other apparatus, vessels, and parts thereof 
composed of platinum, for chemical uses; plum¬ 
bago; potash, crude or “black salts”; carbonate 
of potash, crude or refined; hydrate of, or caus¬ 
tic potash, not including refined in sticks or 
rolls; nitrate of potash or saltpeter, crude; sul¬ 
phate of potash, crude or refined, and muriate 
of potash, r 

Professional books, implements, instruments, 
and tools of trade, occupation, or employment, 
in the actual possession at the time of persons 
emigrating to the United States; but thi-< exemp¬ 
tion shall not be construed to include machinery 
or other articles imported for use in any manu¬ 
facturing establishment, or for any other person 
or persons, or for sale, nor shall it be construed 
to include theatr*oal scenerv. properties, and 


53 8 


apparel; but such articles brought by propri¬ 
etors or managers of theatrical exhibitions ar¬ 
riving from abroad, for temporary use by them 
in such exhibitions, and not for any other per¬ 
son. and not for sale, and which have been used 
by them abroad, shall, be admitted free of duty. 

Pulu: quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids oi 
salts of cinchona bark; rags hot otherwise pro¬ 
vided for. 

Regalia and gems, statuary and specimens or 
casts of sculpture, imported in good faith for 
use of scientific and literary societies and educa¬ 
tional organizations; and by order of any society 
incorporated and established solely for relig¬ 
ious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or 
literary purposes, or for the encouragement of 
the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any 
college, academy, school, or seminary of l'-arn- 
ing in the United States, or any State or public 
library, and not for sale; but the term “regalia" 
as herein used shall be held to embrace only 
such insignia of rank or office or emblems as 
may be worn upon the person or borne in the 
hand during public exercises of the society or 
institution, and shall not include articles of 
furniture or fixtures, or of regular wearing ap¬ 
parel, nor personal property of individuals. 

Rennets, raw or prepared; saffron and saf¬ 
flower, and extracts of, and saffron cake; sago, 
crude; salacin; salep; sausages, bologna; seeds 
—anise, caraway, cardamon, cauliflower, cori¬ 
ander, cotton, cummin, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, 
horehound, mangel wurzel, mustard, rape, St. 
John’s bread or bean, sugar beet, sorghum or 
sugar cane for seed; bulbs and bulbous roots, 
not edible and not otherwise provided for; all 
flower and grass seeds; all the foregoing not 
specially provided for in this act. 

Sheep dip, not including compounds or prep¬ 
arations that can be used for other purposes; 
shotgun barrels in single tubes, forged, rough 
bored; shrimps and other shell fish; silk, raw, 
or as reeled from the cocoon, but not doubled, 
twisted, or advanced in manufacture in any 
way, silk cocoons and silk waste; silkworms’ 
eggs; skeletons and other preparations of anat¬ 
omy; skins of all kinds, raw (except sheepskins 
with the wool on), and hides not specially pro¬ 
vided for in this act; soda, nitrate of, or cubic 
nitrate. 

Specimens of natural history, botany, and 


519 


mineralogy, when imported for scientific public 
eolleetions, and not for sale. 

Spices—Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds; 
cinnamon and chips of; cloves and clove stems; 
mace; nutmegs; pepper, black or white, and 
pimento; all the foregoing when unground; 
ginger root, ungrouna and not preserved or 
candied. 

Spunk; spurs and stilts used in the manufac¬ 
ture of earthenware, porcelain and stoneware; 
stamps; foreign postage orrevenue stamps, can¬ 
celed or uncanceled; stone and sand; burrstone- 
in blocks, rough or unmanufactured; cliff stone- 
unmanufactured; rotten stone, tripoli, and 
sand, crude or manufactured, not otherwise 

S rovided for in this act; storax, orstyrax; stron- 
ia, oxide of and protoxide of strontian, and 
strontianite, or mineral carbonate of strontia; 
sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or 
brimstone crude in bulk; sulphur ore as pyrites,, 
orsulphuret of iron in its natural state, con¬ 
taining in excess of 25 per centum of sulphur, 
and sulphur not otherwise provided for. 

Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of fiO 
degrees Fahrenheit does not exceed the specific 
gravity of one and three hundred and eighty 
thousandths, for use in manufacturing super¬ 
phosphate of lime or artificial manures of any 
kind, or for any agricultural purposes; provided 
that upon all sulphuric acid imported from any 
country, whether independent ora dependency, 
which ,mposes a duty upon sulphuric acid im¬ 
ported into su-h country from the United 
States there shall be levied and collected a duty 
of one-fourth of one cent per pound. 

Tamarinds, tapioca, cassava, or cassady; tar 
and pitch of wood; tea and tea plants; teeth 
natural or unmanufactured; terra alba not made 
from gypsum or plaster rock; terra japonica; 
tin ore, eassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin 
in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated; 
tobacco stems; tonquin, tonqua, or tonka 
beans; turmeric; turpentine, Venice; turpen¬ 
tine, spirits of; turtles; types, old, ana fit only 
to be remanufactured: uranium, oxide and salts 
©f; vaccine virus; valoqia; verdigris, or suba¬ 
cetate of copper-; wax, vegetable or mineral; 
wafers, unleavened or unedible. 

•'Wearing apparel, articles of personal adorn¬ 
ment, toilet articles, and similar personal effects 
of persons arriving in the United States; but 
this exemption shall only include such article 


520 


as actually accompany and are In the use of and 
as are necessary and appropriate for the wear 
and use of such persons for the immediate pur¬ 
poses of the journey and present comfort and 
convenience, and «hall not be held to apply to 
merchandise or articles intended for other per¬ 
sons or for sale: Provided, that in case of resi¬ 
dents of the United States returning from 
abroad all wearing apparel and other personal 
effects [taken by them out of the United States 
to foreign countries shall be admitted free of 
duty, without regard to their value, upon their 
identity being established, under appropriate 
rules and regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, but no more than 
$100 in value of articles purchased abroad by 
such residents of the United States shall be ad¬ 
mitted free of duty upon their return. 

Whalebone, unmanufactured. 

Wood—Logs and round unmanufactured tim¬ 
ber, including pulp wood, firewood, handle 
bolts, shingle bolts, gun blocks for gun stocks, 
rough hewn or sawed, or planed on one side, 
bop poles, ship timber and snip planking; all the 
foregoing not specially provided for in thisa<-t. 

Woods—Cedar, lignum vitae, lance wood, ebo¬ 
ny, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satin- 
wood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in the log. 
rough, or hewn only; brier root or brier wood 
and similar wood unmanufactured, or not fur¬ 
ther advanced than cut into blocks suitable for 
the articles i^ito which they are intended to be 
converted; bamboo, rattan, reeds unmanufac¬ 
tured, India malaeca joints, and sticks of par¬ 
tridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, and 
other woods not specially provided for in this 
act, in the rough, or not further advanced that 
are cut into lengths suitable foi sticks f^r um¬ 
brellas, parasols, sunshades, whipst fishing 
rods, or walking sticks. j 

Works of art, drawings, engravings, photo¬ 
graphic pictures and philosophical and scien¬ 
tific apparatus brought by professional artists, 
lecturers, or scientists arriving from abroad for 
use of them temporarily for exhibition and in 
illustration, promotion, and encouragement of 
art, science, or industry in the United States, 
and not for sale, shall be admitted free of duty. 

Works of art. collections in illustration of 
the progress of the arts, sciences, or manu¬ 
factures, photographs, works in terra cotta 
oariau, pottery, or porcelain, antiquities, and 


521 


artistic copies thereof in metal or other material, 
imported in good faith for exhibition at a fixed 
place by any State or by any society or institu¬ 
tion established for the encouragement of the 
arts, sciences, or education, or for a municipal 
corporation and all like articles imported in 
good faith by any society or association, or for a 
municipal corporation, for the purpose of erect¬ 
ing a public monument, and not intended for 
sale no>r for any other purpose than herein 
expressed. 

Works of art,, the production of American art¬ 
ists residing temporarily abroad, or other works 
of art, including pictoral paintings on glass, 
imported expressly for presentation to a na¬ 
tional institution, or to any State or municipal 
corporation, or incorporated religious society, 
college, or other public institution, except 
stained or painted window glass or stained 
or painted g ! ns« windows. 

lams: zaffer. 

The administrative features of the bill remain 
substantially the same as in the Wilson law. 


Reciprocity Provisions of the Bill. 

These are the reciprocity provisions of the 
tariff bill, as reported by the conferees, and as 
they will be in the new law: 

That for the purpose of equalizing the trade 
of the United States with foreign countries and 
their colonies, producing and exporting to this 
country the following articles: Argols, or crude 
tartar, or wine lees, icrude; brandies or other 
spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or 
other materials; champagne and all other spark¬ 
ling wines, still wines, and vermouth; paintings 
and statuary, or any of them, the President be, 
and he is hereby, authorized, as soon as may 
be after the passage of this act. and from time 
to timo thereafter, to enter into negotiations 
■with the governments of those countries ex port¬ 
ing to the United States the above mentioned 
articles, or any of them, with a view to the 
arrangement of "’commercial agreements in 
which reciprocal and equivalent concessions, 
may be secured in favor of the products and 
manufactures of the United States; and when- « 
ever the government of any country or colony * 
producing and exporting to the United States 
the above mentioned articles, or any cf them, 
ahall enter into a commercial agreement ■with 



522 


the United States, or make concessions in favor 
of the products or manufactures thereof, which 
in the judgment of the President, shall be 
reciprocal and equivalent, he shall be, and he is 
hereby, authorized and empowered to suspend 
during the time of such agreement or con¬ 
cession, by proclamation to that effect, the im- 

{ >osition and collection of the duties mentioned 
n this act on such article or articles so exported 
to the United States from such country or col¬ 
ony, and thereupon and thereafter the duties 
levied, collected, and paid upon such article or 
articles shall be as follows—Namely: 

Argols, or crude tartar, or wine lees, crude, 
6 per centum ad valorem. 

Brandies, or other spirits, manufactured or 
distilled from grain or other materials, $1.75 
per proof gallon. 

Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in 
bottles containing not more than one quart and 
more than one pint, $6 per dozen; containing 
not more than one pint each and more than one- 
half pint, $3 per dozen; containing one-half 
pintea-h or less.$1.50 per dozen; in bottles or 
■other vessels, containing more than one quart 
each, in addition to $6 per dozen bottles, on the 
quantities in excess of one quart at the rate of 
$1.90 per gallon. 

Still wines and vermouth in casks, 35 cents 
per gallon; in bottles or in jugs, per case of 
one dozen bottles or jugs, containing each not 
more than one quart and more than one pint, or 
twenty-four bottks or jugs, containing each 
not more than one pint, $1.25 per case; and any 
excess beyond these quantities found in such 
bottles or jugs stall be subject to a duty of 4 
cents per pint or fractional part thereof, but no 
separate or additional duty shall be assess¬ 
ed upon the bottles or jugs. 

Paintings in oil or water colors, pastels, pen 
and ink drawings and statuary, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

The President shall have power, and it shall 
be his duty, whenever he shall be satisfied that 
any such agreement in this section mentioned 
is not being fully executed by the government 
with which it shall have been made, to revoke 
such suspension and notify such government 
thereof. 

And it is further provided that, with a view to 
secure reciprocal trade with countries produc¬ 
ing the following articles, whenever and so 


523 


often as the President shall be satisfied that the 
government of any country or colony of such 
government producing and exporting directly 
or indirectly to the United States coffee, tea, 
and tonquin, tonqua or tonka beans and vanilla 
beans, or any of such articles, imposes duties 
or other exactions upon the agricultural, manu¬ 
factured, or other products of the United States, 
which in view of the introduction of such coffee* 
tea, and tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans and van¬ 
illa beans, into the United States, as in this act 
hereinbefore provided for, he may deem to be 
reciprocally unequal and unreasonable, he shall 
have the power, and it shall be his duty, to sus¬ 
pend, by proclamation to that effect, the pro¬ 
visions of this act relating to the free introduc¬ 
tion of such coffee, tea, and tonquin, tonqua, or 
tonka beans and vanilla beans of the products 
of such country or colony, for such time as he 
shall deem just: and in such case and during 
such suspension, duties shall be levied, collected 
and paid upon coffee, tea, and tonquin, tonqua, 
or tonka beans and vanilla beans, the products 
or exports, direct or indirect, from such desig¬ 
nated country as follows: 

On coffee, 3 cents per pound. 

On tea, 10 cents per pound. 

On tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans, 50 oents 
per pound; vanilla beans, $2 per pound; vanilla 
Deans, commercially known as cuts,$l per lb. 

That whenever the President of the United 
States, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, with a view to secure reciprocal 
trade with foreign countries, shall, within the 
period of two years from and after the passage 
of this act, enter into commercial treaty or 
treaties with any country or countries concern¬ 
ing the admission into any such country or 
countries of goods, wares, and merchandise of 
the United States, and their use and disposition 
therein deemed for the interest of the United 
States, and in such treaty or treaties, in con¬ 
sideration of the advantages accruing to the 
United States itherefrom, shall provide for the 
reduction during the specified period, not ex¬ 
ceeding five years, of the duties imposed by this 
act, to the extent of not more than 20 per cen¬ 
tum thereof, upon such goods, wares, or mer¬ 
chandise as may be designated therein of the 
country or countries with which such treaty or 
treaties shall be made as in this section pro¬ 
vided for: or shall provide for the transfer 


524 


during such period from the dutiable list of this 
act to the free list thereof, such goods, wares, 
and merchandise being the natural products of 
such foreign country or countries, and not of 
the United States; or shall provide for the reten¬ 
tion on the free list of this act during a specified 
period, not exceeding five years, of such goods, 
wares, and merchandise now included in said 
free list as may be designated therein; and when 

S ny such treaty shall have been duly ratified by 
le Senate and approved by Congress, and 
public proclamation made accordingly, then and 
thereafter the duties which shall be collected 
by the United States upon any of the designated 
goods.wares, and merchandise from the foreign 
country with which such treaty has been mad© 
shall, during the period provided for, be the 
duties specified and provided for in such treaty, 
and none other. 


TARIFF FOR CUBA. 


Customs Schedule Which Went Into Effect January* 
i, 1899—Goods Necessary for the Education 
and Uplifting of the People to 
Be Admitted Free. 

An executive order establishing a customs tariff tot 
the Island of Cuba, to go into effect January 1, 1899. 
was signed by the President December 13,1898. 

The undermentioned articles may be imported into 
Cuba exempt from the duties stipulated in the tariff's on. 
compliance with the prescribed conditions and the 
formalities established for every case in the customs 
ordinances: 

Manures, natural. Trees, plants and moss, in a natural or fresli 

state. 

For Public Entertainment. 

Carriages, trained animals, portable theaters, panoramas, wax 
figures, and other similar objects for public entertainment, im¬ 
ported temporarily, provided bond be given. 

Receptacles exported from Cuba, with fruits, sugar, honey and 
brandy, and reimported empty, including receptacles of galvanized 
iron intended for the exportation of alcohol. 

Specimens and collections of mineralogy, botany and zoology 
also small models for public museums, schools, academies and sci¬ 
entific and artistic corporations, on proof of their destination. 

Used furniture of persons coming to settle in the island. 

Supplies of felt, wall paper and tissues, when they comply with 
the following conditions: (a) When they do not exceed forty 
centimeters in length, measured in the warp or length of the piece, 
even when such samples have the entire width of the piece The 
width shall, for tissues, be determined by the list, and for felts and 
wall paper by the narrow border which has not passed through,the 
press, (b) Samples not having these indications shall only be ad¬ 
mitted free of duty when they do not exceed forty centimeters in 
any dimension, (c) In order to avoid abuse', the samples declared* 
for free entry must have cuts at every twenty centimeters of their 
width, so as to render them un.it for any other purpose. 


525 



526 


Samples of Trimmings. 

Samples of trimmings in small pieces, of no commercial value or 
possible application - . 

Archaeological and numismatical objects for public museums, 
academies and scientific and artistic corporations, on proof of their 
destination. 

Works of fine art acquired by the government, academies or other 
official corporations, and intended for museums, galleries or art 
schools, when due proof is given as to their destination. 

Gold in bars, powder or coined, also national silver or bronze 
coins. 

Wearing apparel, toilet objects and articles for personal use, bed 
and table linen, books, portable tools and instruments, theatrical 
^costumes, jewels and table services bearing evident trace of having 
been used, imported by travelers in their luggage in quantities pro¬ 
portionate to their class, profession and position. 

When travelers do not bring their baggage with them, the clear¬ 
ing of the same may be made by the conductor or persons author¬ 
ized for the purpose, provided they prove, to the satisfaction of the 
customs, that the effects are intended for private use. 

Stone, unwrought, for paving purposes. Plows, hoes, hatchets, 
machetes, cane knives, etc., for agricultural purposes, and other 
agricultural implements not machinery. 

Quinine and Alkaloids. 

Quinine, sulphate and bisulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of 
cinchona bark. 

Hemp, flax and ramie, raw, hackled or tow. 

Abaca, heniquen, pita, jute and other vegetable fibers, raw, 
hackled or tow. 

Spun jute, for the manufacture of sugar bags. 

Books, maps and scientific instruments for the use of schools. 

Coal and coke. 

Mineral, carbonated or seltzer waters, root beer, ginger ale, and 
other similar non-alcoholic beverages not otherwise provided for. 

Following are the export rates of duty: 

Tobacco —Cigarettes in boxes, per 1,000, 90 cents. Should 
wrapper and filler leaves be exported in the same package, bale or 
bundle, the export duty leviable on wrapper tobacco shall be col¬ 
lected when the weight of the latter exceeds 10 per cent, of the 
total weight. Tobacco,cut, 100 kilos, $9 75; other, $6.30. Cigars, 


6 


per 1,000, $1.35. In the leaf, or filled tobacco, harvested in the 
Provinoe of Santiago de Cuba and exported through the custom¬ 
houses of Santiago, Qibara or Manzanillo, 100 kilos, $2.20. Tobacco 
in the leaf for cigar wrappers shall be liable to the duty leviable on 
tobacco in the leaf, with a surtax of 100 per cent. 

General Food Products. 

Following are the duties on alimentary substances (where articles 
are sold by weight, net weight of 100 kilograms is to be understood 
except when otherwise indicated or by G.W., gross weight): Poultry 
and small game, live or dead, per kilo, 8 cents. Beef, brine or salt, 
$2.80. Pork, brine or salt, $2.80. Lard. $2.80. Tallow, $2. Bacon, 
$4. Ham, $5.50. Jerked beef, $3 96. Beef, canned, $5; beef, 
fresh, $4.50. Mutton, fresh, $4 50. Pork, fresh, $4. Butter, $7. 
Cheese, $5. Condensed milk, 10 per cent, ad valorem. Salt cod 
and stock fish, 100 kilos. $2. Herring, pickled, $1. Mackerel, 
pickled, $2. Salmon, canned, $5. Eggs, $6. 

Cereals—Rice, husked or not, $1. Wheat, 00c. Corn, 30c. Po¬ 
tatoes, 50c Rye, 40c. Barley, 50c. Oats, 40c. Wheat flour, $1.50; 
rice flour, $2; corn flour, 50c.; oat iftur, $1.20. Beans, $1.10. 

Apparatus and Machines—Machinery and apparatus for making 
sugar and brandy, G. W , 100 kilos, 10 per cent, ad valorem. Agri¬ 
cultural machinery and apparatus, G. W., 10 per cent, ad valorem. 
Steam motors, stationary. G. W , 20 per cent ad valorem. Marine 
engines, steam pumps, hydraulic, petroleum, gas or hot or com¬ 
pressed air motors, G. W. 20 per cent, ad valorem. Sheet iron boilers, 
G. W., 20 per cent, ad valorem. Tubular boilers, G. W., 20 percent, 
ad valorem. 

Domestic Animals, Petroleum, Etc. 

Animals—Horses and mares above the standard height, $10; all 
others, $5. Mules, $5. Asses, $5. Oxen,$l. Cows, $1. Bullocks, 
calves and heifers. $1. Pigs, $1. Sheep, goats and animals not 
specially mentioned, $1. 

Petroleum and other mineral oils, refined, etc., 100 kilos, G. W., 
$4.70. Crude petroleum, to be used exclusively in the manufacture 
of illuminating gas in Cuba. 100 kilos. 70c. A product of petroleum 
known as cordage oil, 100 kilos, $2.35. 

Artificial or chemical fertilizers, 100 kilos, 5c. 

Bricks of clay, not glazed, for building purposes, furnaces, etc., 
articles of fire clay, G. W., 100 kilos, 30c. Roofing tiles of clay, 
not glazed, per square (10 by 10 feet), $1.50. 

Tissues of hemp, linen, ramie, jute or other vegetable fibers, not 
specially mentioned, plain, twilled or damasked, weighing 35 kilos 
or more per 100 square meters, unbleached, half-bleached or dyed 
in the piece, having: Up to 5 threads, including sugar bags, 100 
kilos, $2; from 6 to 8 threads, kilo, 6c.; 9 threads or more, kilo, 8c. 

Books, bound or unbound, and other printed matter, 100 kilos, - 
$7.25. 

Pianos, each. 40 per cent, ad valorem. 

Watches and clocks, each, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 

Sewing machines, G W., 100 kilos, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Wagons and carts, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 


*28 


Wines and Liquors. 

Alcohol and brandy (hecto), $5. Liquors, cognac and other com 
pound spirits, in flasks (hecto), $10; in bottles or flasks, $15. Whis¬ 
kies, in casks (hecto). $5. Sparkling wines (liter), 10c. Malt liquor, 
in casks (hecto), $1.63, in botttes, $1.88. 

Coffee, in the bean or ground, 100 kilos, $12.15. Cocoa, 100 
kilos, $20.25. 

Tobacco, in cakes, so-called “breva,” or in carrots, 100 kilos, 
$10.50, in powder or snuff, per pound. 12c. Leaf tobacco, stemmed 
or unstemmed, whether wrapper or filler, per pound, $5. Cigars, 
cigarettes, cheroots of all kinds, per pound, $4.50 and 25 percent, 
ad valorem. Paper cigars, cigarettes, $4.50 and 25 per cent, ad 
Valorem. 

Cotton—Unbleached, half bleached or dyed in the piece (kilo), 8c. 
Bleached, printed or manufactured, with dyed yarns (kilo), 20c. 
Undershirts and drawers of simple finish or rough sewing (kilo),70c. 
Undershirts and drawers of double sewing or fine finish (kilo). 80c. 
Stockings, socks, gloves and other small articles of simple finish 
or rough sewing, per kilo. 70 cents. Stockings, socks, gloves and 
other small articles, of double sewing or fine finish, per kilo, 90c. 

Reduction from Old Rates. 

The following table shows the average per cent, of 
reduction in the several classes between the old Spanish 
rate and the rate originally adopted by the United States 
for all imports: 


Class I., stones, earths, ores, etc. 64.1 

Class II., metals, etc .... . 62 1 

Class III,, pharmacy and chemicals, substances of. 58.1 

Class IV., cotton, etc. .63 .7 

Class V., hemp, flax, etc.. 62.5 

Class VI , wool, etc. 70.4 

Class VII . silk, etc.. .59.0 

Class VIII., paper, etc. . . . 76.9 

Class IX , woods, etc . ... . ... .... 63.1 

Class X., animals, etc... 61 8 

Class XI , instrumt nts. machinery etc .60 6 

Class XII , meat, fish, butler ami greases ...61.5 

Class XIII . miscellaneous . . . .. 61.8 

General average, all classes .62.0 


Acting Secretary Meiklejohn, of the War Department, 
Issued an order December 17, by direction of the Presi¬ 
dent, designating Trinidad, Santa Cruz and Batabano 
as sub-ports of entry in the Island of Cuba, in addition 
to those indicated in the order of September 13 last. 
An army officer will be assigned to each of these sub¬ 
ports, who will be the collector of customs and hav© 
iurisdiction of the collection of customs. 


















529 


Customs Ports. 

1. The port of Habana has been duly designated as 
the chief customs port of Cuba, and the following have 
been declared to be subports, viz: Matanzas, Car¬ 
denas, Cienfuegos, Sagua, Caibarien, Santiago, Man¬ 
zanillo, Neuvitas, Guantanamo. Gibara, Baracoa, Trin¬ 
idad, Santa Oruz, Zaza, and Batabano, in the island of 
Cuba, and the officer of the Army duly assigned to each 
of said ports as collector, will have general jurisdiction 
of the collection of customs at such ports respectively. 
Every collector stationed at a subport will make weekly 
reports to the collector at Habana of all transactions at 
his subport, with copies of all entries of merchandise 
duly certified, and all moneys collected at subports 
must be deposited with the duly designated officer, 
whose receipt therefor must be taken in duplicate. 
Any questions arising at any subport will be referred to 
the collector at Habana for his decision, from which 
there shall be no appeal, except in such cases as he 
may refer for decision to the Secretary of War. 

Entrance and Clearance of Vessels. 

2. Every vessel shall, on arrival, be placed under cus¬ 
toms control until duly discharged. Passengers wtf 
no dutiable property in their possession may be p<\ 
mitted to land without detention. 

If, upon the unloading of any cargo, there shall be 
found goods, wares, or merchandise not duly declared 
on the manifest, such articles in excess shall be re¬ 
quired to pay additional duties of 25 per cent, on the 
regular duties. Should any paokages or articles named 
on the manifest be missing on the arrival of the vessel, 
the latter shall pay a penalty of $1.00 per ton measure¬ 
ment, unless such deficiency shall be sal isfacto^lj 
explained or accounted for. 


CHRONOLOGY of the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 

Feb. 15—Maine blown up in Havana harbor; 266 killed 
March 13—Senator Proctor tells of Cuban horrors, 
March 25—Official report says a mine destro> the 
Maine. 

April 4—McKinley declines Pope’s Intervention. 

April 9—General Lee and Americans leave Havana. 
April 19—Congress recognizes independence of Cuba. 
April 21—American minister in Madrid dismissed; ulti¬ 
matum not presented. 

April 22—North Atlantic Squadron leaves Key West. 
April 23—President Issues call for 125,000 volunteers. 
April 24—Asiatic Squadron sails for the Philippines. 
April 24—Spain declares war. 

April 25—Congress declares war has existed since April 

21 . 

April 27—Batteries at Matanzas bombarded. 

April 29—Batteries at Cienfuegos bombarded. 

Api'il 30—Batteries at Cabanas bombarded. 

May 1—Spanish fleet at Manila destroyed. 

May 7—Matanzas forts shelled. 

May 9—Fight off Cardenas between Winslow and thre&. 

Spanish gunboats. 

May 11—Attack on Cienfuegos. 

May 12—San Juan de Porto Rieo bombarded. 

May 12—Cardenas shelled. 

May 13—Flying Squadron leaves Hampton Roads. 

May 18—Flying Squadron reaches Key West. 

May 18—New Spanish cabinet under Sagasta. 

May 19—Cervera’s Squadron in Santiago harbor. 

May 25—President issues second call, for 75,000 
volunteers. 

May 25—First Marx a expedition leaves. 

May 31—Santiago forts bombarded. 

June 3—Collier Merrimac sunk. 

June 6—Bombardment of Santiago ?orts. 

June 8—Shatter’s force leaves Tampa. 

/une 8—Caiman era bombarded. 


531 


June 10-Marines land at Guantanamo. 

June 11—Fight at Guantanamo; Spaniards repulsed. 
June 14—Army sails from Tampa. 

June 15—Second Manila expedition sails. 

June 15—Spanish defeat at Guantanamo. 

June 16—Fort Caimanera demolished. 

June 16—Bombardment of Santiago forts. 

June 20—Shafter’s army arrives at Baiquiri. 

June 21—The “Charleston” captures the Ladrones. 

June 22 and 23—Shafter’s army lands. 

June 24—Juraguacaptured. 

June 24—Fight at La Quasina; Spaniards repulsed. 
June 26—Cadiz fleet at Port Said. 

June 26—Shafter occupies Sevilla. 

June 28-Third Manila expedition sails. 

June 20—First expedition arrives at Manila. 

June 30—El Caney evacuated by Spaniards. 

July 1—Outer defenses of Santiago taken. 

July 2—San Juan, near Santiago, taken. 

July 3-Shafter demands surrender of Santiago. 

July 3—Cervera’s fleet destroyed. 

July 5—Camara’s fleet at Suez. 

July 6—Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII. destroyed. 

July 7—Dewey captures Isla Grande and 1,300 
prisoners. 

July 8—Camara’s fleet ordered to return to Spain. 

July 10—Bombardment of Santiago resumed; Linares 
refuses to make an unconditional surrender. 

July 13—Truce. 

July 14—Santiago surrenders. 

July 16—General Shafter announces terms of General 
Toral’s surrender. 

July 17—American flag is raised over Santiago de Cuba. 

and General McKibbin made military governer. 

July 18—War council orders invasion of Porto Bico; 
Manzanillo bombarded. 

July 20—Spanish cabinet reported as agreed to ask foe 
neace. 


522 

July 21—General Garcia withdraws his army from 
Shatter’s support. 

July 2 2—General Miles sails for Porto Rico with an ad¬ 
vance guard; American lines close about Manila; 
General Wood is appointed governor of Santiago. 

July 2 3—Spaniards continue to surrender; Topeka cap¬ 
tures Port Nipe. 

July 2 4—Shatter reported active; Emperor William said 
to have asked our intentions in the East. 

July 2 5—General Miles lands at Guanica, Porto Rico. 
July 2 6—Spain formally sues for peace through the 
French Ambassador. 

August 12—Peace protocol signed at 4:23 p.m. by Sec¬ 
retary of State Day for the United States, and French 
Ambassador Cambon for the Spanish government. 
August 1 3'—Admiral Dewey and General Merritt assault 
and capture Manila. 

Sept. 9—IT. S'. Peace Commission appointed. 

Sept. 17—U. S. Peace Commission sailed for Paris. 

Sept. 1 8—Spain appointed Peace Commission. 

Oct. 1—Joint Peace Commission meet at Paris. 

Oct. 1 8—The Americans took formal possession of Port* 
Rico. 

Dec. 1 0—Peace treaty was signed at Paris. 

CASUALTIES DURING THE WAR. 

THE NAVY.—Lost on the Maine, 2 officers, 2 57 
men; Cienfuegos, 1 killed, 11 wounded; Cardenas, 5 
killed, 3 wounded; San Juan, 1 killed, 7 wounded; 
Guantanano, G killed, 10 wounded; Santiago, 2 killed. 
10 wounded; 2 9 died from injuries received in battle, 
5 6 from disease. 

THE ARMY.—Santiago campaign: Killed, officers 
23, men 237: wounded, officers 99, men 1,332. Porto 
Rico campaign: Killed, 3 men; wounded 4 officers, 3 6 
men. Manila campaign: Killed, 17 men; wounded 10 
officers, 9 6 men. Died of disease, 8 0 officers, 2.4 8 5 
men. 


















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